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Purohit S, Oswal P, Bahuguna A, Tyagi A, Bhatt N, Kumar A. Catalytic system having an organotellurium ligand on graphene oxide: immobilization of Pd(0) nanoparticles and application in heterogeneous catalysis of cross-coupling reactions. RSC Adv 2024; 14:27092-27109. [PMID: 39193294 PMCID: PMC11348857 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03401e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
First heterogeneous catalytic system, having a covalently linked hybrid bidentate organotellurium ligand [i.e., PhTe-CH2-CH2-NH2] on the surface of graphene oxide, has been synthesized with immobilized and stabilized Pd(0) nanoparticles. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first such catalytic system in which a heterogenized organotellurium ligand has been used. It has been well-characterized using different physicochemical characterization techniques viz. P-XRD, XPS, HR-TEM, EELS, FE-SEM, EDX, TGA, BET surface area analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The Pd content of the final system has been quantified using ICP-OES. Its applications have been explored in Suzuki-Miyaura C-C cross coupling and C-O cross coupling reactions. Hot filtration experiments corroborate the heterogeneous nature of the catalysis. It is recyclable for up to five reaction cycles in Suzuki-Miyaura and C-O cross coupling with marginal loss in performance. It also catalyzes the reactions of chloroarenes such as chlorobenzene, 4-chloroaniline, 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene, 4-chloroacetophenone, 4-chlorobenzophenone for Suzuki coupling, and 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene, 4-chlorobenzonitrile, chlorobenzene, and 4-chlorotoluene for C-O coupling. P-XRD, FE-SEM, and EDX study reveals that the catalytic system retains its structural originality and functionality after recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Purohit
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Doon University Dehradun-248001 India
| | - Preeti Oswal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Doon University Dehradun-248001 India
| | - Anurag Bahuguna
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Doon University Dehradun-248001 India
| | - Anupma Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Doon University Dehradun-248001 India
| | - Neeraj Bhatt
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Doon University Dehradun-248001 India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Doon University Dehradun-248001 India
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2
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Khullar S, Janak, Sakshi, Saini H, Sapner VS, Sathe BR, Markad D. Design and Synthesis of Lead(II)-Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7579-7589. [PMID: 35486485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A well-organized worldwide effort in providing remedies to sustainable clean energy generation and storage has focused on the strategic design and development of stable and efficient earth-abundant metal (Fe, Co, Ni, Pb, etc.)-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Unfortunately, examples of Pb-based catalysts for such a process are rare. In this work, based on the dual-linker strategy, we have designed and synthesized two new two-dimensional (2D) coordination polymers of Pb with the hcb topology, [Pb2(tpbn)(adc)2]·4H2O·0.5CH3OH}n (CP1) and {[Pb2(tpbn)(fum)2]·7H2O}n (CP2), in excellent yields by the room-temperature self-assembly of Pb(OAc)2, tpbn, and H2adc or H2fum (where tpbn = N,N',N‴,N‴'-tetrakis-(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, H2adc = acetylene dicarboxylic acid, and H2fum = fumaric acid). In addition to determining their X-ray single crystal structures, the phase purity and thermal stability were established by powder X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. Furthermore, these were also characterized by the microscopic techniques (SEM/EDX and TEM/HRTEM). For their conductive and highly stable nature in alkaline medium, both CP1 and CP2 were tested for their suitability in the OER process. Interestingly, with a subtle change from adc in CP1 to fumarate in CP2 as the dicarboxylate linker, the latter performed much better than the former and displayed an excellent electrochemical stability in basic medium. Remarkably, CP2 has one of the lowest Tafel values (35 mV dec-1) and a low overpotential value (140 mV vs RHE) in 0.5 M KOH compared to those reported for any materials. Such a comparative study with CP1 and CP2, which are the simplest CPs and made with green-chemistry protocols for an easy making in large quantities, provides an outlook to developing the next-generation Pb-based electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhika Khullar
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, GT Road, Jalandhar-Amritsar Bypass, Jalandhar, Punjab 144011, India
| | - Janak
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, GT Road, Jalandhar-Amritsar Bypass, Jalandhar, Punjab 144011, India
| | - Sakshi
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, GT Road, Jalandhar-Amritsar Bypass, Jalandhar, Punjab 144011, India
| | - Haneesh Saini
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, GT Road, Jalandhar-Amritsar Bypass, Jalandhar, Punjab 144011, India
| | - Vijay S Sapner
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra 431001, India
| | - Bhaskar R Sathe
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra 431001, India
| | - Datta Markad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
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Arif M, Bilal S, Shah AUHA. Fabrication and Integration of Functionalized N-rGO-Ni/Ag and N-rGO-Ni/Co Nanocomposites as Synergistic Oxygen Electrocatalysts in Fuel Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:585. [PMID: 35214913 PMCID: PMC8877386 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of composites by developing simple techniques can be an efficient way to modify the desire properties of the materials. This paper presents a detailed study on synthesis of low cost and efficient nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide nickle-silver (N-rGO-Ni/Ag) and nickel-cobalt (N-rGO-Ni/Co) nanocomposites as electrocatalysts in fuel cell using one-pot blended reflux condensation route. An admirable correlation in the structures and properties of the synthesized nanocomposites was observed. The Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) values for N-rGO-Ni/Ag and N-rGO-Ni/Co calculated from the onset potential, using Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV), were found to be 1.096 and 1.146. While the half wave potential were determined to be 1.046 and 1.106, respectively, N-rGO-Ni/Ag and N-rGO-Ni/Co. The Tafel and bi-functional (ORR/OER) values were calculated as 76 and 35 mV/decade and 1.23 and 1.12 V, respectively, for N-rGO-Ni/Ag and N-rGO-Ni/Co. The lower onset and half wave potential, low charge transfer resistance (Rct = 1.20 Ω/cm2) and internal solution resistance (Rs = 8.84 × 10-1 Ω/cm2), lower Tafel values (35 mV), satisfactory LSV measurements and mass activity (24.5 at 1.056 V for ORR and 54.9 at 1.056 for OER) demonstrate the remarkable electrocatalytic activity of N-rGO-Ni/Co for both ORR and OER. The chronamperometric stability for synthesized nanocomposites was found satisfactory up to 10 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arif
- National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
| | - Salma Bilal
- National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
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Oswal P, Arora A, Singh S, Nautiyal D, Kumar S, Kumar A. Functionalization of graphene oxide with a hybrid P, N ligand for immobilizing and stabilizing economical and non-toxic nanosized CuO: an efficient, robust and reusable catalyst for the C–O coupling reaction in O-arylation of phenol. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05273j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A new graphene oxide based heterogeneous catalytic system holding CuO nanoparticles through P and N donor sites for the C–O coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Oswal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Doon University, Dehradun, India
| | - Aayushi Arora
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Doon University, Dehradun, India
| | - Siddhant Singh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Doon University, Dehradun, India
| | - Divyanshu Nautiyal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Doon University, Dehradun, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Doon University, Dehradun, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Doon University, Dehradun, India
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5
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Zoller F, Häringer S, Böhm D, Luxa J, Sofer Z, Fattakhova-Rohlfing D. Carbonaceous Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts: From Defect and Doping-Induced Activity over Hybrid Compounds to Ordered Framework Structures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007484. [PMID: 33942507 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is expected to be of great importance for the future energy conversion and storage in form of hydrogen by water electrolysis. Besides the traditional noble-metal or transition metal oxide-based catalysts, carbonaceous electrocatalysts are of great interest due to their huge structural and compositional variety and unrestricted abundance. This review provides a summary of recent advances in the field of carbon-based OER catalysts ranging from "pure" or unintentionally doped carbon allotropes over heteroatom-doped carbonaceous materials and carbon/transition metal compounds to metal oxide composites where the role of carbon is mainly assigned to be a conductive support. Furthermore, the review discusses the recent developments in the field of ordered carbon framework structures (metal organic framework and covalent organic framework structures) that potentially allow a rational design of heteroatom-doped 3D porous structures with defined composition and spatial arrangement of doping atoms to deepen the understanding on the OER mechanism on carbonaceous structures in the future. Besides introducing the structural and compositional origin of electrochemical activity, the review discusses the mechanism of the catalytic activity of carbonaceous materials, their stability under OER conditions, and potential synergistic effects in combination with metal (or metal oxide) co-catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zoller
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-1): Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, 52425, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, Duisburg, 47057, Germany
| | - Sebastian Häringer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Daniel Böhm
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-1): Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Jan Luxa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-1): Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, 52425, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, Duisburg, 47057, Germany
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Ghouri ZK, Elsaid K, Badreldin A, Nasef MM, Jusoh NWC, Abdel-Wahab A. Enhanced oxygen evolution reaction on polyethyleneimine functionalized graphene oxide in alkaline medium. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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7
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Digraskar RV, Sapner VS, Ghule AV, Sathe BR. CZTS/MoS2-rGO Heterostructures: An efficient and highly stable electrocatalyst for enhanced hydrogen generation reactions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.114983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Narwade SS, Mali SM, Sathe BR. Amine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (EDA-MWCNTs) for electrochemical water splitting reactions. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05479h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A study on the in situ decoration of ethylenediamine (EDA) on acid functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (O-MWCNTs) for overall water splitting reactions at all pH as an efficient and inexpensive metal-free multifunctional electrocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar S. Narwade
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University
- Aurangabad
- India
| | - Shivsharan M. Mali
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University
- Aurangabad
- India
| | - Bhaskar R. Sathe
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University
- Aurangabad
- India
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9
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Narwade SS, Mali SM, Tapre AK, Sathe BR. Enhanced electrocatalytic H 2S splitting on a multiwalled carbon nanotubes-graphene oxide nanocomposite. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00432h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A non-precious graphene oxide (GO) based oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) metal-free electrocatalytic system was fabricated using a chemical method and further used for the electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) to hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar S. Narwade
- Department of Chemistry, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad-431004, MS, India
| | - Shivsharan M. Mali
- Department of Chemistry, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad-431004, MS, India
| | - Akash K. Tapre
- Department of Chemistry, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad-431004, MS, India
| | - Bhaskar R. Sathe
- Department of Chemistry, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad-431004, MS, India
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10
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Sapner VS, Sathe BR. Metal-free graphene-based nanoelectrodes for the electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid (AA) and p-nitrophenol ( p-NP): implication towards biosensing and environmental monitoring. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05806h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, tyramine functionalized graphene oxide electrocatalyst is used for the electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid and p-nitrophenol in 1 M phosphate buffer solution at pH-7 with long term current/potential stability and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay S. Sapner
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University
- Aurangabad
- India
| | - Bhaskar R. Sathe
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University
- Aurangabad
- India
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11
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Digraskar R, Sapner VS, Ghule AV, Sathe BR. Enhanced Overall Water-Splitting Performance: Oleylamine-Functionalized GO/Cu 2ZnSnS 4 Composite as a Nobel Metal-Free and NonPrecious Electrocatalyst. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:18969-18977. [PMID: 31763518 PMCID: PMC6868596 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Using emergent highly proficient and inexpensive non-noble metal-based bifunctional electrocatalysts to overall water splitting reaction is a pleasingly optional approach to resolve greenhouse gases and energy anxiety. In this work, oleylamine-functionalized graphene oxide/Cu2ZnSnS4 composite (OAm-GO/CZTS) is prepared and investigated as a higher bifunctional electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The OAm-GO/CZTS shows brilliant electrocatalytic performance and durability toward H2 and O2 in both acidic and basic media, with overpotentials of 47 mV for HER and 1.36 V for OER at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 and Tafel slopes of 64 and 91 mV dec-1, respectively, which are extremely higher to those of transition metal chalcogenide and as good as of commercial precious-metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka
V. Digraskar
- Department
of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada
University, Aurangabad 431004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vijay S. Sapner
- Department
of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada
University, Aurangabad 431004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anil V. Ghule
- Department
of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhaskar R. Sathe
- Department
of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada
University, Aurangabad 431004, Maharashtra, India
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12
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García‐Miranda Ferrari A, Brownson DAC, Banks CE. Investigating the Integrity of Graphene towards the Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro García‐Miranda Ferrari
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringManchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD UK
- Manchester Fuel Cell Innovation CentreManchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD UK
| | - Dale A. C. Brownson
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringManchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD UK
- Manchester Fuel Cell Innovation CentreManchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD UK
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringManchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD UK
- Manchester Fuel Cell Innovation CentreManchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD UK
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13
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Mulik BB, Dhumal ST, Sapner VS, Rehman NNMA, Dixit PP, Sathe BR. Graphene oxide-based electrochemical activation of ethionamide towards enhanced biological activity. RSC Adv 2019; 9:35463-35472. [PMID: 35528088 PMCID: PMC9074427 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06681k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of ethionamide (ETO) was investigated on GO (∼500 nm) using the linear sweep voltammetric (LSV) technique at the sweep rate of 10 mV s−1 in 1 M PBS buffer solution, and the characteristic anodic signal was examined at 0.240 V over the potential range of −0.4 to 1 V vs. SCE. However, linearity was observed with the increase in scan rate (2–300 mV s−1) and concentration of ETO (1 μM to 100 mM), suggesting that the process involved diffusion-controlled electron transfer. The results also exhibited excellent current and potential stability, limit of detection (LOD 1.33) and limit of quantification (LOQ 4.4) at optimized experimental conditions. This electrochemical oxidation method was successfully applied in the complete oxidation of ETO to its oxidized form, which was further confirmed by high resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic measurements. Interestingly, the comparative biological evaluation of ETO and ETO-O (oxidised form) showed good enhancement in the activity of oxidised ETO against some Gram-negative pathogens, such as E. aerogenes, S. abony, S. boydii, and E. coli. Electrochemical oxidative activation of ethionamide (ETO) on GO (∼500 nm) confirmed by HRMS and FTIR analysis. The ETO-O (oxidized form) showed enhancement in activity over ETO against Gram negative pathogens (E. aerogenes, S. abony, S. boydii, E. coli).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji B. Mulik
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University
- Aurangabad 431004
- India
| | - Sambhaji T. Dhumal
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University
- Aurangabad 431004
- India
| | - Vijay S. Sapner
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University
- Aurangabad 431004
- India
| | - Naziya N. M. A. Rehman
- Department of Microbiology
- Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad
- Sub-Campus
- Osmanabad
- India
| | - Prashant P. Dixit
- Department of Microbiology
- Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad
- Sub-Campus
- Osmanabad
- India
| | - Bhaskar R. Sathe
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University
- Aurangabad 431004
- India
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