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Das S, Chowdhury S, Tiwary CS. High-entropy-based nano-materials for sustainable environmental applications. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:8256-8272. [PMID: 38587499 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00474d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
High entropy materials (HEMs), epitomized by high entropy alloys (HEAs), have sparked immense interest for a range of clean energy and environmental applications due to their remarkable structural versatility and adjustable characteristics. In the face of environmental challenges, HEMs have emerged as valuable tools for addressing issues ranging from wastewater remediation to energy conversion and storage. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of HEMs, spotlighting their catalytic capabilities in diverse redox reactions, such as carbon dioxide reduction to value-added products, degradation of organic pollutants, oxygen reduction, hydrogen evolution, and ammonia decomposition using electrocatalytic and photocatalytic pathways. Additionally, the review highlights HEMs as novel electrode nanomaterials, with the potential to enhance the performance of batteries and supercapacitors. Their unique features, including high capacitance, electrical conductivity, and thermal stability, make them valuable components for meeting crucial energy demands. Furthermore, the review examines challenges and opportunities in advancing HEMs, emphasizing the importance of understanding the underlying mechanisms governing their catalytic and electrochemical behaviors. Essential considerations for optimizing the HEM performance in catalysis and energy storage are outlined to guide future research. Moreover, to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current research landscape, a meticulous bibliometric analysis is presented, offering insights into the trends, focal points, and emerging directions within the realm of HEMs, particularly in addressing environmental concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhasikha Das
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
| | - Shamik Chowdhury
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
| | - Chandra Sekhar Tiwary
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
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Palladium-modified TiO 2 films in a photocatalytic microreactor: evaluation of radiation absorption properties and pollutant degradation efficiency. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2023; 22:47-58. [PMID: 36112308 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pure (TiO2) and 0.1 nominal atomic percent of palladium-modified TiO2 (Pd-TiO2) films were synthesized via a sol-gel method and compared through their physicochemical properties and photocatalytic activity in the degradation of an emerging contaminant, 17-α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). The activity of the films was studied using a continuous flow, planar microreactor under simulated sunlight. Catalysts characterization included X-ray diffraction, UV-Visible diffuse reflectance and transmittance spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, N2 physisorption analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The modification of TiO2 with palladium confined the size of anatase phase crystallites, increased the specific surface area and improved radiation absorption. PdO domains on TiO2 were observed. In all the tested conditions, higher conversion of EE2 was achieved with the Pd-TiO2 film compared with the TiO2 film, presenting an 80% increase in the reaction rate. The performance of the catalytic films was also assessed by the calculation of two efficiency parameters: radiation absorption efficiency and quantum efficiency of reaction. The Pd-TiO2 film showed a notable enhancement of the absorption of the incident radiation and a more efficient utilization of the absorbed photons to degrade the target pollutant.
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Xie ZL, Wang D, Gong XQ. Theoretical Insights into Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia over Pt/TiO 2: Reaction Mechanism, Activity Regulation, and Catalyst Design. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Li Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Qing Gong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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Fu Y, Yang Y, Chu D, Liu Z, Zhou L, Yu X, Qu X. Vanadium-Substituted Dawson-Type Polyoxometalate–TiO2 Nanowire Composite Film as Advanced Cathode Material for Bifunctional Electrochromic Energy-Storage Devices. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134291. [PMID: 35807536 PMCID: PMC9268091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyoxometalates (POMs) demonstrate potential for application in the development of integrated smart energy devices based on bifunctional electrochromic (EC) optical modulation and electrochemical energy storage. Herein, a nanocomposite thin film composed of a vanadium-substituted Dawson-type POM, i.e., K7[P2W17VO62]·18H2O, and TiO2 nanowires were constructed via the combination of hydrothermal and layer-by-layer self-assembly methods. Through scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy characterisations, it was found that the TiO2 nanowire substrate acts as a skeleton to adsorb POM nanoparticles, thereby avoiding the aggregation or stacking of POM particles. The unique three-dimensional core−shell structures of these nanocomposites with high specific surface areas increases the number of active sites during the reaction process and shortens the ion diffusion pathway, thereby improving the electrochemical activities and electrical conductivities. Compared with pure POM thin films, the composite films showed improved EC properties with a significant optical contrast (38.32% at 580 nm), a short response time (1.65 and 1.64 s for colouring and bleaching, respectively), an excellent colouration efficiency (116.5 cm2 C−1), and satisfactory energy-storage properties (volumetric capacitance = 297.1 F cm−3 at 0.2 mA cm−2). Finally, a solid-state electrochromic energy-storage (EES) device was fabricated using the composite film as the cathode. After charging, the constructed device was able to light up a single light-emitting diode for 20 s. These results highlight the promising features of POM-based EES devices and demonstrate their potential for use in a wide range of applications, such as smart windows, military camouflage, sensors, and intelligent systems.
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de Brito JF, Costa MB, Rajeshwar K, Mascaro LH. Ammonia production from nitrogen under simulated solar irradiation, low overpotential, and mild conditions. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Veerakumar P, Jaysiva G, Chen SM, Lin KC. Development of Palladium on Bismuth Sulfide Nanorods as a Bifunctional Nanomaterial for Efficient Electrochemical Detection and Photoreduction of Hg(II) Ions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:5908-5920. [PMID: 35042336 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pitchaimani Veerakumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ganesamurthi Jaysiva
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - King-Chuen Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Qi P, Gao X, Wang J, Liu H, He D, Zhang Q. A minireview on catalysts for photocatalytic N 2 fixation to synthesize ammonia. RSC Adv 2022; 12:1244-1257. [PMID: 35425192 PMCID: PMC8979037 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08002d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is an important feedstock in chemical industry. Nowadays NH3 is mainly produced via the industrialized Haber-Bosch process, which requires substantial energy input, since it operates at high temperatures (400-650 °C) and high pressures (20-40 Mpa). From the energy conservation point of view, it is of great significance to explore an alternative avenue to synthesize NH3, which is in line with the concept of sustainable development. Very recently, photocatalytic N2 fixation (PNF) has been discovered as a safe and green approach to synthesize NH3, as it utilizes the inexhaustible solar energy and the abundant N2 in nature to synthesize NH3 under mild conditions. A highly efficient catalyst is the core of PNF. Up to now, extensive studies have been conducted to design efficient catalysts for PNF. Summarizing the catalysts reported for PNF and unraveling their reaction mechanisms could provide guidance for the design of better catalysts. In this review, we will illustrate the development of catalysts for PNF, including semiconductors, plasmonic metal-based catalysts, iron-based catalysts, ruthenium-based catalysts and several other catalysts, point out the remaining challenges and outline the future opportunities, with the aim to contribute to the development of PNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Qi
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology Jinzhou 121001 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Gao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology Jinzhou 121001 P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology Jinzhou 121001 P. R. China
| | - Huimin Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology Jinzhou 121001 P. R. China
| | - Dehua He
- Innovative Catalysis Program, Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Qijian Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology Jinzhou 121001 P. R. China
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Yang S, Li Q, Li C, Cao T, Wang T, Fan F, Zhang X, Fu Y. Enhancing the Hydrogen-Sensing Performance of p-Type PdO by Modulating the Conduction Model. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:52754-52764. [PMID: 34709782 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of the p-type metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) in modern sensing systems requires a strategy to effectively enhance its inherent low response. However, for p-type MOS sensors, conventional methods such as catalyst nanoparticle (NP) decoration and grain size regulation do not work as effectively as they do for n-type MOS sensors, which is basically due to the fact that the p-type MOS adopts an unfavorable parallel conduction model. Herein, taking Au@PdO as an example, we demonstrate that the conduction model of the p-type MOS can be manipulated into the series conduction model by inserting a high-conductive metallic core into less-conductive p-type MOS NPs. This unique series conduction model makes the sensor response of Au@PdO nanoparticle arrays (NAs) very sensitive to the catalyst NP decoration as well as the change of structural parameters. For example, Au@PdO NAs demonstrate an ∼9000 times increase in sensor response when decorated with Pd NPs, whereas there is only ∼100 times increase for PdO NAs. This greatly improved response value outperforms all previously reported PdO-based (and most other p-type semiconductor-based) H2 sensors, which helps the obtained sensor to achieve an ultralow detection limit of ∼0.1 ppm at room temperature. Additionally, Au@PdO NAs inherit the high surface reactivity and gas adsorption property of p-type PdO. As a result, the as-prepared sensor exhibits high humidity-resistive property and excellent selectivity. This work provides a new strategy to significantly enhance the sensing performance of p-type gas sensors by manipulating their conduction model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Tianlong Cao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Tieqiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Fuqiang Fan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
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Cao H, Jia C, Zhang H, Hou G, Tang Y, Zheng G. Preparation of a highly active MoS 2/TiO 2 composite for photocatalytic oxidation of nitrite under solar irradiation. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00707f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
MoS2/TiO2 composites was synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method and applied for the oxidation of nitrites under solar irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazhen Cao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Chenxi Jia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Huibin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Guangya Hou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Yiping Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Guoqu Zheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
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10
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Kim YE, Byun MY, Lee KY, Lee MS. Effects of chlorinated Pd precursors and preparation methods on properties and activity of Pd/TiO 2 catalysts. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41462-41470. [PMID: 35516558 PMCID: PMC9057802 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07510h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of Pd precursors and preparation methods on the physicochemical properties and performance of Pd/TiO2 catalysts in the photocatalytic degradation of methyl violet. To confirm the influence of the precursors, Pd/TiO2 catalysts were prepared via chemical reduction (CR) using four different Pd precursors. Additionally, to determine the effects of preparation methods, Pd/TiO2 catalysts were fabricated using K2PdCl4 precursor via three different methods: CR, deposition-precipitation (DP), and impregnation. The CO chemisorption results showed that the catalyst prepared via DP using the K2PdCl4 precursor, i.e., Pd/TiO2_K_DP, displayed the highest Pd dispersion of 12.42% owing to the stable formation of Pd(OH)2, which strongly interacted with the -OH groups on the TiO2 support. Although the catalyst prepared via CR using the Pd(NH3)4Cl2·H2O (PA) precursor, i.e., Pd/TiO2_PA_CR, had the lowest Pd dispersion of 0.7%, it exhibited the highest absorption of 26% after 30 min in the dark. It was found that high Pd2+/Pd0 ratio in dark conditions adversely affected the absorption of MV owing to electrostatic repulsion between the cationic dyes and metal nanoparticles. However, the Pd dispersion and the specific surface area played a key role in the photocatalytic activity under UV irradiation. Pd/TiO2_K_CR with higher Pd dispersion showed the highest photocatalytic activity and reaction rate of 0.0212 min-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Eun Kim
- Ulsan Division, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) Ulsan 44413 Republic of Korea .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Yeon Byun
- Ulsan Division, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) Ulsan 44413 Republic of Korea .,Department of Polymer Science and Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Young Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Man Sig Lee
- Ulsan Division, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) Ulsan 44413 Republic of Korea .,Department of Green Process and System Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST) Ulsan 44413 Republic of Korea
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11
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Mansingh S, Das KK, Behera A, Subudhi S, Sultana S, Parida K. Bandgap engineering via boron and sulphur doped carbon modified anatase TiO 2: a visible light stimulated photocatalyst for photo-fixation of N 2 and TCH degradation. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:2004-2017. [PMID: 36132535 PMCID: PMC9419573 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00183j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present research reports the synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) sheet/flake-like nanostructures of crystalline carbon modified TiO2 (CT), B-TiO2 (B-CT), and S-TiO2 (S-CT) using a facile one-pot synthesis method. The crystallinity and phase purity (anatase) of the prepared nano-photocatalyst were characterised using X-ray diffraction, selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis. Furthermore, the morphological details and elemental content of the sample were studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Additionally, the optoelectronic features of all of the prepared specimens were measured via UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence (PL), impedance and Mott-Schottky studies. After successful characterisation, their photocatalytic performance was tested towards dinitrogen photo-fixation and tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) degradation under visible light illumination. Moreover, the effective charge separation and greater availability of the active surface area led to the robust photocatalytic activity of the fabricated B-CT compared to the CT and S-CT samples, which correlates well with the PL, impedance and surface area analysis. B-CT displays the highest photocatalytic activity, i.e. 32.38 μmol L-1 (conversion efficiency = 0.076%) of ammonia production, and 95% tetracycline hydrochloride (10 ppm) degradation. Here, we have effectively designed a novel and productive pathway towards the enhancement of the photocatalytic performance of visible photon active TiO2-based materials for energy and environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Mansingh
- Centre for Nano Science and Nano Technology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar 751 030 Odisha India +91-674-2581637 +91-674-2379425
| | - Kundan Kumar Das
- Centre for Nano Science and Nano Technology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar 751 030 Odisha India +91-674-2581637 +91-674-2379425
| | - Arjun Behera
- Centre for Nano Science and Nano Technology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar 751 030 Odisha India +91-674-2581637 +91-674-2379425
| | - Satyabrata Subudhi
- Centre for Nano Science and Nano Technology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar 751 030 Odisha India +91-674-2581637 +91-674-2379425
| | - Sabiha Sultana
- Centre for Nano Science and Nano Technology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar 751 030 Odisha India +91-674-2581637 +91-674-2379425
| | - Kulamani Parida
- Centre for Nano Science and Nano Technology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar 751 030 Odisha India +91-674-2581637 +91-674-2379425
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Qu X, Fu Y, Ma C, Yang Y, Shi D, Chu D, Yu X. Bifunctional electrochromic-energy storage materials with enhanced performance obtained by hybridizing TiO2 nanowires with POMs. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02859b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bifunctional electrochromic-energy storage film with enhanced performance is designed and fabricated by hybridizing TiO2 nanowires with POMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshu Qu
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin City
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Fu
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin City
- P. R. China
| | - Chao Ma
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin City
- P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin City
- P. R. China
| | - Dan Shi
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin City
- P. R. China
| | - Dongxue Chu
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin City
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Yu
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin City
- P. R. China
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