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Siva V, Murugan A, Shameem AS, Jhelai S, Palanivel B, Asaithambi S, GaneshKumar P, Kim I, Govindasamy P, Lee J, Paramasivam S. Rational design of CdS-enwrapped polypyrrole nanoparticles for wastewater treatment: removal of hazardous pollutants in aqueous solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33285-y. [PMID: 38653896 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The modern world requires a chemical industry that can run at low production costs while producing high-quality products with minimal environmental impact. The development of environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and efficient wastewater treatment materials remains a major problem for the sustainable approach. We prepared nanoscale cadmium sulfide (CdS)-enwrapped polypyrrole (PPy) polymer composites for degradation of organic pollutants. The prepared CdS@PPy nanocomposites were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV) absorption spectroscopy, indicating proper intercalation between CdS and PPy. Consequently, the catalytic efficiency of the synthesized hybrid nanocomposites was analyzed through the degradation of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (Rh B) under visible light irradiation. The measured degradation efficiency of the dye solutions under the photolysis process is about 18% and 23% for MB and Rh B dye, respectively. Furthermore, the recycle test result concludes that the CdS@PPy composite exhibits 91% and 89% of MB and Rh B dye degradation efficiency even at the 4th cycle, respectively. The positive synergistic impact of CdS and PPy may be the result of effective photocatalytic degradation of MB and RhB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadivel Siva
- Department of Physics, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, 641 021, India
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, 641 021, India
| | - Anbazhagan Murugan
- Department of Science and Humanities, Karpagam College of Engineering, Coimbatore, 641 032, India
| | - Abdul Samad Shameem
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, 641 021, India
- Department of Science and Humanities, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, 641 021, India
| | - Sahadevan Jhelai
- Department of Physics, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, 641 021, India
| | - Baskaran Palanivel
- Department of Physics, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, 638 401, India
| | - Sankaiya Asaithambi
- Nanotechnology Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Poongavanam GaneshKumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, Kattankulathur, 603 203, India
| | - Ikhyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Palanisamy Govindasamy
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
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4
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Yan X, Yang W, Li C, Liu L, Liu Y. CdS Micrometer Hollow Spheres for Detecting Alcohols Except Methanol with Strong Anti-interference Ability. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:1468-1476. [PMID: 35036809 PMCID: PMC8756602 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium sulfide micrometer hollow spheres (CdS MHs) were fabricated by a hydrothermal method. The performance of the CdS MHs sensor was evaluated by detecting volatile organic compounds such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, iso-butyl alcohol, iso-amyl alcohol, acetone, and xylene. It was found that the optimum working temperature of the CdS MHs sensor is 190 °C. The response of the CdS MHs can reach 27.4-100 ppm ethanol and reach 84.55-100 ppm isopropanol. Comparing the response to pure 5 ppm isopropanol (iso-amyl alcohol) with the mixture of 5 ppm isopropanol (iso-amyl alcohol) and 50 ppm acetone or 5 ppm isopropanol (iso-amyl alcohol) and 50 ppm methanol, the relative deviation was -1.33% (-7.11%) or -6.19% (9.20%). It suggested that the CdS MHs sensor had a strong anti-interference ability to methanol and acetone and is suitable for detecting alcohols except methanol. Therefore, the CdS MHs sensor had good response and is a promising alcohol detection material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqian Yan
- Yunnan
Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Institute
of Physics and Electronic Information, Yunnan
Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Weiye Yang
- Yunnan
Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Institute
of Physics and Electronic Information, Yunnan
Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chenyan Li
- Yunnan
Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Institute
of Physics and Electronic Information, Yunnan
Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Yunnan
Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Institute
of Physics and Electronic Information, Yunnan
Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yingkai Liu
- Yunnan
Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Institute
of Physics and Electronic Information, Yunnan
Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Key
Laboratory of Advanced Technique & Preparation for Renewable Energy
Materials, Ministry of Education, Yunnan
Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
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6
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Wang H, Ma J, Zhang J, Feng Y, Vijjapu MT, Yuvaraja S, Surya SG, Salama KN, Dong C, Wang Y, Kuang Q, Tshabalala ZP, Motaung DE, Liu X, Yang J, Fu H, Yang X, An X, Zhou S, Zi B, Liu Q, Urso M, Zhang B, Akande AA, Prasad AK, Hung CM, Van Duy N, Hoa ND, Wu K, Zhang C, Kumar R, Kumar M, Kim Y, Wu J, Wu Z, Yang X, Vanalakar SA, Luo J, Kan H, Li M, Jang HW, Orlandi MO, Mirzaei A, Kim HW, Kim SS, Uddin ASMI, Wang J, Xia Y, Wongchoosuk C, Nag A, Mukhopadhyay S, Saxena N, Kumar P, Do JS, Lee JH, Hong S, Jeong Y, Jung G, Shin W, Park J, Bruzzi M, Zhu C, Gerald RE, Huang J. Gas sensing materials roadmap. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33. [PMID: 33794513 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abf477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Gas sensor technology is widely utilized in various areas ranging from home security, environment and air pollution, to industrial production. It also hold great promise in non-invasive exhaled breath detection and an essential device in future internet of things. The past decade has witnessed giant advance in both fundamental research and industrial development of gas sensors, yet current efforts are being explored to achieve better selectivity, higher sensitivity and lower power consumption. The sensing layer in gas sensors have attracted dominant attention in the past research. In addition to the conventional metal oxide semiconductors, emerging nanocomposites and graphene-like two-dimensional materials also have drawn considerable research interest. This inspires us to organize this comprehensive 2020 gas sensing materials roadmap to discuss the current status, state-of-the-art progress, and present and future challenges in various materials that is potentially useful for gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Wang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuezhan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mani Teja Vijjapu
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saravanan Yuvaraja
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandeep G Surya
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled N Salama
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chengjun Dong
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Yude Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zamaswazi P Tshabalala
- Department of Physics, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
| | - David E Motaung
- Department of Physics, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein ZA9300, South Africa
- Department of Physics, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
| | - Xianghong Liu
- College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Junliang Yang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Fu
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Xizhong An
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqiang Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoye Zi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingju Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Mario Urso
- IMM-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Ettore Majorana', Università di Catania, via S Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800#, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - A A Akande
- Department of Physics, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
- Advanced Internet of Things, CSIR NextGen Enterprises and Institutions, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Arun K Prasad
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kalpakkam 603102, India
| | - Chu Manh Hung
- International Training Institute for Materials Science (ITIMS), Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST), No 1-Dai Co Viet Str. Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Duy
- International Training Institute for Materials Science (ITIMS), Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST), No 1-Dai Co Viet Str. Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Duc Hoa
- International Training Institute for Materials Science (ITIMS), Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST), No 1-Dai Co Viet Str. Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kaidi Wu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, People's Republic of China
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - Youngjun Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - S A Vanalakar
- Department of Physics, Karmaveer Hire Arts, Science, Commerce and Education College, Gargoti 416-009, India
| | - Jingting Luo
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Kan
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Marcelo Ornaghi Orlandi
- Department of of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara - SP 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Ali Mirzaei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, 71557-13876, Iran
| | - Hyoun Woo Kim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Sub Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - A S M Iftekhar Uddin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Metropolitan University, Bateshwar, Sylhet-3103, Bangladesh
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xia
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, People's Republic of China
| | - Chatchawal Wongchoosuk
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Anindya Nag
- DGUT-CNAM Institute, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Nupur Saxena
- Department of Physics and Astronomical Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, Samba, Jammu, J&K-181143, India
| | - Pragati Kumar
- Department of Nanosciences and Materials, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, Samba, Jammu, J & K -181143, India
| | - Jing-Shan Do
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 41170, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongbin Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuweon Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjun Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mara Bruzzi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Unviersity of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO65409, United States of America
| | - Rex E Gerald
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO65409, United States of America
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO65409, United States of America
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Akhtar S, Rehman S, Asiri SM, Khan FA, Baig U, Hakeem AS, Gondal MA. Evaluation of bioactivities of zinc oxide, cadmium sulfide and cadmium sulfide loaded zinc oxide nanostructured materials prepared by nanosecond pulsed laser. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 116:111156. [PMID: 32806284 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the preparation of cadmium sulfide (CdS) loaded zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructured semiconductor material and its anti-bioactivity studies against cancerous and fungus cells. For composite preparation, two different mass ratios of CdS (10 and 20%) were loaded on ZnO (10%CdS/ZnO, 20%CdS/ZnO) using a 532 nm pulsed laser ablation in water media. The structural and morphological analyses confirmed the successful loading of nanoscaled CdS on the surface of ZnO particles, ZnO particles were largely spherical with average size ~50 nm, while CdS about 12 nm in size. The elemental and electron diffraction analyses reveal that the prepared composite, CdS/ZnO contained both CdS and ZnO, thus reaffirming the production of CdS loaded ZnO. The microscopic examination and MTT assay showed the significant impact of ZnO, CdS, and CdS loaded ZnO on human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT-116 cells). Our results show that the prepared ZnO had better anticancer activities than individual CdS, and CdS loaded ZnO against cancerous cells. For antifungal efficacy, as-prepared nanomaterials were investigated against Candida albicans by examining minimum inhibitory/fungicidal concentration (MIC/MFC) and morphogenesis. The lowest MIC (0.5 mg/mL), and MFC values (1 mg/mL) were found for 10 and 20%CdS/ZnO. Furthermore, the morphological analyses reveal the severe damage of the cell membrane upon exposure of Candida strains to nanomaterials. The present study suggests that ZnO, CdS, and CdS loaded ZnO nanostructured materials possess potential anti-cancer and anti-fungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Akhtar
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Suriya Rehman
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Mousa Asiri
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firdos Alam Khan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umair Baig
- Center for Research Excellence in Desalination & Water Treatment and Center for Environment and Water, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abbas Saeed Hakeem
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Gondal
- Department of Physics and Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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Su J, Bi L, Wang C, Lyu T, Pan G. Enhancement of cadmium removal by oxygen-doped carbon nitride with molybdenum and sulphur hybridization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 556:606-615. [PMID: 31493760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride, as a popular material in the field of environmental remediation, still suffers from unsatisfactory performance for heavy metals adsorption owing to lack of specific adsorption sites. In this study, molybdenum (Mo) and sulphur (S) were simultaneously introduced onto the surface of oxygen-doped graphitic carbon nitride (OCN) for the enhancement of Cd2+ adsorption. The synthesized MOS/OCN-1 exhibited substantially increased maximum adsorption capacity of 293.8 mg/g, calculated from Sips isotherm model, which was 8.7 times higher than that for pristine OCN (33.9 mg/g). The adsorption efficiency of MOS/OCN-1 was >94% even under high concentration of coexisting ions (i.e., Ca2+, Mg2+ and Zn2+). MoO3 and MoS2 on the surface of OCN were proven to interact with Cd2+ by forming CdMoO4 and CdS species. OCN provided a stable matrix with a large surface area making more active sites exposed, which greatly facilitated Mo(IV) oxidation and Cd2+ precipitation. Our findings revealed that as well as the well-known Cd-S interaction, Mo atoms in the hybrid composites also played an important role in Cd2+ removal, which opened up the application possibility of OCN with Mo and S hybridization for in-situ Cd2+ remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Lei Bi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Sino-Danish College of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Tao Lyu
- School of Animal, Rural, and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, NG25 0QF, UK; Centre of Integrated Water-Energy-Food Studies (iWEF), Nottingham Trent University, Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF, UK.
| | - Gang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; School of Animal, Rural, and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, NG25 0QF, UK; Centre of Integrated Water-Energy-Food Studies (iWEF), Nottingham Trent University, Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF, UK; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Sino-Danish College of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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