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Pourmadadi M, Aghababaei N, Abdouss M. Photocatalytic activation of peroxydisulfate by UV-LED through rGO/g-C 3N 4/SiO 2 nanocomposite for ciprofloxacin removal: Mineralization, toxicity, degradation pathways, and application for real matrix. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142374. [PMID: 38763393 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
If trace amounts of antibiotics remain in the environment, they can lead to microbial pathogens becoming resistant to antibiotics and putting ecosystem health at risk. For instance, ciprofloxacin (CIP) can be found in surface and ground waters, suggesting that conventional water treatment technologies are ineffective at removing it. Now, a rGO/g-C3N4/SiO2 nanocomposite was synthesized in this study to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) under UVA-LED irradiation. UVA-LED/rGO-g-C3N4-SiO2/PDS system performance was evaluated using Ciprofloxacin as an antibiotic. Particularly, rGO/g-C3N4/SiO2 showed superior catalytic activity for PDS activation to remove CIP. Operational variables, reactive species determination, and mechanisms were investigated. 0.85 mM PDS and 0.3 g/L rGO/g-C3N4/SiO2 eliminated 99.63% of CIP in 35 min and mineralized 59.78% in 100 min at pH = 6.18. By scavenging free radicals, bicarbonate ions inhibit CIP degradation. According to the trapping experiments, superoxide (O2•-) was the main active species rather than sulfate (SO4•-) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH). RGO/g-C3N4/SiO2 showed an excellent recyclable capability of up to six cycles. The UVA-LED/rGO-g-C3N4-SiO2/PDS system was also tested under real conditions. The system efficiency was reasonable. By calculating the synergistic factor (SF), this work highlights the benefit of combining composite, UVA-LED, and PDS. UVA-LED/rGO-g-C3N4-SiO2/PDS had also been predicted to be an eco-friendly process based on the results of the ECOSAR program. Consequently, this study provides a novel and durable nanocomposite with supreme thermal stability that effectively mitigates environmental contamination by eliminating antibiotics from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrab Pourmadadi
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, GC, 1983963113, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Aghababaei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tafresh University, Tafresh, 39518 79611, Iran.
| | - Majid Abdouss
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Ekande OS, Kumar M. New insight on interfacial charge transfer at graphitic carbon nitride/sodium niobate heterojunction under piezoelectric effect for the generation of reactive oxygen species. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 651:477-493. [PMID: 37556905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.07.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Piezocatalytic removal of metronidazole (MET) using graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4, GCN)/sodium niobate (NaNbO3) heterojunction was investigated under ultrasonication. Herein, optimized GCN(50)/NaNbO3 heterojunction achieved 87.2% MET removal within 160 min (k = 0.0138 min-1). A new pathway for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via GCN(50)/NaNbO3 piezocatalytic heterojunction was identified. The type-II heterojunction formulated using optimized GCN(50)/NaNbO3 was found to generate hydroxyl radical (.OH); however, it was thermodynamically not feasible. The main reasons are; (i) piezopotential generated converted type-II to S-scheme heterojunction and resulted in the participation of high oxidizing potential holes in valence band (VB) of NaNbO3, and (ii) formation of depletion region at the GCN-water interface and subsequent improvement in the redox potential of holes, and (iii) piezopotential generated at NaNbO3 provided bias to GCN and established a piezo-electrocatalytic system. The higher screening of piezopotential in presence of external ions was found to reduce the generation of .OH. Overall, self-powered NaNbO3 has great ability to improve interfacial charge transfer at GCN(50)/NaNbO3 to form ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onkar Sudhir Ekande
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mathava Kumar
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Li F, Wang P, Li M, Zhang T, Li Y, Zhan S. Efficient photo-Fenton reaction for tetracycline and antibiotic resistant bacteria removal using hollow Fe-doped In 2O 3 nanotubes: From theoretical research to practical application. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 240:120088. [PMID: 37247435 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The low exposure of active sites and the slow electron transfer rate still restrict the wide application of the photo-Fenton system of Fe-based photocatalyst in practical water treatment. Herein, we prepared a hollow Fe-doped In2O3 nanotube (h-Fe-In2O3) catalyst for activating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to remove tetracycline (TC) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB). Incorporation of Fe could shorten the band gap and increase the absorption capacity of visible light. Meanwhile, the increase of electron density at the Fermi level promotes the interfacial electron transport. The large specific surface area of the tubular structure exposes more Fe active site and the Fe-O-In site reduces the energy barrier of H2O2 activation, resulting in more and faster formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). After continuous operation for 600 min, the h-Fe-In2O3 reactor still can remove 85% TC and about 3.5 log ARB in secondary effluent, showing good stability and durability for practical wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mingmei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Sihui Zhan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Zhong R, Yang W, Gao H, Wang T, Zhang D, Wu H, Zhou R, Wu Y, Kong C, Yang Z, Zhang H, Zhu H, Su F. Magnetically recyclable MXene derived N-doped TiO2@C@Fe3O4 nanosheets for enhanced degradation of organic pollutants via photo-Fenton. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Jahanshahi R, Mohammadi A, Doosti M, Sobhani S, Sansano JM. ZnCo 2O 4/g-C 3N 4/Cu nanocomposite as a new efficient and recyclable heterogeneous photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity towards the metronidazole degradation under the solar light irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:65043-65060. [PMID: 35484449 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19969-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ZnCo2O4/g-C3N4/Cu is synthesized as a new and highly effectual solar light-driven heterogeneous photocatalyst. The prepared photocatalyst is characterized using FT-IR, XRD, XPS, DRS, FESEM, TEM, EDS, and elemental mapping techniques. The performance of ZnCo2O4/g-C3N4/Cu is studied towards the metronidazole (MNZ) degradation under solar light irradiation. The kinetics of MNZ degradation and efficacy of the operational parameters comprising the initial MNZ amount (10-30 mg L-1), photocatalyst dosage (0.005-0.05 g L-1), pH (3-11), and contact time (5-30 min) on the MNZ degradation process are investigated. Surprisingly, the ZnCo2O4/g-C3N4/Cu nanocomposite presents a privileged photocatalytic performance towards the MNZ degradation under solar light irradiation. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of this photocatalyst can be ascribed to the synergistic optical effects of ZnCo2O4, g-C3N4, and Cu. The value of band gap energy for ZnCo2O4/g-C3N4/Cu is estimated to be 2.3 eV based on the Tauc plot of (αhν)2 vs. hν. The radical quenching experiments confirm that the superoxide radicals and holes are the principal active species in the photocatalytic degradation of MNZ, whereas the hydroxyl radicals have no major role in such degradation. The as-prepared photocatalyst is simply isolated and recycled for at least eight runs without noticeable loss of the efficiency. Using the natural sunlight source, applying a very low amount of the photocatalyst, neutrality of the reaction medium, short reaction time, high efficiency of the degradation procedure, utilizing air as the oxidant, low operational costs, and easy to recover and reuse of the photocatalyst are the significant highlights of the present method. It is supposed that the current investigation can be a step forward in the representation of an efficacious photocatalytic system in the treatment of a wide range of contaminated aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Jahanshahi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Alieh Mohammadi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Doosti
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Sara Sobhani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
| | - José Miguel Sansano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
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Qiu S, Gou L, Cheng F, Zhang M, Guo M. An efficient and low-cost magnetic heterogenous Fenton-like catalyst for degrading antibiotics in wastewater: Mechanism, pathway and stability. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:114119. [PMID: 34794052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal-doped MgFe2O4 spinel ferrite synthesized from saprolite laterite nickel ore was verified as an efficient heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for degrading antibiotics including tetracycline (TC) and metronidazole (MNZ) in a "catalyst/oxalic acid (H2C2O4)/visible light (vis)" system. The degradation efficiencies reached over 95% and total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiencies were nearly 50% of the two antibiotics within 210 min, under the optimal conditions, especially 90% catalytic activity of the fresh catalyst was maintained after five cycles, suggesting the ferrite possessed excellent degrading performance, cycling stability and applicability. Moreover, the degradation mechanism and pathway of TC were elucidated in detail. Results revealed that the [≡Fe(C2O4)3]3- complex ions formed by octahedral Fe3+ in spinel ferrite with oxalate ions on the surface of MgFe2O4, played the key role in production of ·OH radicals which decomposed antibiotic TC into small molecules even mineralized in three pathways. Cost-effective preparation, high catalytic performance and long cycle life may accelerate the practical application of the heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxing Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Lizheng Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Fangqin Cheng
- Institute of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Min Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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Qiao X, Liu X, Zhang W, Cai Y, Zhong Z, Li Y, Lü J. Superior photo–Fenton activity towards chlortetracycline degradation over novel g–C3N4 nanosheets/schwertmannite nanocomposites with accelerated Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycling. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Li J, Mei Y, Ma S, Yang Q, Jiang B, Xin B, Yao T, Wu J. Internal-electric-field induced high efficient type-I heterojunction in photocatalysis-self-Fenton reaction: Enhanced H 2O 2 yield, utilization efficiency and degradation performance. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 608:2075-2087. [PMID: 34749154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a type-I phosphorus-doped carbon nitride/oxygen-doped carbon nitride (P-C3N4/O-C3N4) heterojunction was designed for photocatalysis-self-Fenton reaction (photocatalytic H2O2 production and following Fenton reaction). In P-C3N4/O-C3N4, the photoinduced charge carriers were effectively separated with the help of internal-electric-field near the interface, ensuring the high catalytic performance. As a result, the production rate of H2O2 in an air-saturated solution was 179 μM·h-1, about 7.2, 2.5, 2.5 and 2.1 times quicker than that on C3N4, P-C3N4, O-C3N4, and phosphorus and oxygen co-doped C3N4, respectively. By taking advantage of the cascade mode in photocatalysis-self-Fenton reaction, H2O2 utilization efficiency was remarkably improved to 77.7%, about 9.0 times higher than that of traditional homogeneous Fenton reaction. Befitting from the superior yield and utilization efficiency, the degradation performance of P-C3N4/O-C3N4 was undoubtedly superior than other photocatalysts. This work well addressed two bottlenecks in traditional Fenton reaction: source of H2O2 and their low utilization efficiency, and the findings were beneficial to understand the mechanism and advantage of the photocatalysis-self-Fenton system in environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuqing Mei
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Shouchun Ma
- State Key Lab Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Qingfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Baojiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Baifu Xin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.
| | - Tongjie Yao
- State Key Lab Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.
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Iqbal MZ, Luo D, Akakuru OU, Mushtaq A, Hou Y, Ali I, Ijaz G, Khalid B, Kong X, Wu A. Facile synthesis of biocompatible magnetic titania nanorods for T 1-magnetic resonance imaging and enhanced phototherapy of cancers. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:6623-6633. [PMID: 34378616 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01097b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer treatment has been recently energized by nanomaterials that simultaneously offer diagnostic and therapeutic effects. Among the imaging and treatment modalities in frontline research today, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and phototherapy have gained significant interest due to their noninvasiveness among other intriguing benefits. Herein, Fe(iii) was adsorbed on titanium dioxide to develop magnetic Fe-TiO2 nanocomposites (NCs) which leverage the Fe moiety in a double-edge-sword approach to: (i) achieve T1-weighted MRI contrast enhancement, and (ii) improve the well-established photodynamic therapeutic efficacy of TiO2 nanoparticles. Interestingly, the proposed NCs exhibit classic T1 MRI contrast agent properties (r1 = 1.16 mM-1 s-1) that are comparable to those of clinically available contrast agents. Moreover, the NCs induce negligible cytotoxicity in traditional methods and show remarkable support to the proliferation of intestine organoids, an advanced toxicity evaluation system based on three-dimensional organoids, which could benefit their potential safe application for in vivo cancer theranostics. Aided by the Fenton reaction contribution of the Fe component of the Fe-TiO2 NCs, considerable photo-killing of cancer cells is achieved upon UV irradiation at very low (2.5 mW cm-2) intensity in typical cancer PDT. It is therefore expected that this study will guide the engineering of other biocompatible magnetic titania-based nanosystems with multi-faceted properties for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zubair Iqbal
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Bhattacharyya P, Basak S, Chakrabarti S. Advancement towards Antibiotic Remediation: Heterostructure and Composite materials. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puja Bhattacharyya
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida India
| | - Sanchari Basak
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida India
| | - Sandip Chakrabarti
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida India
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Wang Y, Wang J, Lian W, Liu Y. Insight into the enhanced photocatalytic activity of Mo and P codoped SrTiO 3 from first-principles prediction. RSC Adv 2020; 10:40117-40126. [PMID: 35520856 PMCID: PMC9058650 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07026b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the synergistic effect of cation codoping (Mo and the cation P) on the band structure of SrTiO3 is demonstrated to enhance its photocatalytic activity. The electronic structure and optical properties of (Mo + P) codoped SrTiO3 are examined by performing GGA + U calculations. The results show that the strong hybridization between the Mo 4d states and the O 2p states assisted by the non-metal P leads to the formation of fully occupied and delocalized intermediate states (IBs) near the valence band of SrTiO3. The proximity of IBs to the valence band resulted in the ability to separate photo-excited electrons from reaction holes, which helps to ensure efficient electron replenishment reducing the probability of trapping electrons from the CB. This kind of metal Mo and non-metal P-compensated codoping can efficiently narrow the band gap and enhance the visible-light absorption. Moreover, the positions of the band edges after codoping (Mo + P) are found to be thermodynamically favorable for water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Wang
- School of Mechanics and Optoelectronic Physics, Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 China
| | - Wei Lian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 China
| | - Yin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 China
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Kumar S, Alka, Tarun, Saxena J, Bansal C, Kumari P. Visible light-assisted photodegradation by silver tungstate-modified magnetite nanocomposite material for enhanced mineralization of organic water contaminants. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-019-01230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Devi M, Das B, Barbhuiya MH, Bhuyan B, Dhar SS, Vadivel S. Fabrication of nanostructured NiO/WO3with graphitic carbon nitride for visible light driven photocatalytic hydroxylation of benzene and metronidazole degradation. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02904d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of a novel NiO/WO3nanohybrid modified graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets with enhanced photocatalytic activity towards photocatalytic hydroxylation of benzene and degradation of a pharmaceutical waste metronidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghali Devi
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Cachar
- India
| | - Bishal Das
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Cachar
- India
| | | | - Bishal Bhuyan
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Cachar
- India
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