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Yu W, Zhao Y, Ge J. Electrically triggered photonic crystal anti-counterfeiting tags with multi-level response fabricated by regioselective modification of ITO electrode surface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 659:603-610. [PMID: 38198937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Anticounterfeiting materials based on the photonic crystal (PC) have attracted great interest due to their unique visual effects originating from the changeable structural colors under various external stimuli. However, there still are challenges to improving the anticounterfeiting performance by enhancing the complexity and diversity of the color changes. Here, we fabricated an electrically triggered anticounterfeiting tag by encapsulating the responsive PC with the surface-modified and patterned ITO electrode. The degree of Au deposition or chemical etching in different regions of the ITO was precisely controlled to achieve multi-level differentiated electrical responses, which made the invisible pattern of the tag at 0 V be "revealed in multicolor form" or "gradually revealed" under increasing voltages. The tag possessed two working modes, more diversified visual effects, good usability, and reversibility, which let it become a potentially useful material for anti-counterfeiting applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering (SKLPMPE), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yanxuan Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering (SKLPMPE), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jianping Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering (SKLPMPE), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China.
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Jiang H, Li G, Si L, Guo M, Ma H, Luo W, Guan J. Versatile Double Bandgap Photonic Crystals of High Color Saturation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2632. [PMID: 37836273 PMCID: PMC10574206 DOI: 10.3390/nano13192632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Double bandgap photonic crystals (PCs) exhibit significant potential for applications in various color display-related fields. However, they show low color saturation and inadequate color modulation capabilities. This study presents a viable approach to the fabrication of double bandgap photonic inks diffracting typical secondary colors and other composite colors by simply mixing two photonic nanochains (PNCs) of different primary colors as pigments in an appropriate percentage following the conventional RGB color matching method. In this approach, the PNCs are magnetically responsive and display three primary colors that can be synthesized by combining hydrogen bond-guided and magnetic field (H)-assisted template polymerization. The as-prepared double bandgap photonic inks present high color saturation due to the fixed and narrow full-width at half-maxima of the parent PNCs with a suitable chain length. Furthermore, they can be used to easily produce a flexible double bandgap PC film by embedding the PNCs into a gel, such as polyacrylamide, facilitating fast steady display performance without the requirement of an external magnetic field. This research not only presents the unique advantages of PNCs in constructing multi-bandgap PCs but also establishes the feasibility of utilizing PNCs in practical applications within the fields of anti-counterfeiting and flexible wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.J.); (L.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Gang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Luying Si
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.J.); (L.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Minghui Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Huiru Ma
- Wuhan Institute of Photochemistry and Technology, 7 North Bingang Road, Wuhan 430083, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (M.G.)
- Wuhan Institute of Photochemistry and Technology, 7 North Bingang Road, Wuhan 430083, China
| | - Jianguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.J.); (L.S.); (J.G.)
- Wuhan Institute of Photochemistry and Technology, 7 North Bingang Road, Wuhan 430083, China
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3
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Fu Q, Yu W, Bao G, Ge J. Electrically responsive photonic crystals with bistable states for low-power electrophoretic color displays. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7007. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractElectrically responsive photonic crystals are promising materials for electrophoretic color displays with better brightness and color saturation. However, electric field must always be applied to maintain the specific colors, which brings concerns about the power consumption and signal stability and reversibility. Here, we show an electrically responsive photonic crystal with two stable states at 0 V, which are the colored state or the colorless state with ordered or disordered particle arrangement. The color state can be reversibly switched by applying a short-time electrical field, just like in the case of commercial electrophoretic ink. With optimized recipe and electric field, the photonic crystals encapsulated in the prototype display panel are proved to have potentials in high resolution, multi-color, and greyscale display, which lays down a firm basis for reflective displays with low power consumption and good visibility.
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Liu L, Zeng W, Long Z, Yi Z, Bai P, Tang B, Yuan D, Zhou G. Red Display for Three-Color Electrophoretic Displays with High Saturation via a Separation Stage between Black and Red Particles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:2555. [PMID: 35407886 PMCID: PMC9000271 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A three-color electrophoretic display (EPD) can solve the defect of an insufficient color display of black/white EPDs, but it is difficult to achieve a high red saturation due to the same driving polarity between black and red electrophoretic particles. In this work, a separation stage was proposed in the driving process to increase the red saturation in three-color EPDs. Firstly, red particles' motion was analyzed by the electrophoretic theory and Stokes' theorem to optimize driving parameters. Secondly, the activity of black particles was analyzed by testing different driving process parameters, and an optimal activation parameter for red particles was obtained. Next, the separation stage parameters were analyzed to reduce the mixing degree of black and red electrophoretic particles. Experimental results showed that the red and black electrophoretic particles could be effectively separated. Compared with an existing driving method, the red saturation was increased by 23.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Wenjun Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Zhengxing Long
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zongshan 528402, China
| | - Zichuan Yi
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zongshan 528402, China
| | - Pengfei Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Biao Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Dong Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
- Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518110, China
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Jia X, Zhang X, Wang Z, Zhao S. Tertiary amine ionic liquid incorporated Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles as a versatile catalyst for the Knoevenagel reaction. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2022.2053992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Jia
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- School Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi, China
| | - Sanhu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou, China
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Zhang H, Yi Z, Liu L, Chi F, Hu Y, Huang S, Miao Y, Wang L. A Fast-Response Driving Waveform Design Based on High-Frequency Voltage for Three-Color Electrophoretic Displays. MICROMACHINES 2021; 13:59. [PMID: 35056224 PMCID: PMC8777687 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three-color electrophoretic displays (EPDs) have the characteristics of colorful display, reflection display, low power consumption, and flexible display. However, due to the addition of red particles, response time of three-color EPDs is increased. In this paper, we proposed a new driving waveform based on high-frequency voltage optimization and electrophoresis theory, which was used to shorten the response time. The proposed driving waveform was composed of an activation stage, a new red driving stage, and a black or white driving stage. The response time of particles was effectively reduced by removing an erasing stage. In the design process, the velocity of particles in non-polar solvents was analyzed by Newton's second law and Stokes law. Next, an optimal duration and an optimal frequency of the activation stage were obtained to reduce ghost images and improve particle activity. Then, an optimal voltage which can effectively drive red particles was tested to reduce the response time of red particles. Experimental results showed that compared with a traditional driving waveform, the proposed driving waveform had a better performance. Response times of black particles, white particles and red particles were shortened by 40%, 47.8% and 44.9%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (H.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (Y.M.)
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Zichuan Yi
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (H.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Liming Liu
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (H.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Feng Chi
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (H.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yunfeng Hu
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (H.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Sida Huang
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (H.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yu Miao
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (H.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Li Wang
- School of Information Engineering, Zhongshan Polytechnic, Zhongshan 528400, China;
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Zhang H, Yi Z, Ma S, Deng S, Zhou W, Zeng W, Liu L, Chi F, Hu Y, Zhang C, Wang L, Zhang J. Design of Driving Waveform for Shortening Response Time of Black Particles and White Particles in Three-Color Electrophoretic Displays. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1306. [PMID: 34832718 PMCID: PMC8622660 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The shortage of color in traditional electrophoretic displays (EPDs) can be compensated by three-color EPDs. However, the response time of black particles and white particles is increased. A new driving waveform based on the principle of three-color EPDs and electrophoresis theory was proposed to shorten the response time of black particles and white particles. The proposed driving waveform consisted of an erasing stage, an activation stage, a red driving stage, and a white or a black driving stage. The activation stage was mainly optimized in this paper. Firstly, the motion characteristics of the particles were analyzed using Stokes law and electrophoresis theory. Secondly, an optimal high frequency oscillation voltage was tested in order to improve the activity of the particles. Then, the influence of oscillation period and oscillation times on the activation stage were analyzed for optimizing the reference grayscale. According to the luminance of pixels, an oscillation period of 30 ms and an oscillation time of 30 were determined. The experimental results showed that the response time of black particles was shortened by 45%, and the response time of white particles was shortened by 40% compared with a traditional driving waveform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China;
- College of Eletron and Information，University of Electronic Science and Technology of China，Zhongshan Institute，Zhongshan 528402，China; (S.M.); (S.D.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (C.Z.)
| | - Zichuan Yi
- College of Eletron and Information，University of Electronic Science and Technology of China，Zhongshan Institute，Zhongshan 528402，China; (S.M.); (S.D.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (C.Z.)
| | - Simin Ma
- College of Eletron and Information，University of Electronic Science and Technology of China，Zhongshan Institute，Zhongshan 528402，China; (S.M.); (S.D.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (C.Z.)
| | - Shaoning Deng
- College of Eletron and Information，University of Electronic Science and Technology of China，Zhongshan Institute，Zhongshan 528402，China; (S.M.); (S.D.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (C.Z.)
| | - Weibiao Zhou
- College of Eletron and Information，University of Electronic Science and Technology of China，Zhongshan Institute，Zhongshan 528402，China; (S.M.); (S.D.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (C.Z.)
| | - Wenjun Zeng
- College of Eletron and Information，University of Electronic Science and Technology of China，Zhongshan Institute，Zhongshan 528402，China; (S.M.); (S.D.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (C.Z.)
| | - Liming Liu
- College of Eletron and Information，University of Electronic Science and Technology of China，Zhongshan Institute，Zhongshan 528402，China; (S.M.); (S.D.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (C.Z.)
| | - Feng Chi
- College of Eletron and Information，University of Electronic Science and Technology of China，Zhongshan Institute，Zhongshan 528402，China; (S.M.); (S.D.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (C.Z.)
| | - Yunfeng Hu
- College of Eletron and Information，University of Electronic Science and Technology of China，Zhongshan Institute，Zhongshan 528402，China; (S.M.); (S.D.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chongfu Zhang
- College of Eletron and Information，University of Electronic Science and Technology of China，Zhongshan Institute，Zhongshan 528402，China; (S.M.); (S.D.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (C.Z.)
| | - Li Wang
- School of Information Engineering, Zhongshan Polytechnic, Zhongshan 528400, China;
| | - Jitao Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhongshan Polytechnic, Zhongshan 528400, China;
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8
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Zeng W, Yi Z, Zhou X, Zhao Y, Feng H, Yang J, Liu L, Chi F, Zhang C, Zhou G. Design of Driving Waveform for Shortening Red Particles Response Time in Three-Color Electrophoretic Displays. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:578. [PMID: 34069735 PMCID: PMC8161037 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Three-color electrophoretic displays (EPDs) have the advantages of multi-color display and low power consumption. However, their red particles have the disadvantage of long response time. In this paper, a driving waveform, which is based on electrophoresis theory and reference gray scale optimization, was proposed to shorten the response time of red particles in three-color EPDs. The driving waveform was composed of erasing stage, reference gray scale forming stage, red driving stage, and white or black driving stage. Firstly, the characteristics of particle motion were analyzed by electrophoresis theory and Stokes law. Secondly, the reference gray scale of the driving waveform was optimized to shorten the distance between red particles and a common electrode plate. Finally, an experimental platform was developed to test the performance of the driving waveform. Experimental results showed that the proposed driving waveform can shorten the response time of red particles by 65.57% and reduce the number of flickers by 66.67% compared with the traditional driving waveform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zeng
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.F.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (C.Z.)
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Zichuan Yi
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.F.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xichen Zhou
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.F.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Yiming Zhao
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.F.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Haoqiang Feng
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.F.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (C.Z.)
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Jianjun Yang
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.F.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Liming Liu
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.F.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Feng Chi
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.F.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chongfu Zhang
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (W.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (H.F.); (J.Y.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Guofu Zhou
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
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9
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Yi Z, Zeng W, Ma S, Feng H, Zeng W, Shen S, Shui L, Zhou G, Zhang C. Design of Driving Waveform Based on a Damping Oscillation for Optimizing Red Saturation in Three-Color Electrophoretic Displays. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:162. [PMID: 33562290 PMCID: PMC7915761 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
At present, three-color electrophoretic displays (EPDs) have problems of dim brightness and insufficient color saturation. In this paper, a driving waveform based on a damping oscillation was proposed to optimize the red saturation in three-color EPDs. The optimized driving waveform was composed of an erasing stage, a particles activation stage, a red electrophoretic particles purification stage, and a red display stage. The driving duration was set to 360 ms, 880 ms, 400 ms, and 2400 ms, respectively. The erasing stage was used to erase the current pixel state and refresh to a black state. The particles' activation stage was set as two cycles, and then refreshed to the black state. The red electrophoretic particles' purification stage was a damping oscillation driving waveform. The red and black electrophoretic particles were separated by changing the magnitude and polarity of applied electric filed, so that the red electrophoretic particles were purified. The red display stage was a low positive voltage, and red electrophoretic particles were driven to the common electrode to display a red state. The experimental results showed that the maximum red saturation could reach 0.583, which was increased by 27.57% compared with the traditional driving waveform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichuan Yi
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (S.M.); (W.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Weibo Zeng
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (S.M.); (W.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Simin Ma
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (S.M.); (W.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Haoqiang Feng
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (S.M.); (W.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.S.); (G.Z.)
| | - Wenjun Zeng
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (S.M.); (W.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.S.); (G.Z.)
| | - Shitao Shen
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.S.); (G.Z.)
| | - Lingling Shui
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (S.M.); (W.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.S.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guofu Zhou
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.S.); (G.Z.)
| | - Chongfu Zhang
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (S.M.); (W.Z.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
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