Effects of magnetic fields on the enzymatic synthesis of naringin palmitate

Empowering Naringin's Anti-Inflammatory Effects through Nanoencapsulation

Abundant in citrus fruits, naringin (NAR) is a flavonoid that has a wide spectrum of beneficial health effects, including its anti-inflammatory activity. However, its use in the clinic is limited due to extensive phase I and II first-pass metabolism, which limits its bioavailability. Thus, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) were used to protect and concentrate NAR in inflamed issues, to enhance its anti-inflammatory effects. To target LNPs to the CD44 receptor, overexpressed in activated macrophages, functionalization with hyaluronic acid (HA) was performed. The formulation with NAR and HA on the surface (NAR@NPsHA) has a size below 200 nm, a polydispersity around 0.245, a loading capacity of nearly 10%, and a zeta potential of about 10 mV. In vitro studies show the controlled release of NAR along the gastrointestinal tract, high cytocompatibility (L929 and THP-1 cell lines), and low hemolytic activity. It was also shown that the developed LNPs can regulate inflammatory mediators. In fact, NAR@NPsHA were able to decrease TNF-α and CCL-3 markers expression by 80 and 90% and manage to inhibit the effects of LPS by around 66% for IL-1β and around 45% for IL-6. Overall, the developed LNPs may represent an efficient drug delivery system with an enhanced anti-inflammatory effect.

Statistical Amplification of the Effects of Weak Magnetic Fields in Cellular Translation

We assume that the enzymatic processes of recognition of amino acids and their addition to the synthesized molecule in cellular translation include the formation of intermediate pairs of radicals with spin-correlated electrons. The mathematical model presented describes the changes in the probability of incorrectly synthesized molecules in response to a change in the external weak magnetic field. A relatively high chance of errors has been shown to arise from the statistical enhancement of the low probability of local incorporation errors. This statistical mechanism does not require a long thermal relaxation time of electron spins of about 1 μs-a conjecture often used to match theoretical models of magnetoreception with experiments. The statistical mechanism allows for experimental verification by testing the usual Radical Pair Mechanism properties. In addition, this mechanism localizes the site where magnetic effects originate, the ribosome, which makes it possible to verify it by biochemical methods. This mechanism predicts a random nature of the nonspecific effects caused by weak and hypomagnetic fields and agrees with the diversity of biological responses to a weak magnetic field.

Application of magnetic fields to wastewater treatment and its mechanisms: A review

Magnetic field (MF) has been applied widely and successfully as an efficient, low-cost and easy-to-use technique to enhance wastewater treatment (WWT) performance. Although the effects of MF on WWT were revealed and summarized by some works, they are still mysterious and complex. This review summarizes the application of MF in magnetic adsorption-separation of heavy metals and dyes, treatment of domestic wastewater and photo-magnetic coupling technology. Furthermore, the mechanisms of MF-enhanced WWT are critically elaborated from the perspective of magnetic physicochemical and biological effects, such as magnetoresistance, Lorentz force, and intracellular radical pair mechanism. At last, the challenges and opportunities for MF application in WWT are discussed. For overcoming the limitations and taking advantages of MFs in WWT, fundamental research of the mechanisms of the application of MFs should be carried out in the future.

Investigation of static magnetic field effect on horseradish peroxidase enzyme activity and stability in enzymatic oxidation process

The activity of Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) Enzyme exposed to a static magnetic field (SMF) during the oxidation reaction of pyrogallol (PGL) and the epigallocatechin gallate (EPCG) flavonoid was recorded at different times. As the data showed, the enzyme activity increased by 77.17% with increasing incubation time up to 30 min. The kinetic parameters K_M and V_max for PGL sample incubated in SMF for 30 min were 5.641 × 10^-3 mM, 4.424 × 10^-2 mmol/min, respectively, and for EPCG sample with the same condition were 8.65 × 10^-4 mM, 2.37 × 10^-3 mmol/min, respectively. Exposure of HRP enzyme to SMF changed the optimum pH from 7.0 to 6.0 in 10 min, but did not create any change in the optimum temperature of the enzyme. After 120 h, the residual activity of normal enzyme was 17% higher than that of the incubated enzyme. The structural changes of the control and HRP enzyme incubated in SMF were investigated by relative viscosity, fluorescence and CD, UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The structural changes in the presence of SMF were found to cause changes in the enzyme activity. In fact, changes in the amount of hydrogen bonds between enzymes and solvents can be a reason for this behavior from a molecular point of view. Using a static magnetic field can provide a new approach to control and direct enzyme-based biological processes.

Disaccharide anthocyanin delphinidin 3-O-sambubioside from Hibiscus sabdariffa L.: Candida antarctica lipase B-catalyzed fatty acid acylation and study of its color properties

Enzymatic lipophilization is an important process to extend the use of anthocyanins in lipidic media. In this work delphinidin 3-O-sambubioside (Dp3sam) isolated from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. flower was esterified with octanoic acid using Candida antarctica lipase B. The physical-chemical properties of the new lipophilic pigment were studied by UV-vis spectroscopy. Dp3sam with chloride, acetate and formate as counter ions were employed to study the lipophilization reaction. The hydrolysis of the reagent was avoided with a formate counter ion and the expected product was achieved with a noteworthy change of solubility. 1D and 2D NMR characterization of Dp3sam-C8 confirmed that the lipophilization took place at the primary alcohol of the glucoside moiety. Overall, the Dp3sam-C8 ester presents a stabilization of the quinoidal base (blue color) at neutral or moderate alkaline pH, which foresees a potential use of this pigment as a broad kind of industries on lipo-soluble formulations.