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Yang N, Yu S, Zhang W, Cheng HM, Simon P, Jiang X. Electrochemical Capacitors with Confined Redox Electrolytes and Porous Electrodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202380. [PMID: 35413141 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical capacitors (ECs), including electrical-double-layer capacitors and pseudocapacitors, feature high power densities but low energy densities. To improve the energy densities of ECs, redox electrolyte-enhanced ECs (R-ECs) or supercapbatteries are designed through employing confined soluble redox electrolytes and porous electrodes. In R-ECs the energy storage is based on diffusion-controlled faradaic processes of confined redox electrolytes at the surface of a porous electrode, which thus take the merits of high power densities of ECs and high energy densities of batteries. In the past few years, there has been great progress in the development of this energy storage technology, particularly in the design and synthesis of novel redox electrolytes and porous electrodes, as well as the configurations of new devices. Herein, a full-screen picture of the fundamentals and the state-of-art progress of R-ECs are given together with a discussion and outlines about the challenges and future perspectives of R-ECs. The strategies to improve the performance of R-ECs are highlighted from the aspects of their capacitances and capacitance retention, power densities, and energy densities. The insight into the philosophies behind these strategies will be favorable to promote the R-EC technology toward practical applications of supercapacitors in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianjun Yang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen, Siegen, 57076, Germany
| | - Siyu Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Patrice Simon
- CIRIMAT, UMR CNRS 5085, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, 31062, France
| | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen, Siegen, 57076, Germany
- Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Qingdao, 266001, China
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Yang Q, Zhao K, Liu H, Zhang S. Superconductive Sodium Carbides with Pentagon Carbon at High Pressures. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5850-5856. [PMID: 34138569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The design of metal-bearing carbon-based materials with unique structures and intriguing properties is highly desirable in the fields of physics, chemistry, and materials science. Here, within swarm-intelligence structure search and first-principles computations, we uncovered several hitherto unknown sodium carbides (i.e., Na4C, Na3C2, NaC, Na2C3, and NaC2) under high pressure. Intriguingly, the C atom arrangement reveals multiple structure evolution behavior with increased carbon content, from isolated anions in Na4C, tetramers in Na3C2, extended chains in NaC, pentagonal rings in Na2C3, to eventually hexagonal rings in NaC2. Among predicted phases, the superconducting critical temperature Tc of NaC2 could approach ∼42 K at 80 GPa, which is slightly higher than the Tc of 39 K in the highest phonon-mediated superconductivity of MgB2 at ambient pressure. This work offers insights into the reaction of carbides containing alkali metals and paves the way for the future investigation of high superconductivity in metal carbide systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Yang
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhao
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hanyu Liu
- International Center for Computational Method & Software and State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shoutao Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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Augustine AM, Ravindran P. Role of W-site substitution on mechanical and electronic properties of cubic tungsten carbide. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:145701. [PMID: 31855859 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab6428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the role of W-site substitution on properties of cubic tungsten carbide ([Formula: see text]-WC), we have investigated the structural, mechanical, and electronic properties of WXC2 (X = Si, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Ge, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hf, Ta, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Th, U) using first principles calculations based on density functional theory, within generalized gradient approximation. The structural optimization has carried out for all these compounds using force as well as stress minimization. The optimized structural parameters for experimentally known compounds are in good agreement with the available x-ray diffraction measurements and structural parameters for nineteen WXC2 compounds are newly predicted. The W-site substitution of the above-listed elements into [Formula: see text]-WC reduces the symmetry of the primitive lattice to tetragonal structure. The heat of formation ([Formula: see text]) and the mechanical stability studies are carried out to investigate the stability of these systems. The single-crystal elastic constants c ij , elastic moduli of the polycrystalline aggregates, anisotropy in elastic constants and related properties of the WXC2 materials have calculated and discussed in detail. The hardness of the above materials is predicted using two different criteria, based on the softest elastic mode as well as the Pugh's modulus ratio. There is a correlation in the hardness predicted from these two approaches except in the case of [Formula: see text]-WC. The chemical bonding interaction between the constituents is analysed using the density of states, crystal orbital Hamiltonian population, and charge density for selected systems. All these compounds are predicted to be metal and our calculations suggest that W-site substitutions do not improve the hardness of [Formula: see text]-WC. However, from the heat of formation studies, we have identified five new stable compounds such as CrWC2, NbWC2, ScWC2, YWC2, and UWC2 with reasonably good hardness and those need experimental verifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Maria Augustine
- Department of Physics, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, India. Simulation Center for Atomic and Nanoscale MATerials, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610005, India
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Feng X, Bao K, Tao Q, Li L, Shao Z, Yu H, Xu C, Ma S, Lian M, Zhao X, Ge Y, Li D, Duan D, Zhu P, Cui T. Role of TM-TM Connection Induced by Opposite d-Electron States on the Hardness of Transition-Metal (TM = Cr, W) Mononitrides. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:15573-15579. [PMID: 31696701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports exposed an astonishing factor of high hardness that the connection between transition-metal (TM) atoms could enhance hardness, which is in contrast to the usual understanding that TM-TM will weaken hardness as the source of metallicity. It is surprising that there are two opposite mechanical characteristics in the one TM-TM bond. To uncover the intrinsic reason, we studied two appropriate mononitrides, CrN and WN, with the same light-element (LE) content and valence electron concentration. The two high-quality compounds were synthesized by a new metathesis under high pressure, and the Vickers hardness is 13.0 GPa for CrN and 20.0 GPa for WN. Combined with theoretical calculations, we found that the strong correlation of d electrons in TM-TM could seriously affect hardness. Thus, we make the complementary suggestions of the previous hardness factors that the antibonding d-electron state in TM-TM near the Fermi level should be avoided and a strong d covalent coupling in TM-TM is very beneficial for high hardness. Our results are very important for the further design of high-hardness and multifunctional TM and LE compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kuo Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ziji Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuailing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Min Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xingbin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Defang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pinwen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
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