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Shen L, Cao Y, Wang L, Zhang X, Zhang A, Li W. Compressible Hydrogels with Stabilized Chirality from Thermoresponsive Helical Dendronized Poly(phenylacetylene)s. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202407552. [PMID: 38770786 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Fabrication of chiral hydrogels from thermoresponsive helical dendronized phenylacetylene copolymers (PPAs) carrying three-fold dendritic oligoethylene glycols (OEGs) is reported. Three different temperatures, i.e. below or above cloud point temperatures (Tcps) of the copolymers, and under freezing condition, were utilized, affording thermoresponsive hydrogels with different morphologies and mechanical properties. At room temperature, transparent hydrogels were obtained through crosslinking among different copolymer chains. Differently, opaque hydrogels with much improved mechanical properties were formed at elevated temperatures through crosslinking from the thermally dehydrated and collapsed copolymer aggregates, leading to heterogeneity for the hydrogels with highly porous morphology. While crosslinking at freezing temperature synergistically through ice templating, these amphiphilic dendronized copolymers formed hydrogels with highly porous lamellar structures, which exhibited remarkable compressible properties as human articular cartilage with excellent fatigue resistance. Amphiphilicity of the dendronized copolymers played a pivotal role in modulating the network formation during the gelation, as well as morphology and mechanical performance of the resulting hydrogels. Through crosslinking, these dendronized copolymers featured with typical dynamic helical conformations were transformed into hydrogels with unprecedently stabilized helicities due to the restrained chain mobilities in the three-dimensional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lefei Shen
- International Joint Laboratory of Biomimetic and Smart Polymers, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yuexin Cao
- International Joint Laboratory of Biomimetic and Smart Polymers, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Lei Wang
- International Joint Laboratory of Biomimetic and Smart Polymers, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xiacong Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory of Biomimetic and Smart Polymers, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Afang Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory of Biomimetic and Smart Polymers, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wen Li
- International Joint Laboratory of Biomimetic and Smart Polymers, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
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2
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Duraisamy DK, Reddy SMM, Saveri P, Deshpande AP, Shanmugam G. A Unique Temperature-Induced Reverse Supramolecular Chirality-Assisted Gel-to-Gel Transition. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400018. [PMID: 38437791 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular hydrogels typically undergo a gel-to-sol transition with heat, as intermolecular interactions within the gel weaken. Although gel-to-gel transitions during heating are rare, they may occur due to minor rearrangements caused by thermal forces in the supramolecular self-assembled structure. Here, an unprecedented temperature-induced gel-to-gel transition assisted by supramolecular chiral inversion in a hydrogel system is presented. The transition results from a left-handed M-type helix to a right-handed P-type helix, attributed to the π-system-conjugated amino acid, l-Tyrosine (Fm- l-Tyr). Upon solvent dilution, Fm-l-Tyr induces translucent hydrogel formed by entangled fibers with a kinetically stable left-handed M-type supramolecular helix. At 70 °C, hydrogel transforms into an opaque gel with a reverse supramolecular chirality yielding a thermodynamically stable right-handed P-type helix. Supramolecular chiral inversion is substantiated by two chiroptical methods. This unique gel-to-gel transition, accompanied by chiral inversion, is anticipated to attract attention, especially for applications sensitive to chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar Duraisamy
- Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Samala Murali Mohan Reddy
- Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Puchalapalli Saveri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Abhijit P Deshpande
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Ganesh Shanmugam
- Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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3
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Enshaei H, Molina BG, Puiggalí-Jou A, Saperas N, Alemán C. Polypeptide hydrogel loaded with conducting polymer nanoparticles as electroresponsive delivery system of small hydrophobic drugs. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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4
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Kang JS, Kim N, Kim T, Seo M, Kim BS. Circularly Polarized Light-Driven Supramolecular Chirality. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100649. [PMID: 34708479 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of asymmetry into a supramolecular system via external chiral stimuli can contribute to the understanding of the intriguing homochirality found in nature. Circularly polarized light (CPL) is regarded as a chiral physical force with right- or left-handedness. It can induce and modulate supramolecular chirality due to preferential interaction with one enantiomer. Herein, this review focuses on the photon-to-matter chirality transfer mechanisms at the supramolecular level. Thus, asymmetric photochemical reactions are reviewed, and the creation of a chiral bias upon CPL irradiation is discussed. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms for the amplification and propagation of the bias into the supramolecular level are outlined based on the nature of the photochromic building block. Representative examples, including azobenzene derivatives, polydiacetylene, bicyclic ketone, polyfluorenes, Cn -symmetric molecules, and inorganic nanomaterials, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Su Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Namhee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungeun Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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5
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Yin L, Duan H, Chen T, Qi D, Deng J. Amino-acid-substituted polyacetylene-based chiral core–shell microspheres: helix structure induction and application for chiral resolution and adsorption. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01067k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The random coil polymer was first compounded with substrate and induced it into helical structure subsequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Huimin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Dongming Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jianping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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6
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Zhang Y, Qin M, Xing C, Zhao C, Dou X, Feng C. Redox-Driven In Situ Helix Reversal of Graphene-Based Hydrogels. ACS NANO 2020; 14:17151-17162. [PMID: 33202135 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the handedness of dynamic helical nanostructures of supramolecular assemblies by external stimuli is of great fundamental significance with appealing morphology-dependent applications. Significantly, access to in situ chirality transformation of dynamic multistimuli-responsive systems can provide channels for real-time monitoring of the transfer processes in biological systems. However, efforts to achieve helix inversion in an all-gel-state and to comprehend the phenomena at a molecular scale are scarce. Herein, we introduce an example of supramolecular hydrogel in which graphene oxide (GO) incorporation leads to opposite helicity of the l-phenylalanine derivative (LPFEG) upon UV irradiation. The gelator modulates different degrees of packing that are responsible for the initial construction of right-handed nanofibers in GO surfaces and for the change in helix to preferred left-handedness in RGO surfaces caused by GO reduction. Specifically, LPFEG shows a mixture of right- and left-handed nanofibers with an appropriate exposure to UV light. A thermal-reversible transformation of chirality is also discovered in the supramolecular assemblies, allowing a dynamic and invertible flip of helicity upon heating and cooling. The morphology transformation makes the hybrid an ideal candidate for application in a precisely controlled drug delivery process. It can unexpectedly serve as a photosensitizer and a carrier for enantioselective absorption of specific chiral drugs enantiomer (l-dopa and S-naproxen sodium) and also exhibit on-demand drug release due to the helix reversal induced by light irradiation. Our results illustrate how the surface reactivity can direct the helical organization of adsorbed fibers, which in turn provide control over enantioselective absorption of chiral drug enantiomers, further giving rise to on-demand drug release due to handedness inversion upon UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Minggao Qin
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Chao Xing
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Changli Zhao
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiu Dou
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Chuanliang Feng
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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7
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Song L, Pan M, Zhao R, Deng J, Wu Y. Recent advances, challenges and perspectives in enantioselective release. J Control Release 2020; 324:156-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Huang H, Duan H, Yin L, Qi D, Xue J, Zhang Y, Deng J. Macromolecular Chiral Amplification through a Random Coil to One-Handed Helix Transformation Induced by Metal Ion Coordination in an Aqueous Solution. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Huimin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lijie Yin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Dongming Qi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiadan Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Leigh T, Fernandez-Trillo P. Helical polymers for biological and medical applications. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:291-310. [PMID: 37127955 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Helices are the most prevalent secondary structure in biomolecules and play vital roles in their activity. Chemists have been fascinated with mimicking this molecular conformation with synthetic materials. Research has now been devoted to the synthesis and characterization of helical materials, and to understand the design principles behind this molecular architecture. In parallel, work has been done to develop synthetic polymers for biological and medical applications. We now have access to materials with controlled size, molecular conformation, multivalency or functionality. As a result, synthetic polymers are being investigated in areas such as drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering, imaging and sensing, or as polymer therapeutics. Here, we provide a critical view of where these two fields, helical polymers and polymers for biological and medical applications, overlap. We have selected relevant polymer families and examples to illustrate the range of applications that can be targeted and the impact of the helical conformation on the performance. For each family of polymers, we briefly describe how they can be prepared, what helical conformations are observed and what parameters control helicity. We close this Review with an outlook of the challenges ahead, including the characterization of helicity through the process and the identification of biocompatibility.
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Dou X, Mehwish N, Zhao C, Liu J, Xing C, Feng C. Supramolecular Hydrogels with Tunable Chirality for Promising Biomedical Applications. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:852-862. [PMID: 32216333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chirality exits from molecular-level, supramolecular, and nanoscaled helical structures to the macroscopic level in biological life. Among these various levels, as the central structural motifs in living systems (e.g., double helix in DNA, α-helix, β-sheet in proteins), supramolecular helical systems arising from the asymmetrical spatial stacking of molecular units play a crucial role in a wide diversity of biochemical reactions (e.g., gene replication, molecular recognition, ion transport, enzyme catalysis, and so on). However, the importance of supramolecular chirality and its potential biofunctions has not yet been fully explored. Thus, generating chiral assembly to transfer nature's chiral code to artificial biomaterials is expected to be utilized for developing novel functional biomaterials. As one of the most commonly used biomaterials, supramolecular hydrogels have attracted considerable research interest due to their resemblance to the structure and function of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). Therefore, the performance and manipulation of chiral assembled nanoarchitectures in supramolecular hydrogels may provide useful insights into understanding the role of supramolecular chirality in biology.In this Account, recent progress on chiral supramolecular hydrogels is presented, including how to construct and regulate assembled chiral nanostructures in hydrogels with controllable handedness and then use them to develop chiral hydrogels that could be applied in biology, biochemistry, and medicine. First, a brief introduction is provided to present the basic concept related to supramolecular chirality and the importance of supramolecular chirality in living systems. The chiral assemblies in supramolecular hydrogels are strongly driven by noncovalent interactions between molecular building blocks (such as hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, hydrophobic, and van der Waals interactions). Consequently, the handedness of these chiral assemblies can be regulated by many extra stimuli including solvents, temperature, pH, metal ions, enzymes, and photoirradiation, which is presented in the second section. This manipulation of the chirality of nanoarchitectures in supramolecular hydrogels can result in the development of potential biofunctions. For example, specific supramolecular chirality-induced biological phenomena (such as controlled cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, protein adsorption, drug delivery, and antibacterial adhesion) are presented in detail in the third section. Finally, the outlook of open challenges and future developments of this rapidly evolving field is provided. This account that highlights the diverse chirality-dependent biological phenomena not only helps us to understand the importance of chirality in life but also provides new ideas for designing and preparing chiral materials for more bioapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Dou
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Nabila Mehwish
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Changli Zhao
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Jinying Liu
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Xing
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanliang Feng
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, 200240 Shanghai, China
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Yong X, Hu Q, Zhou E, Deng J, Wu Y. Polylactide-Based Chiral Porous Monolithic Materials Prepared Using the High Internal Phase Emulsion Template Method for Enantioselective Release. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:5072-5081. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Yong X, Wu Y, Deng J. Chiral helical substituted polyacetylene grafted on hollow polymer particles: preparation and enantioselective adsorption towards cinchona alkaloids. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00823c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hollow polymer particles tethering chiral helical polymer chains and functional carboxyl groups were prepared and applied in enantioselective adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyong Yong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites
| | - Youping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Jianping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
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Zhou Y, Zhang C, Zhou Z, Zhu R, Liu L, Bai J, Dong H, Satoh T, Okamoto Y. Influence of different sequences of l-proline dipeptide derivatives in the pendants on the helix of poly(phenylacetylene)s and their enantioseparation properties. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00675c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel helical poly(phenylacetylene)s bearing different sequences of l-proline dipeptide derivative pendants were prepared and used as CSPs in HPLC for enantioseparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin
| | - Zhengjin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin
| | - Ruiqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin
| | - Lijia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin
| | - Jianwei Bai
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin
| | - Hongxing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628
- Japan
| | - Yoshio Okamoto
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin
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