1
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Mouillard F, Ferté T, Voirin E, Méry S, Masson P, Carradò A. Use of a Photocleavable Initiator to Characterize Polymer Chains Grafted onto a Metal Plate with the Grafting-from Method. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051265. [PMID: 36904506 PMCID: PMC10007346 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The thorough characterization of polymer chains grafted through a "grafting-from" process onto substrates based on the determination of number (Mn) and weight (Mw) average molar masses, as well as dispersity (Ɖ), is quite challenging. It requires the cleavage of grafted chains selectively at the polymer-substrate bond without polymer degradation to allow their analysis in solution with steric exclusion chromatography, in particular. The study herein describes a technique for the selective cleavage of PMMA grafted onto titanium substrate (Ti-PMMA) using an anchoring molecule that combines an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator and a UV-cleavable moiety. This technique allows the demonstration of the efficiency of the ATRP of PMMA on titanium substrates and verification that the chains were grown homogeneously.
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2
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Rossegger E, Strasser J, Höller R, Fleisch M, Berer M, Schlögl S. Wavelength Selective Multi-Material 3D Printing of Soft Active Devices Using Orthogonal Photoreactions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200586. [PMID: 36107158 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Orthogonal photoreactions provide a unique way to locally and independently control (thermo)mechanical properties and functionality of polymer networks simply by choice of the wavelength. Herein, a library of acrylate functional coumarin monomers is synthesized, which are cured by sequence-dependent wavelength orthogonality. In the presence of a long wavelength absorbing photoinitiator, the monomers undergo rapid curing by visible light induced radical chain growth polymerization. Subsequent irradiation with light in the UV-A region selectively initiates the [2+2] photocycloaddition of the coumarin chromophores, which is confirmed by FTIR and UV-vis experiments. Through a well-targeted design, acrylate-based and thiol-acrylate resin formulations are prepared, whose fast curing rate, low viscosity, and prolonged storage stability enable the one-step fabrication of multi-material structures by digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. By using a dual-wavelength printer, which operates at two different wavelengths (405 and 365 nm), objects comprising soft (ε = 22%, σ = 7.5 MPa) and stiff (ε = 2%, σ = 8.3 MPa) domains are printed with a single resin vat. Along with tensile properties, the wavelength selective change in the network structure features a local control of the glass transition temperature (ΔTg = 17 °C) in the 3D-printed objects. Soft active devices are fabricated by dual-wavelength DLP 3D printing, with distinct domains having a higher Tg and the local programming of multi shapes is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Jakob Strasser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Rita Höller
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Mathias Fleisch
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Michael Berer
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
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3
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Hong SM, Hwang SH. Synthesis and Characterization of Multifunctional Secondary Thiol Hardeners Using 3-Mercaptobutanoic Acid and Their Thiol-Epoxy Curing Behavior. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:21987-21993. [PMID: 35785300 PMCID: PMC9245090 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
3-Mercaptobutanoic acid (3-MBA) was synthesized by the less odorous Michael addition pathway using an isothiouronium salt intermediate. Using the synthesized 3-MBA, multifunctional secondary thiol (sec-thiol) compounds were obtained and applied to thiol-epoxy curing systems as hardeners. As the functionality of the sec-thiol hardeners increased, the purity of the product obtained after distillation decreased. The equivalent epoxy mixtures with multifunctional sec-thiol hardeners were evaluated based on their impact on the curing behavior in thiol-epoxy click reactions by differential scanning calorimetry. The thermal features of sec-thiol-epoxy click reactions in the presence of a base catalyst were assessed according to the functionality of the sec-thiol hardeners. Our results showed that sec-thiol hardeners with less reactivity to the epoxy group provide long-term storage stability for the formulated epoxy resin, promising for industrial applications.
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4
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Reisinger D, Dietliker KP, Sangermano M, Schlögl S. Streamlined concept towards spatially resolved photoactivation of dynamic transesterification in vitrimeric polymers by applying thermally stable photolatent bases. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01722e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Through a well targeted design, vitrimers are able to reorganise their three-dimensional covalently crosslinked network structure by associative exchange reactions when the so-called topology freezing transition temperature (Tv) is exceeded....
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5
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Xu C, Wu X, Xiong Y, Li Z, Tang H. A class of azocarbazole‐based carboxylates: High‐efficiency ionic unimolecular photobase generators for thiol‐epoxy click polymerization under blue light. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Can Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials, Ministry of Education, Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials, Ministry of Education, Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials, Ministry of Education, Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Zhen Li
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials, Ministry of Education, Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Hongding Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials, Ministry of Education, Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan China
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6
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Fairbanks BD, Macdougall LJ, Mavila S, Sinha J, Kirkpatrick BE, Anseth KS, Bowman CN. Photoclick Chemistry: A Bright Idea. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6915-6990. [PMID: 33835796 PMCID: PMC9883840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
At its basic conceptualization, photoclick chemistry embodies a collection of click reactions that are performed via the application of light. The emergence of this concept has had diverse impact over a broad range of chemical and biological research due to the spatiotemporal control, high selectivity, and excellent product yields afforded by the combination of light and click chemistry. While the reactions designated as "photoclick" have many important features in common, each has its own particular combination of advantages and shortcomings. A more extensive realization of the potential of this chemistry requires a broader understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics of the specific reactions. This review discusses the features of the most frequently employed photoclick reactions reported in the literature: photomediated azide-alkyne cycloadditions, other 1,3-dipolarcycloadditions, Diels-Alder and inverse electron demand Diels-Alder additions, radical alternating addition chain transfer additions, and nucleophilic additions. Applications of these reactions in a variety of chemical syntheses, materials chemistry, and biological contexts are surveyed, with particular attention paid to the respective strengths and limitations of each reaction and how that reaction benefits from its combination with light. Finally, challenges to broader employment of these reactions are discussed, along with strategies and opportunities to mitigate such obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Fairbanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Laura J Macdougall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Sudheendran Mavila
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Bruce E Kirkpatrick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Coorado 80045, United States
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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7
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Kumar R, Santa Chalarca CF, Bockman MR, Bruggen CV, Grimme CJ, Dalal RJ, Hanson MG, Hexum JK, Reineke TM. Polymeric Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11527-11652. [PMID: 33939409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advent of genome editing has transformed the therapeutic landscape for several debilitating diseases, and the clinical outlook for gene therapeutics has never been more promising. The therapeutic potential of nucleic acids has been limited by a reliance on engineered viral vectors for delivery. Chemically defined polymers can remediate technological, regulatory, and clinical challenges associated with viral modes of gene delivery. Because of their scalability, versatility, and exquisite tunability, polymers are ideal biomaterial platforms for delivering nucleic acid payloads efficiently while minimizing immune response and cellular toxicity. While polymeric gene delivery has progressed significantly in the past four decades, clinical translation of polymeric vehicles faces several formidable challenges. The aim of our Account is to illustrate diverse concepts in designing polymeric vectors towards meeting therapeutic goals of in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy. Here, we highlight several classes of polymers employed in gene delivery and summarize the recent work on understanding the contributions of chemical and architectural design parameters. We touch upon characterization methods used to visualize and understand events transpiring at the interfaces between polymer, nucleic acids, and the physiological environment. We conclude that interdisciplinary approaches and methodologies motivated by fundamental questions are key to designing high-performing polymeric vehicles for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Matthew R Bockman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Craig Van Bruggen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christian J Grimme
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rishad J Dalal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mckenna G Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph K Hexum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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8
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Giebler M, Alabiso W, Wieser V, Radl S, Schlögl S. Photopatternable and Rewritable Epoxy-Anhydride Vitrimers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000466. [PMID: 32996232 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present work highlights a new approach to write, erase, and rewrite micropatterns into the same region of covalent adaptable polymer networks. Thermal curing of an epoxy-terminated o-nitrobenzyl ester (o-NBE) derivative with hexahydrophthalic anhydride in the presence of 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene yields a dynamic covalent network, whose solubility is locally controlled by irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light. The photolysis of the o-NBE chromophores enables a well-defined cleavage of the epoxy-anhydride network, and the formation of soluble photolysis products is confirmed by sol-gel analysis. The photo-induced change in solubility is exploited to inscribe micropatterns by photolithographic techniques and after development in an organic solvent positive tone structures with a feature size of 20 µm are obtained. Due to the thermo-activated exchange reactions of the hydroxyl ester links and the related macroscopic reflow, the polymer patterns are fully erased at temperatures well above the topological freezing transition of the vitrimer network. The regenerated film has a smooth surface topology and can be reused to inscribe new micropatterns via mask lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Giebler
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Viktoria Wieser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Simone Radl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
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9
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Romano A, Roppolo I, Rossegger E, Schlögl S, Sangermano M. Recent Trends in Applying Rrtho-Nitrobenzyl Esters for the Design of Photo-Responsive Polymer Networks. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2777. [PMID: 32575481 PMCID: PMC7344511 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymers with light-responsive groups have gained increased attention in the design of functional materials, as they allow changes in polymers properties, on demand, and simply by light exposure. For the synthesis of polymers and polymer networks with photolabile properties, the introduction o-nitrobenzyl alcohol (o-NB) derivatives as light-responsive chromophores has become a convenient and powerful route. Although o-NB groups were successfully exploited in numerous applications, this review pays particular attention to the studies in which they were included as photo-responsive moieties in thin polymer films and functional polymer coatings. The review is divided into four different sections according to the chemical structure of the polymer networks: (i) acrylate and methacrylate; (ii) thiol-click; (iii) epoxy; and (iv) polydimethylsiloxane. We conclude with an outlook of the present challenges and future perspectives of the versatile and unique features of o-NB chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Romano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (A.R.); (I.R.)
| | - Ignazio Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (A.R.); (I.R.)
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben 8700, Austria; (E.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben 8700, Austria; (E.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (A.R.); (I.R.)
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10
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Romano A, Angelini A, Rossegger E, Palmara G, Castellino M, Frascella F, Chiappone A, Chiadò A, Sangermano M, Schlögl S, Roppolo I. Laser‐Triggered Writing and Biofunctionalization of Thiol‐Ene Networks. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000084. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Romano
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Angelo Angelini
- Advanced Materials Metrology and Life SciencesIstituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica Strada delle Cacce 91 Torino 10135 Italy
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Gianluca Palmara
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Micaela Castellino
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Francesca Frascella
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiappone
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Alessandro Chiadò
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Ignazio Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
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11
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An S, Kim H, Kim M, Kim S. Photoinduced Modulation of Polymeric Interfacial Behavior Controlling Thin-Film Block Copolymer Wetting. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3046-3056. [PMID: 32151131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The tunable surface-wetting properties of photosensitive random copolymer mats were used to spatially control the orientations of thin-film block copolymer (BCP) structures. A photosensitive mat was produced via thermal treatment on spin-coated random copolymers of poly(styrene-ran-2-nitrobenzyl methacrylate-ran-glycidyl methacrylate), synthesized via reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. The degree of UV-induced deprotection of the nitrobenzyl esters in the mat was precisely controlled through the amount of UV-irradiation energy imparted to the mat. The resulting polarity switching of the constituents collectively altered the interfacial wetting properties of the mat, and the tunability allowed lamellar or cylinder-forming poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) BCP thin films, applied over the mat, to change the domain orientation from perpendicular to parallel at proper UV exposures. UV irradiation passing through a photomask was capable of generating defined regions of BCP domains with targeted orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol An
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Heein Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Myungwoong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Sangwon Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
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12
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Rossegger E, Nees D, Turisser S, Radl S, Griesser T, Schlögl S. Photo-switching of surface wettability on micropatterned photopolymers for fast transport of water droplets over a long-distance. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Long distance movement (>20 mm) of water droplets across thiol–acrylate photopolymers with inscribed wettability and Laplace pressure gradient is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - D. Nees
- Joanneum Research GmbH
- A-8160 Weiz
- Austria
| | - S. Turisser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - S. Radl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - T. Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - S. Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
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13
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Giebler M, Radl S, Ules T, Griesser T, Schlögl S. Photopatternable Epoxy-Based Thermosets. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2350. [PMID: 31344852 PMCID: PMC6695657 DOI: 10.3390/ma12152350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present work provides a comparative study on the photopatterning of epoxy-based thermosets as a function of network structure and network mobility. Local switching of solubility properties by light of a defined wavelength is achieved by exploiting versatile o-nitrobenzyl ester (o-NBE) chemistry. o-NBE derivatives with terminal epoxy groups are synthetized and thermally cured with different types of cycloaliphatic anhydrides via nucleophilic ring opening reaction. By varying the structure of the anhydride, glass transition temperature (Tg) and surface hardness are adjusted over a broad range. Once the network has been formed, the photolysis of the o-NBE groups enables a well-defined degradation of the 3D network. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy studies demonstrate that cleavage rate and cleavage yield increase with rising mobility of the network, which is either facilitated by inherent network properties (Tg below room temperature) or a simultaneous heating of the thermosets above their Tg. The formation of soluble species is evidenced by sol-gel analysis, revealing that low-Tg networks are prone to secondary photoreactions at higher exposure doses, which lead to a re-crosslinking of the cleaved polymer chains. The change in solubility properties is exploited to inscribe positive tone micropatterns within the thermosets by photolithographic techniques. Contrast curves show that the resist performance of rigid networks is superior to flexible ones, with a contrast of 1.17 and a resolution of 8 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Giebler
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Simone Radl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Thomas Ules
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
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14
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Rossegger E, Hennen D, Griesser T, Roppolo I, Schlögl S. Directed motion of water droplets on multi-gradient photopolymer surfaces. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and directional movement of water droplets across a photopolymer surface with inscribed wettability and Laplace pressure gradient is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - D. Hennen
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer based Ink-Jet Inks
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - T. Griesser
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer based Ink-Jet Inks
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben
| | - I. Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - S. Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
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