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Machado TO, Stubbs CJ, Chiaradia V, Alraddadi MA, Brandolese A, Worch JC, Dove AP. A renewably sourced, circular photopolymer resin for additive manufacturing. Nature 2024; 629:1069-1074. [PMID: 38750360 PMCID: PMC11136657 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The additive manufacturing of photopolymer resins by means of vat photopolymerization enables the rapid fabrication of bespoke 3D-printed parts. Advances in methodology have continually improved resolution and manufacturing speed, yet both the process design and resin technology have remained largely consistent since its inception in the 1980s1. Liquid resin formulations, which are composed of reactive monomers and/or oligomers containing (meth)acrylates and epoxides, rapidly photopolymerize to create crosslinked polymer networks on exposure to a light stimulus in the presence of a photoinitiator2. These resin components are mostly obtained from petroleum feedstocks, although recent progress has been made through the derivatization of renewable biomass3-6 and the introduction of hydrolytically degradable bonds7-9. However, the resulting materials are still akin to conventional crosslinked rubbers and thermosets, thus limiting the recyclability of printed parts. At present, no existing photopolymer resin can be depolymerized and directly re-used in a circular, closed-loop pathway. Here we describe a photopolymer resin platform derived entirely from renewable lipoates that can be 3D-printed into high-resolution parts, efficiently deconstructed and subsequently reprinted in a circular manner. Previous inefficiencies with methods using internal dynamic covalent bonds10-17 to recycle and reprint 3D-printed photopolymers are resolved by exchanging conventional (meth)acrylates for dynamic cyclic disulfide species in lipoates. The lipoate resin platform is highly modular, whereby the composition and network architecture can be tuned to access printed materials with varied thermal and mechanical properties that are comparable to several commercial acrylic resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago O Machado
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Connor J Stubbs
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Viviane Chiaradia
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maher A Alraddadi
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Arianna Brandolese
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joshua C Worch
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Andrew P Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
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2
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Li H, Zhou J, Yu J, Zhao J. Light-activated cellulose nanocrystals/fluorinated polyacrylate-based waterborne coating: Facile preparation, mechanical and self-healing behavior. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126062. [PMID: 37524288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of environmental-friendly self-healing nanocomposites has attracted much attention. In this paper, the light-activated cellulose nanocrystals/ fluorinated polyacrylate-based waterborne coating based on the reversible cycloaddition reaction of the coumarin groups was prepared via Pickering emulsion polymerization. The cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) modified by the PDMAEMA-b-PGMA-b-P(HFBA-co-VBMC) copolymer were studied via FT-IR and TGA. In addition, the dispersity and interface behavior of CNCs before and after modification were investigated by DLS and interfacial tension measurements. Afterwards, we focused on the influence of modified CNCs, PDMAEMA-g-CNC-g- P(HFBA-co-VBMC) (MCNC) dosage on the Pickering emulsion, emulsion polymerization and properties of latex film. The droplet diameter of Pickering emulsion gradually reduced with the increase of MCNC dosage. The MCNC dosage for the minimum average size and optimum stability of latex particles was 1.0 wt%. Moreover, the latex film comprising 1.0 wt% MCNC presented not only high tensile stress (6.0 MPa), large elongation at break (567.70 %) and superior oil/water repellency but also excellent self-healing properties. The outstanding self-healing capability of latex film was attributed to the reversible light-activated dimerization of coumarin groups. The preparation method for the advanced performance waterborne cellulose nanocrystals/fluorinated polyacrylate will provide valuable guidance for the development of versatile materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Jiarui Yu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhao
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
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3
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Sasaki Y, Ohashi T, Mori H. Photoinduced healable hybrids based on anthracene-containing silsesquioxane nanoparticles. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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4
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Stubbs CJ, Khalfa AL, Chiaradia V, Worch JC, Dove AP. Intrinsically Re-curable Photopolymers Containing Dynamic Thiol-Michael Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11729-11735. [PMID: 35749449 PMCID: PMC9264357 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
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The development of
photopolymers that can be depolymerized and
subsequently re-cured using the same light stimulus presents a significant
technical challenge. A bio-sourced terpenoid structure, l-carvone, inspired the creation of a re-curable photopolymer in which
the orthogonal reactivity of an irreversible thioether and a dynamic
thiol-Michael bond enables both photopolymerization and thermally
driven depolymerization of mechanically robust polymer networks. The
di-alkene containing l-carvone was partially reacted with
a multi-arm thiol to generate a non-crosslinked telechelic photopolymer.
Upon further UV exposure, the photopolymer crosslinked into a mechanically
robust network featuring reversible Michael bonds at junction points
that could be activated to revert, or depolymerize, the network into
a viscous telechelic photopolymer. The regenerated photopolymer displayed
intrinsic re-curability over two recycles while maintaining the desirable
thermomechanical properties of a conventional network: insolubility,
resistance to stress relaxation, and structural integrity up to 170
°C. Our findings present an on-demand, re-curable photopolymer
platform based on a sustainable feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Stubbs
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Anissa L Khalfa
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Viviane Chiaradia
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Joshua C Worch
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Andrew P Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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Boga K, Patti AF, Warner JC, Simon GP, Saito K. Sustainable Light‐stimulated Synthesis of Cross‐linked Polymer Microparticles. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karteek Boga
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Antonio F. Patti
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - John C. Warner
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - George P. Simon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Kei Saito
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability Kyoto University Higashi‐Ichijo‐Kan, Yoshida‐nakaadachicho 1 Sakyo‐ku Kyoto Japan
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Ahmad AA, Demirelli K. Effects of graphite oxide on thermal and electrical behaviors of coumarin‐based methacrylate copolymers: Its single chain polymer molecule via intramolecular cyclobutane formation. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kadir Demirelli
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry University of Fırat Elazig Turkey
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Chen Y, Yin L, Ge F, Tong X, Zhang H, Zhao Y. Liquid Crystalline Hydrogel with Thermally Induced Reversible Shape Change and Water-Triggered Shape Memory. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100495. [PMID: 34633718 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline hydrogel (LCH) is synthesized through simultaneous polymerization of hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers in an oil-in-water emulsion, resulting in phase-separated liquid crystalline network (LCN) embedded in a hydrogel matrix. This material features some properties and functions of both LCN and hydrogel, displaying stable LC phase over repeated hydration and dehydration cycles of the hydrogel matrix. Using mechanically stretched and photocrosslinked LCH, the thermally induced LC-isotropic phase transition in LCN domains can be translated into reversible macroscopic deformation of the LCH. Moreover, the LCH exhibits water absorption-controlled shape memory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Chen
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Lu Yin
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Feijie Ge
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Xia Tong
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Hongji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada
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9
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Chakma P, Wanasinghe SV, Morley CN, Francesconi SC, Saito K, Sparks JL, Konkolewicz D. Heat- and Light-Responsive Materials Through Pairing Dynamic Thiol-Michael and Coumarin Chemistry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100070. [PMID: 33960058 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) based on the thiol-Michael (TM) linkages can be thermal and pH responsive. Here, a new vinyl-sulfone-based thiol-Michael crosslinker is synthesized and incorporated into acrylate-based CANs to achieve stable materials with dynamic properties. Because of the reversible TM linkages, excellent temperature-responsive re-healing and malleability properties are achieved. In addition, for the first time, a photoresponsive coumarin moiety is incorporated with TM-based CANs to introduce light-mediated reconfigureability and postpolymerization crosslinking. Overall, these materials can be on demand dynamic in response to heat and light but can retain mechanical stability at ambient condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Progyateg Chakma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Shiwanka V Wanasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Colleen N Morley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Sebastian C Francesconi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Kei Saito
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Higashi-Ichijo-Kan, Yoshida-nakaadachicho 1, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8306, Japan
| | - Jessica L Sparks
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 E High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
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Alrayyes AU, Low ZX, Wang H, Saito K. Multi-cycle reversible control of gas permeability in thin film composite membranes via efficient UV-induced reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3391-3394. [PMID: 33683229 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08238d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This communication presents a new, UV-induced mechanism to reversibly control the permeability of ultra-thin polymer coatings. Photoreversible [2+2] cycloaddition reactions were utilised to adjust the crosslinking degree and glass transition temperature of a coating. Consequently, a 300%, reversible change in the coating's oxygen permeability was achieved without loss of performance. Ultimately, the findings demonstrate the capability of using low UV doses to reversibly and efficiently regulate mass transport through ultra-thin coatings fabricated in a facile manner.
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11
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Cazin I, Rossegger E, Guedes de la Cruz G, Griesser T, Schlögl S. Recent Advances in Functional Polymers Containing Coumarin Chromophores. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:E56. [PMID: 33375724 PMCID: PMC7794725 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural and synthetic coumarin derivatives have gained increased attention in the design of functional polymers and polymer networks due to their unique optical, biological, and photochemical properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview over recent developments in macromolecular architecture and mainly covers examples from the literature published from 2004 to 2020. Along with a discussion on coumarin and its photochemical properties, we focus on polymers containing coumarin as a nonreactive moiety as well as polymer systems exploiting the dimerization and/or reversible nature of the [2πs + 2πs] cycloaddition reaction. Coumarin moieties undergo a reversible [2πs + 2πs] cycloaddition reaction upon irradiation with specific wavelengths in the UV region, which is applied to impart intrinsic healability, shape-memory, and reversible properties into polymers. In addition, coumarin chromophores are able to dimerize under the exposure to direct sunlight, which is a promising route for the synthesis and cross-linking of polymer systems under "green" and environment-friendly conditions. Along with the chemistry and design of coumarin functional polymers, we highlight various future application fields of coumarin containing polymers involving tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, soft robotics, or 4D printing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Cazin
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (I.C.); (E.R.)
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (I.C.); (E.R.)
| | - Gema Guedes de la Cruz
- Department Polymer Engineering and Science, Institute Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (G.G.d.l.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Department Polymer Engineering and Science, Institute Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (G.G.d.l.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (I.C.); (E.R.)
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Liu Z, Cheng J, Zhang J. An Efficiently Reworkable Thermosetting Adhesive Based on Photoreversible [4+4] Cycloaddition Reaction of Epoxy‐Based Prepolymer with Four Anthracene End Groups. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Jue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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