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Fernández-Martínez R, Ortiz I, Gómez-Mancebo MB, Alcaraz L, Fernández M, López FA, Rucandio I, Sánchez-Hervás JM. Transformation of Graphite Recovered from Batteries into Functionalized Graphene-Based Sorbents and Application to Gas Desulfurization. Molecules 2024; 29:3577. [PMID: 39124981 PMCID: PMC11313908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The recycling and recovery of value-added secondary raw materials such as spent Zn/C batteries is crucial to reduce the environmental impact of wastes and to achieve cost-effective and sustainable processing technologies. The aim of this work is to fabricate reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based sorbents with a desulfurization capability using recycled graphite from spent Zn/C batteries as raw material. Recycled graphite was obtained from a black mass recovered from the dismantling of spent batteries by a hydrometallurgical process. Graphene oxide (GO) obtained by the Tour's method was comparable to that obtained from pure graphite. rGO-based sorbents were prepared by doping obtained GO with NiO and ZnO precursors by a hydrothermal route with a final annealing step. Recycled graphite along with the obtained GO, intermediate (rGO-NiO-ZnO) and final composites (rGO-NiO-ZnO-400) were characterized by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (WDXRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) that corroborated the removal of metal impurities from the starting material as well as the presence of NiO- and ZnO-doped reduced graphene oxide. The performance of the prepared composites was evaluated by sulfidation tests under different conditions. The results revealed that the proposed rGO-NiO-ZnO composite present a desulfurization capability similar to that of commercial sorbents which constitutes a competitive alternative to syngas cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Fernández-Martínez
- Chemistry Division, Technology Department, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.G.-M.); (M.F.); (I.R.)
| | - Isabel Ortiz
- Sustainable Thermochemical Valorization Unit, Energy Department, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.O.); (J.M.S.-H.)
| | - M. Belén Gómez-Mancebo
- Chemistry Division, Technology Department, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.G.-M.); (M.F.); (I.R.)
| | - Lorena Alcaraz
- National Centre for Metallurgical Research (CENIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avda. Gregorio del Amo 8, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.A.); (F.A.L.)
| | - Manuel Fernández
- Chemistry Division, Technology Department, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.G.-M.); (M.F.); (I.R.)
| | - Félix A. López
- National Centre for Metallurgical Research (CENIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avda. Gregorio del Amo 8, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.A.); (F.A.L.)
| | - Isabel Rucandio
- Chemistry Division, Technology Department, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.G.-M.); (M.F.); (I.R.)
| | - José María Sánchez-Hervás
- Sustainable Thermochemical Valorization Unit, Energy Department, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.O.); (J.M.S.-H.)
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Skrzekut T, Piotrowicz A, Noga P, Wędrychowicz M, Bydałek AW. Studies of Selective Recovery of Zinc and Manganese from Alkaline Batteries Scrap by Leaching and Precipitation. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15113966. [PMID: 35683264 PMCID: PMC9182139 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recovery of zinc and manganese from scrapped alkaline batteries were carried out in the following way: leaching in H2SO4 and selective precipitation of zinc and manganese by alkalization/neutralization. As a result of non-selective leaching, 95.6-99.7% Zn was leached and 83.7-99.3% Mn was leached. A critical technological parameter is the liquid/solid treatment (l/s) ratio, which should be at least 20 mL∙g-1. Selective leaching, which allows the leaching of zinc only, takes place with a leaching yield of 84.8-98.5% Zn, with minimal manganese co-leaching, 0.7-12.3%. The optimal H2SO4 concentration is 0.25 mol∙L-1. Precipitation of zinc and manganese from the solution after non-selective leaching, with the use of NaOH at pH = 13, and then with H2SO4 to pH = 9, turned out to be ineffective: the manganese concentrate contained 19.9 wt.% Zn and zinc concentrate, and 21.46 wt.% Mn. Better selectivity results were obtained if zinc was precipitated from the solution after selective leaching: at pH = 6.5, 90% of Zn precipitated, and only 2% manganese. Moreover, the obtained concentrate contained over 90% of ZnO. The precipitation of zinc with sodium phosphate and sodium carbonate is non-selective, despite its relatively high efficiency: up to 93.70% of Zn and 4.48-93.18% of Mn and up to 95.22% of Zn and 19.55-99.71% Mn, respectively for Na3PO4 and Na2CO3. Recovered zinc and manganese compounds could have commercial values with suitable refining processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Skrzekut
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (T.S.); (A.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Andrzej Piotrowicz
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (T.S.); (A.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Piotr Noga
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (T.S.); (A.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Maciej Wędrychowicz
- Institute of Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Adam W. Bydałek
- Institute of Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland;
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Obtaining and Characterization of Highly Crystalline Recycled Graphites from Different Types of Spent Batteries. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093246. [PMID: 35591580 PMCID: PMC9102964 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Spent batteries recycling is an important way to obtain low-cost graphite. Nevertheless, the obtaining of crystalline graphite with a rather low density of defects is required for many applications. In the present work, high-quality graphites have been obtained from different kinds of spent batteries. Black masses from spent alkaline batteries (batteries black masses, BBM), and lithium-ion batteries from smartphones (smartphone black masses, SBM) and electric and/or hybrid vehicles (lithium-ion black masses, LBM) were used as starting materials. A hydrometallurgical process was then used to obtain recycled graphites by acidic leaching. Different leaching conditions were used depending on the type of the initial black mass. The final solids were characterized by a wide set of complementary techniques. The performance as Li ion batteries anode of the sample with better structural quality was assessed.
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Alcaraz L, Alguacil FJ, López FA. Microporous adsorbent from winemaking waste for the recovery of Mn(
VII
) in liquid solutions. CAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Alcaraz
- National Center for Metallurgical Research Spanish National Research Council (CENIM‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Francisco J. Alguacil
- National Center for Metallurgical Research Spanish National Research Council (CENIM‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Félix A. López
- National Center for Metallurgical Research Spanish National Research Council (CENIM‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
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Alcaraz L, Jiménez-Relinque E, Plaza L, García-Díaz I, Castellote M, López FA. Photocatalytic Activity of Zn x Mn 3-x O 4 Oxides and ZnO Prepared From Spent Alkaline Batteries. Front Chem 2020; 8:661. [PMID: 32903615 PMCID: PMC7438589 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxides with Zn x Mn3-xO4 stoichiometries and ZnO were synthesized from the "black mass" material recovered from spent alkaline batteries. The oxides were characterized by XRF, XRD with Rietveld refinement, SEM, and TEM methods. Optical characterization included diffuse reflectance (DRS) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. ZnO presented a clear band edge in the UV region, and PL signals were detected. The Zn/Mn oxides showed strong absorption in the UV region and a continuous absorption band in the Vis-IR regions. There is a non-detected PL signal due to excited charges being trapped on sub-band energy states and/or transfer by non-radiative paths. Photocatalytic activity under both irradiation conditions was evaluated using the resazurin dye test, terephthalic acid fluorescence probe method, and NOx air purification evaluation. In the three photoactivity tests, ZnO performed well under both UV and Vis irradiation, whereas no evidence of any appreciable photocatalytic activity was observed for the Zn/Mn oxides. The results are discussed in terms of the findings of previously reported optical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Alcaraz
- National Center for Metallurgical Research (CENIM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Jiménez-Relinque
- Institute of Construction Science, “Eduardo Torroja” (IETcc-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Plaza
- Institute of Construction Science, “Eduardo Torroja” (IETcc-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene García-Díaz
- National Center for Metallurgical Research (CENIM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Castellote
- Institute of Construction Science, “Eduardo Torroja” (IETcc-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix A. López
- National Center for Metallurgical Research (CENIM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Devi MM, Guchhait SK, G N SB, Sreekanth M, Kalaiselvi N, Ganguli AK, Jha M. Energy efficient electrodes for lithium-ion batteries: Recovered and processed from spent primary batteries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121112. [PMID: 31564457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to develop low cost, energy efficient and advanced electrode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), waste-to-wealth derived as well as value added spent battery materials as potential alternatives assume paramount importance. By combining the low lithiation potential advantages, one can arrive at energy efficient electrodes bestowed with cost effective and eco-friendly benefits required for practical LIB applications. In the present study, Zn and Mn-salts along with C were successfully extracted from the spent zinc carbon batteries through a simple and efficient hydrometallurgy approach and decomposed thermally to obtain ZnMn2O4 at 350 °C for 12 h and 450 °C for 3 h. Further, C-ZnMn2O4 nanocomposites were prepared and demonstrated for appreciable electrochemical performance in LIB assembly. Our results show that C-ZnMn2O4 composites prepared at 350 °C and 450 °C demonstrate better performance than pristine ZnMn2O4 anode due to the improved electronic conductivity rendered by the added carbon obtained from spent primary battery. In particular, C-ZnMn2O4 at 350 °C @12 h exhibits appreciable electrochemical performance by showing a stable and higher capacity of 600 mAhg-1 at a current density of 50 mAg-1 in the voltage range of 0.01-3.0 V and qualifies it as a better performing cost-effective anode for LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suresh Babu G N
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
| | - M Sreekanth
- Nanostech Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - N Kalaiselvi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Ganguli
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Menaka Jha
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India.
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