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Kortsen K, Reynolds-Green M, Hopkins B, McLellan A, Derry MJ, Topham PD, Titman JJ, Keddie DJ, Taresco V, Howdle SM. Synthesis of core-shell polymer particles in supercritical carbon dioxide via iterative monomer addition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14536-14539. [PMID: 37986574 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04969h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
A new, robust methodology for the synthesis of polystyrene-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-PMMA) core-shell particles using seeded dispersion polymerisation in supercritical carbon dioxide is reported, where the core-shell ratio can be controlled predictably via manipulation of reagent stoichiometry. The key development is the application of an iterative addition of the MMA shell monomer to the pre-prepared PS core. Analysis of the materials with differing core-shell ratios indicates that all are isolated as single particle populations with distinct and controllable core-shell morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Kortsen
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Morgan Reynolds-Green
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Bradley Hopkins
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alison McLellan
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Matthew J Derry
- Aston Advanced Materials Research Centre, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Paul D Topham
- Aston Advanced Materials Research Centre, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Jeremy J Titman
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Daniel J Keddie
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Steven M Howdle
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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Larder RR, Bennett TM, Blankenship LS, Fernandes JA, Husband BK, Atkinson RL, Derry MJ, Toolan DTW, Centurion HA, Topham PD, Gonçalves RV, Taresco V, Howdle SM. Porous hollow TiO2 microparticles for photocatalysis: exploiting novel ABC triblock terpolymer templates synthesised in supercritical CO2. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00334h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of phase separated PMMA-b-PS-b-P4VP microparticles via RAFT-mediated dispersion polymerisation in scCO2 and their use as a structure-directing agent for the fabrication of TiO2 microparticles for photocatalysis.
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3
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Haddleton AJ, Bassett SP, Howdle SM. Comparison of polymeric particles synthesised using scCO2 as the reaction medium on the millilitre and litre scale. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Alauhdin M, Bennett TM, He G, Bassett SP, Portale G, Bras W, Hermida-Merino D, Howdle SM. Monitoring morphology evolution within block copolymer microparticles during dispersion polymerisation in supercritical carbon dioxide: a high pressure SAXS study. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01578c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring morphology development and evolution within block copolymer microparticles dispersed in supercritical CO2 using in situ SAXS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guping He
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | | | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Wim Bras
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (N.W.O)
- 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
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6
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He G, Bennett TM, Alias K, Jiang L, Schwab ST, Alauhdin M, Howdle SM. In situ crosslinking of nanostructured block copolymer microparticles in supercritical carbon dioxide. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00556k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructured block copolymer microparticles crosslinked in situ during RAFT dispersion polymerisation in supercritical CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guping He
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | | | - Kartini Alias
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - Long Jiang
- Interface and Surface Analysis Centre
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
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7
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Bennett TM, He G, Larder RR, Fischer MG, Rance GA, Fay MW, Pearce AK, Parmenter CDJ, Steiner U, Howdle SM. Clean Block Copolymer Microparticles from Supercritical CO 2: Universal Templates for the Facile and Scalable Fabrication of Hierarchical Mesostructured Metal Oxides. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:7560-7569. [PMID: 30407014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide microparticles with well-defined internal mesostructures are promising materials for a variety of different applications, but practical routes to such materials that allow the constituent structural length scales to be precisely tuned have thus far been difficult to realize. Herein, we describe a novel platform methodology that utilizes self-assembled block copolymer (BCP) microparticles synthesized by dispersion polymerization in supercritical CO2 (scCO2) as universal structure directing agents for both hydrolytic and nonhydrolytic sol-gel routes to metal oxides. Spherically structured poly(methyl methacrylate- block-4-vinylpyridine) (PMMA- b-P4VP) BCP microparticles are translated into a series of the corresponding organic/inorganic composites and pure inorganic derivatives with a high degree of fidelity for the metal oxides TiO2 and LiFePO4. The final products are comprised of particles close to 1 μm in size with a highly ordered internal morphology of interconnected spheres between 20-40 nm in size. Furthermore, our approach is readily scalable, enabling grams of pure or carbon-coated TiO2 and LiFePO4, respectively, to be fabricated in a facile two step route involving ambient temperature mixing and drying stages. Given that both length scales within these BCP microparticles can be controlled independently by minor variations in the reagent quantities used, the present general strategy could represent a milestone in the design and synthesis of hierarchical metal oxides with completely tunable dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Bennett
- School of Chemistry , The University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham , NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Guping He
- School of Chemistry , The University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham , NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Ryan R Larder
- School of Chemistry , The University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham , NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Michael G Fischer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute , Université de Fribourg , Chemin des Verdiers 4 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Graham A Rance
- School of Chemistry , The University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham , NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre (nmRC) , The University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham , NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Michael W Fay
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre (nmRC) , The University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham , NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Amanda K Pearce
- Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation Division, School of Pharmacy , The University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham , NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D J Parmenter
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre (nmRC) , The University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham , NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute , Université de Fribourg , Chemin des Verdiers 4 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Steven M Howdle
- School of Chemistry , The University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham , NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
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