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Bailly C. Efficacy and safety of the traditional herbal medication Chai-Ling-Tang (in China), Siryung-tang (in Republic of Korea) or Sairei-To (in Japan). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117127. [PMID: 37683930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The herbal medicine designated Chai-Ling-Tang in China, Siryung-tang in South Korea, and Sairei-To (or Tsumura Saireito extract granules, TJ-114) in Japan is a complex polyherbal formulations with 12 plant components. It is used historically to treat Shaoyang syndrome, recorded in an ancient Chinese medical text "Treatise on Cold Damage Disorder" (Shanghan Lun). Chai-Ling-Tang formula combines two traditional Chinese herbal medicine prescriptions: Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang and Wu-Ling-San (known as Sho-Saiko-To and Goreisan in Japan, and So Shi Ho Tang and Oreonsang in Korea, respectively). These traditional Chinese/Korean medicines and Kampo medicine have been used for more than 2000 years in East Asia, notably as regulators of body fluid homeostasis. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to evaluate clinical uses, pharmacological effects and unwanted effects of Sairei-To through a narrative literature survey. The main active phytoconstituents and their mechanism of actions are also collated based on the literature. METHODS Several databases including SciFinder and PubMed were searched in sourcing information using keywords corresponding to the medicinal treatment names and the corresponding plants and phytochemicals. Relevant textbooks, reviews, and digital documents (mostly in English) were consulted to collate all available scientific literature and to provide a complete science-based survey of the topic. RESULTS Sairei-To derives from ten plants and two fungi. The three major components are Bupleuri radix (Saiko), Pinelliae rhizoma (Hange), and Alismatis rhizoma (Takusha). The rest includes the species Scutellariae radix, Zizyphi fructus, Ginseng radix, Glycyrrhizae radix, Zingiberis rhizoma, Cinnamomi cortex, Atractylodis lanceae rhizoma, Poria sclerotium, and Polyporus sclerotium. The therapeutic uses of Sairei-To are very diversified, ranging from the treatment of autoimmune diseases, intestinal inflammatory disorders, edema, intestinal and kidney diseases, cancers, inflammatory skin pathologies, and other conditions such as reproductive failure. Sairei-To is considered as a safe and efficient medication, with potential rare unwanted side effects, notably lung injuries (pneumonitis essentially). Marked anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects of Sairei-To have been reported, generally associated to the action of saponins (saikosaponins, glycyrrhizin), terpenoids (alisols) and flavonoids (baicalin, oroxylin A). CONCLUSION Sairei-To is commonly used to treat inflammatory diseases and appears efficient to decrease the side effects of corticosteroids. Its immune-regulatory action is well recognized and exploited to treat certain skin lesions and chemotherapy-related toxic effects. The activity of the Sairei-To product relies on the synergistic action of its individual ingredients. Further studies are warranted to quantify the synergy of action inherent to this interesting botanical medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Consulting Scientific Office, Lille, Wasquehal, 59290, France; University of Lille, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, 59000, Lille, France; University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, 59000, Lille, France.
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Huang SM, Lin CH, Chang WF, Shih CC. Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities of Phyllanthus emblica L. extract in vitro and the regulation of Akt phosphorylation, gluconeogenesis, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67:9854. [PMID: 37850072 PMCID: PMC10578056 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v67.9854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The fruits of Phyllanthus emblica L. are high in nutrients and have excellent health care function and developmental value. There are many management strategies available for diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Nevertheless, there is a lack of an effective and nontoxic drug. Objective The present study was designed to first screen four extracts of P. emblica L. on insulin signaling target gene expression levels, including glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and p-Akt/t-Akt. The ethyl acetate extract of P. emblica L. (EPE) exhibited the most efficient activity among the four extracts and was thus chosen to explore the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic mice. Design All mice (in addition to one control (CON) group) were administered STZ injections (intraperitoneal) for 5 consecutive days, and then STZ-induced mice were administered EPE (at 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg body weight), fenofibrate (Feno) (at 250 mg/kg body weight), glibenclamide (Glib) (at 10 mg/kg body weight), or vehicle by oral gavage once daily for 4 weeks. Finally, histological examination, blood biochemical parameters, and target gene mRNA expression levels were measured, and liver tissue was analyzed for the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), a maker of lipid peroxidation. Results EPE treatment resulted in decreased levels of blood glucose, HbA1C, triglycerides (TGs), and total cholesterol and increased levels of insulin compared with the vehicle-treated STZ group. EPE treatment decreased blood levels of HbA1C and MDA but increased glutathione levels in liver tissue, implying that EPE exerts antioxidant activity and could prevent oxidative stress and diabetes. The EPE-treated STZ mice displayed an improvement in the sizes and numbers of insulin-expressing β cells. EPE treatment increased the membrane expression levels of skeletal muscular GLUT4, and also reduced hepatic mRNA levels of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase thereby inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis. This resulted in a net glucose lowering effect in EPE-treated STZ mice. Furthermore, EPE increased the expression levels of p-AMPK/t-AMPK in both the skeletal muscle and liver tissue compared with vehicle-treated STZ mice. EPE-treated STZ mice showed enhanced expression levels of fatty acid oxidation enzymes, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), but reduced expression levels of lipogenic genes including fatty acid synthase, as well as decreased mRNA levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), apolipoprotein-CIII (apo-CIII), and diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 (DGAT2). This resulted in a reduction in plasma TG levels. EPE-treated STZ mice also showed reduced expression levels of PPAR γ. This resulted in decreased adipogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and lipid accumulation within liver tissue, and consequently, lower TG levels in liver tissue and blood. Furthermore, EPE treatment not only displayed an increase in the Akt activation in liver tissue, but also in C2C12 myotube in the absence of insulin. These results implied that EPE acts as an activator of AMPK and /or as a regulator of the insulin (Akt) pathway. Conclusions Taken together, EPE treatment exhibited amelioration of the diabetic and hyperlipidemic state in STZ-induced diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ming Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jen-Ai Hospital, Dali Branch, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsiu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fengyuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Fang Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Jen-Ai Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ching Shih
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Lin CH, Kuo YH, Shih CC. Antidiabetic and Immunoregulatory Activities of Extract of Phyllanthus emblica L. in NOD with Spontaneous and Cyclophosphamide-Accelerated Diabetic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9922. [PMID: 37373070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oil-Gan, also known as emblica, is the fruit of the genus Phyllanthus emblica L. The fruits are high in nutrients and display excellent health care functions and development values. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the activities of ethyl acetate extract from Phyllanthus emblica L. (EPE) on type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and immunoregulatory activities in non-obese diabetes (NOD) mice with spontaneous and cyclophosphamide (Cyp)-accelerated diabetes. EPE was vehicle-administered to spontaneous NOD (S-NOD) mice or Cyp-accelerated NOD (Cyp-NOD) mice once daily at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight for 15 or 4 weeks, respectively. At the end, blood samples were collected for biological analyses, organ tissues were dissected for analyses of histology and immunofluorescence (IF) staining (including expressions of Bcl and Bax), the expression levels of targeted genes by Western blotting and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), and helper T lymphocyte 1 (Th1)/Th2/Th17/Treg regulatory T cell (Treg) cell distribution by flow cytometry. Our results showed that EPE-treated NOD mice or Cyp-accelerated NOD mice display a decrease in levels of blood glucose and HbA1c, but an increase in blood insulin levels. EPE treatment decreased blood levels of IFN-γ and tumor necrosis α (TNF-α) by Th1 cells, and reduced interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 by Th17 cells, but increased IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) by Th2 cells in both of the two mice models by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. Flow cytometric data showed that EPE-treated Cyp-NOD mice had decreased the CD4+ subsets T cell distribution of CD4+IL-17 and CD4+ interferon gamma (IFN-γ), but increased the CD4+ subsets T cell distribution of CD4+IL-4 and CD4+Foxp3. Furthermore, EPE-treated Cyp-NOD mice had decreased the percentage per 10,000 cells of CD4+IL-17 and CD4+IFNγ, and increased CD4+IL-4 and CD4+Foxp3 compared with the Cyp-NOD Con group (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively). For target gene expression levels in the pancreas, EPE-treated mice had reduced expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ and TNF-α by Th1 cells, but increased expression levels of IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-1β by Th2 cells in both two mice models. Histological examination of the pancreas revealed that EPE-treated mice had not only increased pancreatic insulin-expressing β cells (brown), and but also enhanced the percentage of Bcl-2 (green)/Bax (red) by IF staining analyses of islets compared with the S-NOD Con and the Cyp-NOD Con mice, implying that EPE displayed the protective effects of pancreas β cells. EPE-treated mice showed an increase in the average immunoreactive system (IRS) score on insulin within the pancreas, and an enhancement in the numbers of the pancreatic islets. EPE displayed an improvement in the pancreas IRS scores and a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, EPE exerted blood-glucose-lowering effects by regulating IL-17 expressions. Collectively, these results implied that EPE inhibits the development of autoimmune diabetes by regulating cytokine expression. Our results demonstrated that EPE has a therapeutic potential in the preventive effects of T1D and immunoregulation as a supplementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsiu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fengyuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung City 42055, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ching Shih
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City 40601, Taiwan
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Li HX, Wang JJ, Lu CL, Gao YJ, Gao L, Yang ZQ. Review of Bioactivity, Isolation, and Identification of Active Compounds from Antrodia cinnamomea. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:494. [PMID: 36290462 PMCID: PMC9598228 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea is a precious and popular edible and medicinal mushroom. It has attracted increasing attention due to its various and excellent bioactivities, such as hepatoprotection, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antitumor, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, and gut microbiota regulation properties. To elucidate its bioactivities and develop novel functional foods or medicines, numerous studies have focused on the isolation and identification of the bioactive compounds of A. cinnamomea. In this review, the recent advances in bioactivity, isolation, purification, and identification methods of active compounds from A. cinnamomea were summarized. The present work is beneficial to the further isolation and discovery of new active compounds from A. cinnamomea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Xiang Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Juan-Juan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chun-Lei Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ya-Jun Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lu Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhen-Quan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Zhang Z, Liang X, Tong L, Lv Y, Yi H, Gong P, Tian X, Cui Q, Liu T, Zhang L. Effect of Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pilat extract on the regulation of glycolipid metabolism via PI3K/Akt and AMPK/ACC pathways in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 273:113963. [PMID: 33640441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pilat is a mushroom belonging to the family Hymenochaetaceae. It is popularly called the Chaga mushroom in Russian folk medicine and has been used as a traditional medicine to treat diabetes mellitus in Eastern European and Asian countries. However, its effects on glycolipid metabolism disorders and underlying molecular mechanism of action remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY I. obliquus contains abundant functional components, which provide potential medicinal value. The purpose of this study was to investigate compositions of I. obliquus extract with a high-pressure water extraction method, and investigate the anti-type 2 diabetic effects of I. obliquus extract and the possible underlying mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS The I. obliquus was extracted by a high-pressure water extraction method, and tested its main components by special assay kit and instrumental analysis. Type 2 diabetic C57BL/6 mice were induced by high-fat diet with low-dose STZ injection, and were daily gavaged with different doses of I. obliquus extract for 8 weeks. Glycemic, blood lipid profile, and histopathology of liver and pancreas were assessed. Underlying mechanisms related to glycemic control in liver were further performed. RESULTS The I. obliquus extract main compounds were β-Glucans, triterpenoids and polyphenol by determination. Oral administration of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg I. obliquus extract significantly alleviated blood glucose and insulin resistance. Moreover, 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of I. obliquus extract increased liver glycogen content and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels while decreased total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), p-protein kinase B (Akt), p-adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), and p-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were upregulated, whereas sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were downregulated after supplement with 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of I. obliquus extract. Interestingly, I. obliquus extract was a dose-effect relationship within a certain range. 250 mg/kg had obvious anti-diabetes effect, and the effect of 500 mg/kg dose was the same as that of metformin. CONCLUSION I. obliquus extract ameliorated insulin resistance and lipid metabolism disorders in diabetic mice. The hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of I. obliquus extract were supposedly exerted via the regulation of the PI3K/Akt and AMPK/ACC signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xi Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lingjun Tong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Youyou Lv
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Huaxi Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Pimin Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoying Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qingyu Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Tongjie Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Lanwei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Gutiérrez G, Giraldo-Dávila D, Combariza MY, Holzgrabe U, Tabares-Guevara JH, Ramírez-Pineda JR, Acín S, Muñoz DL, Montoya G, Balcazar N. Serjanic Acid Improves Immunometabolic Markers in a Diet-Induced Obesity Mouse Model. Molecules 2020; 25:E1486. [PMID: 32218297 PMCID: PMC7181135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts from Cecropia genus have been used by Latin-American traditional medicine to treat metabolic disorders and diabetes. Previous reports have shown that roots of Cecropia telenitida that contains serjanic acid as one of the most prominent and representative pentacyclic triterpenes. The study aimed to isolate serjanic acid and evaluate its effect in a prediabetic murine model by oral administration. A semi-pilot scale extraction was established and serjanic acid purification was followed using direct MALDI-TOF analysis. A diet induced obesity mouse model was used to determine the impact of serjanic acid over selected immunometabolic markers. Mice treated with serjanic acid showed decreased levels of cholesterol and triacylglycerols, increased blood insulin levels, decreased fasting blood glucose and improved glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity. At transcriptional level, the reduction of inflammation markers related to adipocyte differentiation is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Gutiérrez
- Natural Sciences School, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Universidad Icesi, 760031 Cali, Colombia;
| | - Deisy Giraldo-Dávila
- School of Chemistry, Industrial University of Santander, 680003 Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia; (D.G.-D.); (M.Y.C.)
| | - Marianny Y. Combariza
- School of Chemistry, Industrial University of Santander, 680003 Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia; (D.G.-D.); (M.Y.C.)
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Jorge Humberto Tabares-Guevara
- Grupo Inmunomodulación, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, 050010 Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia; (J.H.T.-G.); (J.R.R.-P.)
| | - José Robinson Ramírez-Pineda
- Grupo Inmunomodulación, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, 050010 Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia; (J.H.T.-G.); (J.R.R.-P.)
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 51D Nº 62–29, 050010 Medellin, Colombia;
| | - Sergio Acín
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 51D Nº 62–29, 050010 Medellin, Colombia;
- GENMOL Group. Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 62 # 52–59, 050010 Medellín, Colombia;
| | - Diana Lorena Muñoz
- GENMOL Group. Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 62 # 52–59, 050010 Medellín, Colombia;
| | - Guillermo Montoya
- Natural Sciences School, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Universidad Icesi, 760031 Cali, Colombia;
| | - Norman Balcazar
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 51D Nº 62–29, 050010 Medellin, Colombia;
- GENMOL Group. Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 62 # 52–59, 050010 Medellín, Colombia;
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A mechanistic and empirical review of antcins, a new class of phytosterols of formosan fungi origin. J Food Drug Anal 2020; 28:38-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Deng H, Huang X, Jin C, Jin CM, Quan ZS. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation of dihydroartemisinin derivatives with potential anti-Toxoplasma gondii agents. Bioorg Chem 2019; 94:103467. [PMID: 31791681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, four series of dihydroartemisinin derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anti-toxoplasma gondii activity, and calculated the selectivity index (SI). It was the higher the SI, the better the effect of this compound against Toxoplasma gondii. Our goal was to filter out compounds that were bigger SI than the lead compound. The compound with the highest SI was selected for the anti-toxoplasmosis test in mice in vivo. Among the synthesized compounds, the (3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,12R,12aR)-3,6,9-trimethyl-decahydro-12H-3,12-epoxy[1,2]di-oxepino[4,3 -i]isochromen-10-yl-(te-rt-butoxycarbonyl)-l-alaninate (A2) exhibited the most potent anti-T. gondii activity and low cytotoxicity (SI: 6.44), yielding better results than the lead compound DHA (SI: 1.00) and the clinically used positive-control drug spiramycin (SI: 0.72) in vitro. Furthermore, compound A2 had better growth inhibitory effects on T. gondii in vivo than spiramycin did and significantly reduced the number of tachyzoites in the peritoneal cavity of mice (P < 0.01). The evaluation of the data generated in the T. gondii mouse infection model indicates that compound A2 treatment was a good inhibitor of T. gondii in vivo and that it was effective in relieving the liver damage induced by T. gondii. In addition, the results of a docking study revealed that A2 could become a better T. gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase1 (TgCDPK1) inhibitor. For this reason, compound A2 has potential as an anti-parasitic drug. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of the action of compound A2, as well as to develop drug delivery systems for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Chunmei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Chun-Mei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China.
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China.
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Lin CH, Hsiao LW, Kuo YH, Shih CC. Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Sulphurenic Acid, a Triterpenoid Compound from Antrodia camphorata, in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4897. [PMID: 31581697 PMCID: PMC6801777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of sulphurenic acid (SA), a pure compound from Antrodia camphorata, on diabetes and hyperlipidemia in an animal model study and to clarify the underlying molecular mechanism. Diabetes was induced by daily 55 mg/kg intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (STZ) solution over five days. Diabetic mice were randomly divided into six groups and orally gavaged with SA (at three dosages) or glibenclamide (Glib), fenofibrate (Feno) or vehicle for 3 weeks. Our findings showed that STZ-induced diabetic mice had significantly increased fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), plasma triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) levels (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.05, respectively) but decreased blood insulin, adiponectin, and leptin levels compared to those of the control group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). Administration of SA to STZ-induced diabetic mice may lower blood glucose but it increased the insulin levels with restoration of the size of the islets of Langerhans cells, implying that SA protected against STZ-induced diabetic states within the pancreas. At the molecular level, SA treatment exerts an increase in skeletal muscle expression levels of membrane glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and phospho-Akt to increase the membrane glucose uptake, but the mRNA levels of PEPCK and G6Pase are decreased to inhibit hepatic glucose production, thus leading to its hypoglycemic effect. Moreover, SA may cause hypolipidemic effects not only by enhancing hepatic expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) with increased fatty acid oxidation but also by reducing lipogenic fatty acid synthase (FAS) as well as reducing mRNA levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)1C and SREBP2 to lower blood TG and TC levels. Our findings demonstrated that SA displayed a protective effect against type 1 diabetes and a hyperlipidemic state in STZ-induced diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsiu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fengyuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Fengyuan District, Taichung 42055, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Wei Hsiao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 505, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Ching Shih
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No.666 Buzih Road, Beitun District, Taichung 40601, Taiwan.
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Huang HT, Wang SL, Nguyen VB, Kuo YH. Isolation and Identification of Potent Antidiabetic Compounds from Antrodia cinnamomea-An Edible Taiwanese Mushroom. Molecules 2018; 23:E2864. [PMID: 30400247 PMCID: PMC6278467 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea (AC), an edible Taiwanese mushroom, has been recognized as a valuable natural resource with vast biological and medicinal benefits. Recently, the hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic effects of AC were mentioned in several studies. However, no studies have investigated α-glucosidase inhibitors from AC fruiting bodies (ACFB) as they relate to type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment. The purpose of this study was to gain evidence of potent α-glucosidase inhibitory effects, as well as isolate, identify and characterize the active compounds of ACFB. The MeOH extract of ACFB demonstrated potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and possessed high pH stability (pH 2⁻11) and thermostable properties at 40⁻50 °C. Further purification led to the isolation of eight constituents from ACFB, identified as: 25S-antcin K (1), 25R-antcin K (2), dehydrosulphurenic acid (3), 25S-antcin I (4), 25S-antcin B (5), 25R-antcin B (6), dehydroeburicoic acid (7) and eburicoic acid (8). Notably, the ACFB extract and its identified compounds, except 1, 4, and 6 demonstrated a greater effect (EC50 = 0.025⁻0.21 mg/mL) than acarbose (EC50 = 0.278 mg/mL). As such, these active compounds were determined to be new potent mushroom α-glucosidase inhibitors. These active compounds were also identified on the HPLC fingerprints of ACFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Tse Huang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
- Division of Chinese Materia Medica Development, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
| | - Van Bon Nguyen
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam.
| | - Yao-Haur Kuo
- Division of Chinese Materia Medica Development, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program for Clinical Drug Development of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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