1
|
Triazole-Functionalized Mesoporous Materials Based on Poly(styrene- block-lactic acid): A Morphology Study of Thin Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112231. [PMID: 35683904 PMCID: PMC9182962 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis of poly(styrene-block-lactic acid) (PS-b-PLA) copolymers with triazole rings as a junction between blocks. These materials were prepared via a ‘click’ strategy which involved the reaction between azide-terminated poly(styrene) (PS-N3) and acetylene-terminated poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PLA-Ac), accomplished by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. This synthetic approach has demonstrated to be effective to obtain specific copolymer structures with targeted self-assembly properties. We observed the self-assembly behavior of the PS-b-PLA thin films as induced by solvent vapor annealing (SVA), thermal annealing (TA), and hydrolysis of the as-spun substrates and monitored their morphological changes by means of different microscopic techniques. Self-assembly via SVA and TA proved to be strongly dependent on the pretreatment of the substrates. Microphase segregation of the untreated films yielded a pore size of 125 nm after a 45-min SVA. After selectively removing the PLA microdomains, the as-spun substrates exhibited the formation of pores on the surface, which can be a good alternative to form an ordered pattern of triazole functionalized porous PS at the mesoscale. Finally, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, the obtained triazole-functionalized PS-porous film exhibited some affinity to copper (Cu) in solution. These materials are suitable candidates to further study its metal-caption properties.
Collapse
|
2
|
Acik G. Fabrication of polypropylene fibers possessing quaternized ammonium salt based on the combination of CuAAC click chemistry and electrospinning. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
3
|
Lee IH, Bang KT, Yang HS, Choi TL. Recent Advances in Diversity-Oriented Polymerization Using Cu-Catalyzed Multicomponent Reactions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100642. [PMID: 34715722 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Diversification of polymer structures is important for imparting various properties and functions to polymers, so as to realize novel applications of these polymers. In this regard, diversity-oriented polymerization (DOP) is a powerful synthetic strategy for producing diverse and complex polymer structures. Multicomponent polymerization (MCP) is a key method for realizing DOP owing to its combinatorial features and high efficiency. Among the MCP methods, Cu-catalyzed MCP (Cu-MCP) has recently paved the way for DOP by overcoming the synthetic challenges of the previous MCP methods. Here the emergence and progress of Cu-MCP, its current challenges, and future perspectives are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In-Hwan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Bang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hee-Seong Yang
- Department of Energy System Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rambarran T, Sheardown HD. Block copolymer synthesis using free-radical polymerization and thiol-maleimide 'click' conjugation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34631-34635. [PMID: 35494753 PMCID: PMC9042902 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A method of making block copolymers utilizing free-radical polymerization and subsequent polymer conjugation is described. A disulphide functional radical initiator was used to polymerize methacrylic acid and 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid. After purification, the disulphide bond of the end group was cleaved, revealing a thiol group which was used for subsequent conjugation to a polylactide containing the complementary maleimide functional group. The method is versatile and can be applied to the synthesis of various block copolymers without requiring the use of controlled/living radical polymerization methods. A versatile method of making block copolymers using conventional radical polymerization of acrylic monomers from a functional radical initiator followed by ‘click’ ligation is described.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talena Rambarran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - Heather D Sheardown
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L8 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sarkar A, May R, Ramesh S, Chang W, Marbella LE. Recovery and Reuse of Composite Cathode Binder in Lithium Ion Batteries. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:545-552. [PMID: 33945235 PMCID: PMC8095295 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigate the recovery and reuse of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binders from both homemade and commercial cathode films in Li ion batteries. We find that PVDF solubility depends on whether the polymer is an isolated powder or cast into a composite film. A mixture of tetrahydrofuran:N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (THF : NMP, 50 : 50 v/v) at 90 °C delaminates composite cathodes from Al current collectors and yields pure PVDF as characterized by 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PVDF recovered from Li ion cells post-cycling exhibits similar performance to pristine PVDF. These data suggest that PVDF can be extracted and reused during Li ion battery recycling while simultaneously eliminating the formation of HF etchants, providing an incentive for use in direct cathode recycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Sarkar
- Department of Chemical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY 10027USA
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMontclair State UniversityMontclairNJ 07043USA
| | - Richard May
- Department of Chemical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY 10027USA
| | - Sapna Ramesh
- Department of Chemical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY 10027USA
| | - Wesley Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material SciencePrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJ 08544USA
| | - Lauren E. Marbella
- Department of Chemical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY 10027USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sangroniz L, Wang B, Su Y, Liu G, Cavallo D, Wang D, Müller AJ. Fractionated crystallization in semicrystalline polymers. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
7
|
Macromolecular engineering approach for the preparation of new architectures from fluorinated olefins and their applications. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
8
|
Zapsas G, Patil Y, Gnanou Y, Ameduri B, Hadjichristidis N. Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based complex macromolecular architectures: From synthesis to properties and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
9
|
Patil Y, Zapsas G, Gnanou Y, Hadjichristidis N. Iodine‐transfer polymerization and CuAAC “click” chemistry: A versatile approach toward poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐based amphiphilic triblock terpolymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Patil
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Division of Physical Sciences and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955‐6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - George Zapsas
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Division of Physical Sciences and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955‐6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yves Gnanou
- Physical Sciences and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955‐6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Division of Physical Sciences and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955‐6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Neumann S, Biewend M, Rana S, Binder WH. The CuAAC: Principles, Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts, and Novel Developments and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900359. [PMID: 31631449 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The copper-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) has emerged as the most useful "click" chemistry. Polymer science has profited enormously from CuAAC by its simplicity, ease, scope, applicability and efficiency. Basic principles of the CuAAC are reviewed with a focus on homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, ligands, anchimeric assistance, and basic chemical principles. Recent developments of ligand design and acceleration are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Neumann
- Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmannplatz 4, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michel Biewend
- Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmannplatz 4, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sravendra Rana
- School of Engineering University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmannplatz 4, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Meereboer NL, Terzić I, Mellema HH, Portale G, Loos K. Pronounced Surface Effects on the Curie Transition Temperature in Nanoconfined P(VDF-TrFE) Crystals. Macromolecules 2019; 52:1567-1576. [PMID: 31231141 PMCID: PMC6581470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the Curie transition temperature of nanoconfined poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) copolymers can have a severe impact on the electroactive behavior and the application range of these materials. Therefore, the origin of the change in the Curie transition temperature requires a profound understanding. In this work, block copolymer self-assembly into a spherical morphology proves to be a viable method to effectively confine P(VDF-TrFE) in three dimensions for studying the effect of nanoconfinement on the Curie transition. Using differential scanning calorimetry and wide-angle X-ray scattering, easily accessible experimental techniques, we follow the crystalline phase transitions, showing that confining P(VDF-TrFE) in a nonpolar polystyrene (PS) or poly(4-tert-butoxystyrene) (PtBOS) matrix results in an increase of the Curie transition upon cooling and heating. However, when a more polar matrix is used to nanoconfine P(VDF-TrFE), the Curie transition temperature is drastically reduced due to surface effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels L Meereboer
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivan Terzić
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harm Hendrik Mellema
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Terzic I, Meereboer NL, Acuautla M, Portale G, Loos K. Electroactive materials with tunable response based on block copolymer self-assembly. Nat Commun 2019; 10:601. [PMID: 30723198 PMCID: PMC6363725 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroelectric polymers represent one of the key building blocks for the preparation of flexible electronic devices. However, their lack of functionality and ability to simply tune their ferroelectric response significantly diminishes the number of fields in which they can be applied. Here we report an effective way to introduce functionality in the structure of ferroelectric polymers while preserving ferroelectricity and to further tune the ferroelectric response by incorporating functional insulating polymer chains at the chain ends of ferroelectric polymer in the form of block copolymers. The block copolymer self-assembly into lamellar nanodomains allows confined crystallization of the ferroelectric polymer without hindering the crystallinity or chain conformation. The simple adjustment of block polarity leads to a significantly different switching behavior, from ferroelectric to antiferroelectric-like and linear dielectric. Given the simplicity and wide flexibility in designing molecular structure of incorporated blocks, this approach shows the vast potential for application in numerous fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Terzic
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels L Meereboer
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mónica Acuautla
- Nanostructures of Functional Oxides, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Terzić I, Meereboer NL, Mellema HH, Loos K. Polymer-based multiferroic nanocomposites via directed block copolymer self-assembly. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2019; 7:968-976. [PMID: 34912561 PMCID: PMC8613863 DOI: 10.1039/c8tc05017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The existence of ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism in multiferroic materials and their coupling enables the manipulation of the electric polarization with applied magnetic field and vice versa, opening many doors for the practical applications. However, the preparation of polymeric multiferroic nanocomposites is often accompanied with aggregation of magnetic particles inside the ferroelectric polymeric matrix. To overcome this issue, we developed a simple and straightforward method to obtain multiferroic nanocomposites with an exceptional and selective dispersion of magnetic nanoparticles, using self-assembly of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based block copolymers. Magnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles modified with gallic acid are selectively incorporated within poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) domains of the lamellar block copolymer due to strong hydrogen bond formation between the ligand and the P2VP block. Using this approach, phase separation between the blocks is improved, which leads to an increase in the degree of crystallinity, whereas the selective dispersion of nanoparticles inside amorphous domains prevents changes in the crystalline phase of the ferroelectric block. The obtained nanocomposites demonstrate both ferroelectric and magnetic properties without large conductive losses at high electric field, making them good candidates for improved multiferroic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Terzić
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Niels L Meereboer
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Harm Hendrik Mellema
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Terzic I, Meereboer NL, Acuautla M, Portale G, Loos K. Tailored Self-Assembled Ferroelectric Polymer Nanostructures with Tunable Response. Macromolecules 2019; 52:354-364. [PMID: 30662089 PMCID: PMC6328973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A facile ferroelectric
nanostructures preparation method is developed
based on the self-assembly of poly(2-vinylpyridine)-b-poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene)-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) triblock copolymers (P2VP-b-P(VDF-TrFE)-b-P2VP), and the effect of
morphological characteristics of the block copolymers on the ferroelectric
response has been investigated for the first time. By simple adjustment
of the ratio between the blocks, lamellar, cylindrical, and spherical
morphologies are obtained in the melt and preserved upon crystallization
of P(VDF-TrFE). However, at high P(VDF-TrFE) content, crystallization
becomes dominant and drives the self-assembly of block copolymers.
The crystallization study of the block copolymers reveals the preservation
of the high degree of crystallinity inside the confined nanodomains
as well as the reduction of the crystalline size and the Curie transition
temperature with the confinement level. Only a small difference in
the coercive field and the shape of the hysteresis loop is observed
for block copolymers with a lamellar morphology produced
either by crystallization-driven self-assembly or by confinement inside
preformed lamellar domains. In contrast, delayed spontaneous polarization
or the absence of dipole switching is demonstrated for the confinement
of ferroelectric crystals inside both isolated cylindrical and spherical
domains, exemplifying the influence of dimensionality on the critical
size for ferroelectric order.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Terzic
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials and Nanostructures of Functional Oxides, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels L Meereboer
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials and Nanostructures of Functional Oxides, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mónica Acuautla
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials and Nanostructures of Functional Oxides, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials and Nanostructures of Functional Oxides, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials and Nanostructures of Functional Oxides, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Meereboer NL, Terzić I, Loos K. Tuning the dielectric behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-vinyl alcohol) using a facile urethane-based crosslinking method. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01802b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Crosslinking poly(VDF-co-VA) copolymers leads to a change from ferroelectric to double hysteresis loop behavior when the crosslinking density is increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels L. Meereboer
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Ivan Terzić
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Meereboer NL, Terzić I, Saidi S, Hermida Merino D, Loos K. Nanoconfinement-Induced β-Phase Formation Inside Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-Based Block Copolymers. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:863-867. [PMID: 30034948 PMCID: PMC6052937 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The electroactive properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) are a direct consequence of its crystalline phases. Although poorly understood, nanostructuring PVDF in confined geometries can drastically change its crystallization behavior. Therefore, we synthesized a variety of PVDF-based triblock copolymers to gain a better understanding of the melt crystallization and explore how crystallization is affected by the morphology and chemical nature of the amorphous block. Differential scanning calorimetry, small-/wide-angle X-ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy gave us excellent insights into the morphology and the corresponding crystalline phases. We find that crystallization of PVDF inside spherical nanodomains occurs via a homogeneous nucleation mechanism leading to a large undercooling and the formation of the thermodynamically favorable ferroelectric β-phase. On the contrary, when confined crystallization occurs inside a lamellar morphology, or in the case of breakout crystallization, a heterogeneous nucleation process leads to the formation of the nonferroelectric α-phase. Furthermore, favorable melt interactions between both blocks induce crystallization into the polar γ-phase at moderate cooling rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels L. Meereboer
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivan Terzić
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Saidi
- LMOPS, EA 4423, Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupelec Metz, 2 rue Edouard Belin, Metz, F-57070, France
| | | | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|