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Lukose J, Barik AK, George SD, Murukeshan VM, Chidangil S. Raman spectroscopy for viral diagnostics. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:199-221. [PMID: 37113565 PMCID: PMC10088700 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy offers the potential for fingerprinting biological molecules at ultra-low concentration and therefore has potential for the detection of viruses. Here we review various Raman techniques employed for the investigation of viruses. Different Raman techniques are discussed including conventional Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Raman tweezer, tip-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering can play an essential role in viral detection by multiplexing nanotechnology, microfluidics, and machine learning for ensuring spectral reproducibility and efficient workflow in sample processing and detection. The application of these techniques to diagnose the SARS-CoV-2 virus is also reviewed. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12551-023-01059-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijo Lukose
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104 Manipal, India
| | - Ajaya Kumar Barik
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104 Manipal, India
| | - Sajan D. George
- Centre for Applied Nanosciences, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104 Manipal, India
| | - V. M. Murukeshan
- Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104 Manipal, India
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhou Z, Xiong T. Analysis and comparison of machine learning methods for blood identification using single-cell laser tweezer Raman spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 277:121274. [PMID: 35500354 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy, a "fingerprint" spectrum of substances, can be used to characterize various biological and chemical samples. To allow for blood classification using single-cell Raman spectroscopy, several machine learning algorithms were implemented and compared. A single-cell laser optical tweezer Raman spectroscopy system was established to obtain the Raman spectra of red blood cells. The Boruta algorithm extracted the spectral feature frequency shift, reduced the spectral dimension, and determined the essential features that affect classification. Next, seven machine learning classification models are analyzed and compared based on the classification accuracy, precision, and recall indicators. The results show that support vector machines and artificial neural networks are the two most appropriate machine learning algorithms for single-cell Raman spectrum blood classification, and this finding provides essential guidance for future research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instruments, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instruments, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhehai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instruments, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China.
| | - Tao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instruments, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China
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Matthews K, Lamoureux ES, Myrand-Lapierre ME, Duffy SP, Ma H. Technologies for measuring red blood cell deformability. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1254-1274. [PMID: 35266475 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01058a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human red blood cells (RBCs) are approximately 8 μm in diameter, but must repeatedly deform through capillaries as small as 2 μm in order to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The loss of this capability is associated with the pathology of many diseases, and is therefore a potential biomarker for disease status and treatment efficacy. Measuring RBC deformability is a difficult problem because of the minute forces (∼pN) that must be exerted on these cells, as well as the requirements for throughput and multiplexing. The development of technologies for measuring RBC deformability date back to the 1960s with the development of micropipette aspiration, ektacytometry, and the cell transit analyzer. In the past 10 years, significant progress has been made using microfluidics by leveraging the ability to precisely control fluid flow through microstructures at the size scale of individual RBCs. These technologies have now surpassed traditional methods in terms of sensitivity, throughput, consistency, and ease of use. As a result, these efforts are beginning to move beyond feasibility studies and into applications to enable biomedical discoveries. In this review, we provide an overview of both traditional and microfluidic techniques for measuring RBC deformability. We discuss the capabilities of each technique and compare their sensitivity, throughput, and robustness in measuring bulk and single-cell RBC deformability. Finally, we discuss how these tools could be used to measure changes in RBC deformability in the context of various applications including pathologies caused by malaria and hemoglobinopathies, as well as degradation during storage in blood bags prior to blood transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerryn Matthews
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erik S Lamoureux
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Myrand-Lapierre
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Simon P Duffy
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Institute of Technology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hongshen Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Urologic Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Dahlberg T, Andersson M. Optical design for laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy setups for increased sensitivity and flexible spatial detection. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:4519-4523. [PMID: 34143005 DOI: 10.1364/ao.424595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a method to double the collection efficiency in laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) by collecting both the forward-scattered and backscattered light in a single-shot multitrack measurement. Our method can collect signals at different sample volumes, granting both the pinpoint spatial selectivity of confocal Raman spectroscopy and the bulk sensitivity of non-confocal Raman spectroscopy simultaneously. Further, we display that our approach allows for reduced detector integration time and laser power. To show this, we measure the Raman spectra of both polystyrene beads and bacterial spores. For spores, we can trap them at 2.5 mW laser power and acquire a high signal-to-noise ratio power spectrum of the calcium-dipicolinic acid peaks using an integration time of ${2} \times {30}\;{\rm s}$. Thus, our method will enable the monitoring of biological samples sensitive to high intensities for longer times. Additionally, we demonstrate that by a simple modification, we can add polarization sensitivity and retrieve extra biochemical information.
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Monisha K, Bankapur A, Chidangil S, George SD. Laser-induced assembly of biological cells and colloids onto a candle soot coated substrate. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jacob SS, Bankapur A, Barkur S, Acharya M, Chidangil S, Rao P, Kamath A, Lakshmi RV, Baby PM, Rao RK. Micro-Raman Spectroscopy Analysis of Optically Trapped Erythrocytes in Jaundice. Front Physiol 2020; 11:821. [PMID: 32754052 PMCID: PMC7366392 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Derangements in bilirubin metabolism and/or dysfunctions in the hepato-biliary system lead to the unhealthy buildup of bilirubin in blood, resulting in jaundice. During the course of this disorder, circulating red cells are invariably subjected to toxic effects of serum bilirubin and an array of inflammatory compounds. This study aimed to investigate the vibrational spectroscopy of live red cells in jaundice using micro-Raman spectroscopy combined with optical-trap. Red cells from blood samples of healthy volunteers and patients with jaundice were optically immobilized and micro-Raman probed using a 785 nm diode laser. Raman signatures from red cells in jaundice exhibited significant variations from the normal and the spectral-markers were obtained from multivariate analytical methods. This research gives insightful views on how different pathologies can act as "stress-milieus" for red cells in circulation, possibly impeding their normal functions and also exasperating anemia. Raman spectroscopy, an emerging bio-analytical technique, is sensitive in detecting molecular-conformations in situ, at cellular-levels and in real-time. This study could pave way in understanding fundamental red cell behavior in different diseases by analyzing Raman markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanu Susan Jacob
- Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College-Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Aseefhali Bankapur
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Surekha Barkur
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Mahendra Acharya
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Pragna Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College-Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Asha Kamath
- Department of Data Science, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - R. Vani Lakshmi
- Department of Data Science, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Prathap M. Baby
- Department of Physiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Raghavendra K. Rao
- Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College-Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Lukose J, Shastry S, Mithun N, Mohan G, Ahmed A, Chidangil S. Red blood cells under varying extracellular tonicity conditions: an optical tweezers combined with micro-Raman study. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2020; 6:015036. [PMID: 33438624 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab6e1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular tonicity has a significant influence on human red blood cell deformation capability. Advancements in the area of laser physics and optical trapping have opened up a plethora of applications for understanding cell structure and dynamics. Here, Raman Tweezers technique was employed to investigate the impact of extracellular tonicity by exposing human red blood cells to both hypertonic and hypotonic intravenous fluids. Heme aggregation was observed in hypertonic saline solution, accompanied with damage in membrane protein. Loss of intracellular hemoglobin in hypotonic solution was evident from the decrease in porphyrin breathing mode present at 752 cm-1. Oxygen binding to the central iron in the red blood cell heme was also affected under both hyper/hypo tonicity conditions. Morphological deviation of discocytes to echinocytes/spherocytes were also evident from quantitative phase imaging. Principal component analysis have showed clear differentiation of samples in order to classify the control erythrocytes and the tonicity stressed erythrocytes. Present study has also demonstrated the application of Raman Tweezers spectroscopy as a potential tool for probing red blood cell under different stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijo Lukose
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104., India
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Qiu S, Weng Y, Li Y, Chen Y, Pan Y, Liu J, Lin W, Chen X, Li M, Lin T, Liu W, Zhang L, Lin D. Raman profile alterations of irradiated human nasopharyngeal cancer cells detected with laser tweezer Raman spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14368-14373. [PMID: 35498464 PMCID: PMC9051935 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01173h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy has been widely used for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treatment, which causes DNA damage and alterations of macromolecules of cancer cells. However, the Raman profile alterations of irradiated NPC cells remain unclear. In the present study, we used laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) to monitor internal structural changes and chemical modifications in NPC cells after exposure at a clinical dose (2.3 Gy) to X-ray irradiation (IR) at a single-cell level. Two types of NPC cell lines, CNE2 (EBV-negative cell line) and C666-1 (EBV-positive cell line), were used. The Raman spectra of cells before and after radiation treatment were recorded by LTRS. The analysis of spectral differences indicated that the IR caused Raman profile alterations of intracellular proteins, DNA base and lipids. Moreover, by using the multivariate statistical analysis including principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) algorithm, an accuracy of 90.0% for classification between CNE2 cells before and after IR could be achieved, which was 10% better than that of C666-1 cells. The results demonstrated that CNE2 cells were more sensitive to IR in comparison to C666-1 cells, providing useful information for creating a treatment strategy in clinical practice. This exploratory study suggested that LTRS combined with multivariate statistical analysis would be a novel and effective tool for evaluating the radiotherapeutic effect on tumor cells, and for detection of the corresponding alterations at the molecular level. Laser tweezer Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate statistical analysis was used for evaluating the radiotherapeutic effect on a single tumor cell.![]()
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Liu S, Hu Y, Xia J, Fang S, Duan M. In Situ Measurement of Depletion Caused by SDBS Micelles on the Surface of Silica Particles Using Optical Tweezers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13536-13542. [PMID: 31574218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dual-trap optical tweezers have been used to directly measure the interaction forces between two silica particles upon controlling the concentration of the ionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS). By capturing two silica particles in one spot optical trap and one linear optical trap and controlling the linear trap to bring one particle to approach another sufficiently closer, the interaction forces between these two particles can be measured as the separation distance changes. Results showed that with increasing concentrations of SDBS, the interaction force between the two silica particles emerges at closer surface distance between two silica particles. Only repulsive force exists between silica particles below the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of SDBS and it could be well-fitted using the classical Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. However, the depletion attraction force appears above the cmc of SDBS which is induced by the generation of SDBS micelles. By in situ measurement of the interaction force between two silica particles in the presence of different concentrations of SDBS, the depletion force can be quantitatively calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southwest Petroleum University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610500 , P. R. China
| | - Yue Hu
- Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southwest Petroleum University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610500 , P. R. China
| | - Jing Xia
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Shenwen Fang
- Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southwest Petroleum University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610500 , P. R. China
| | - Ming Duan
- Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southwest Petroleum University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610500 , P. R. China
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