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Wright IA, Etherington MK, Batsanov AS, Monkman AP, Bryce MR. Oxidation State Tuning of Room Temperature Phosphorescence and Delayed Fluorescence in Phenothiazine and Phenothiazine-5,5-dioxide Dimers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300428. [PMID: 36916635 PMCID: PMC10946842 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic dimers consisting of combinations of butterfly-shaped phenothiazine (PTZ) and its chemically oxidized form phenothiazine-5,5-dioxide (PTZ(SO2 )) have been synthesized. A twist is imposed across the dimers by ortho-substituents including methyl ethers, sulfides and sulfones. X-ray crystallography, cyclic voltammetry and optical spectroscopy, underpinned by computational studies, have been employed to study the interplay between the oxidation state, conformational restriction, and emission mechanisms including thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP). While the PTZ(SO2 ) dimers are simple fluorophores, the presence of PTZ induces triplet-mediated emission with a mixed PTZ-PTZ(SO2 ) dimer displaying concentration dependent hallmarks of both TADF and RTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain A. Wright
- Department of ChemistryDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghDavid Brewster RoadEdinburghEH9 3FJUK
| | - Marc K. Etherington
- Department of PhysicsDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical EngineeringNorthumbria UniversityEllison PlaceNewcastle upon TyneNE1 8STUK
| | | | | | - Martin R. Bryce
- Department of ChemistryDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
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2
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Xu P, Hojo R, Hudson ZM. Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence and Room-Temperature Phosphorescence in Materials with Imidazo-pyrazine-5,6-dicarbonitrile Acceptors. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203585. [PMID: 36806222 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Three donor-acceptor compounds based on the imidazo-pyrazine-5,6-dicarbonitrile (IPDC) acceptor were synthesized. The IPDC emitters exhibit blue to near-infrared (NIR) emission with up to 54 % photoluminescent quantum yield. 9,9-Dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (ACR), phenoxazine (POX), and phenothiazine (PTZ) served as electron donors. IPDC-POX displayed NIR emission in toluene solution, while showing room-temperature phosphorescence in the solid state. IPDC-ACR exhibited yellow thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Interestingly, dual-emissive behavior as well as excitation-dependent thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) was found for IPDC-PTZ, arising from the two conformers of phenothiazine derivatives. Overall, this work describes a novel strong electron acceptor from the fusion of imidazole, pyrazine, and nitrile functional groups into one conjugated heterocycle for materials exhibiting NIR emission, TADF, and/or room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Ryoga Hojo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Zachary M Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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3
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Wu H, Shi YZ, Wang K, Yu J, Zhang XH. Conformational isomeric thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters: mechanism, applications, and perspectives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2729-2741. [PMID: 36633179 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05119b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have received enormous attention and the mechanism behind them has been investigated in depth. It has been found that some donor-acceptor (D-A) type TADF emitters could obviously exhibit dual stable conformations in the ground states and their distributions significantly affect the physical properties and device performances. Therefore, professional analysis and a summary of the relationship between molecular structures and performances are very important. In this review, we first summarize the mechanism and properties of TADF emitters with conformational isomerism. We also classify their recent progress according to their different applications, and provide an outlook on their perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Yi-Zhong Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jia Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Electrochemical C–H/N–H cross-coupling of 2-phenylindolizines with phenothiazines to synthesize novel N-aryl phenothiazine derivatives. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Najare MS, Patil MK, Tilakraj TS, Yaseen M, Nadaf AA, Mantur S, Inamdar SR, Khazi IAM. Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties of Highly π-Conjugated Bipolar Carbazole-1,3,4-Oxadiazole-based D-π-A Type of Efficient Deep Blue Fluorescent Dye. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:1645-1664. [PMID: 34379233 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we have designed and synthesized a novel carbazole-1,3,4-oxadiazole based bipolar fluorophore (E)-2-(4-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)styryl)phenyl)-5-(4-(tertbutyl) phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (CBZ-OXA-IV). Wittig reaction is utilised for the synthesis of the designed bipolar target compound CBZ-OXA-IV. 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR and ESI-MS results confirmed the designed chemical structure of the fluorophore CBZ-OXA-IV. The photophysical properties have been investigated in detail using UV-Vis absorption, photoluminescence spectroscopy. Also, the photoluminescence studies on solid state samples (as thin films) were carried out. The CBZ-OXA-IV dye emits intense deep blue fluorescence with observed absorption and emission maxima occurring are at 353 nm and 470 nm, respectively. Fluorophore CBZ-OXA-IV has shown high Stokes shift of 7052 cm-1. The experimentally measured optical band gap ([Formula: see text]) value is found to be 3.01 eV and the fluorescence quantum yields (Φf) is 0.40. The intramolecular charge transfer property of CBZ-OXA-IV dye was examined by using photophysical properties such as absorption, emission in different solvents of different varying polarities. In addition, Density Functional Theory computations are studied in detail including the MEP surface plots and natural bond orbital analysis. The electrochemical properties have been investigated in detail by using cyclic voltammetry measurements. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement results display a high thermal stability with decomposition temperature (Td5%) 387 °C and a large glass transition temperature (Tg) of 98 °C. The obtained results demonstrated that the novel bipolar fluorophore CBZ-OXA-IV could play an important role in organic optoelectronics and possibly can be utilized as bipolar transport materials for electroluminescence applications in optoelectronic devices/OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mallikarjun Kalagouda Patil
- Laser Spectroscopy Programme, Department of Physics, UGC-CPEPA, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, Karnataka, India
| | - Tarimakki Shankar Tilakraj
- Laser Spectroscopy Programme, Department of Physics, UGC-CPEPA, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammed Yaseen
- Department of Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, Karnataka, India
| | - AfraQuasar A Nadaf
- Department of Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivaraj Mantur
- Department of Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjeev Ramchandra Inamdar
- Laser Spectroscopy Programme, Department of Physics, UGC-CPEPA, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, Karnataka, India
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Gangadhar PS, Reddy G, Prasanthkumar S, Giribabu L. Phenothiazine functional materials for organic optoelectronic applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14969-14996. [PMID: 34231592 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01185e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenothiazine (PTZ) is one of the most extensively investigated S, N heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons due to its unique optical, electronic properties, flexibility of functionalization, low cost, and commercial availability. Hence, PTZ and its derivative materials have been attractive in various optoelectronic applications in the last few years. In this prospective, we have focused on the most significant characteristics of PTZ and highlighted how the structural modifications such as different electron donors or acceptors, length of the π-conjugated system or spacers, polar or non-polar chains, and other functional groups influence the optoelectronic properties. This prospective provides a recent account of the advances in phenothiazine derivative materials as an active layer(s) for optoelectronic (viz. dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), perovskite solar cells (PSCs), organic solar cells (OSCs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field-effect transistor (OFETs), chemosensing, nonlinear optical materials (NLOs), and supramolecular self-assembly applications. Finally, future prospects are discussed based on the structure-property relationship in PTZ-derivative materials. This overview will pave the way for researchers to design and develop new PTZ-functionalized structures and use them for various organic optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palivela Siva Gangadhar
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, TS, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Govind Reddy
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, TS, India.
| | - Seelam Prasanthkumar
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, TS, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Lingamallu Giribabu
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, TS, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Chen MC, Chen DG, Chou PT. Fluorescent Chromophores Containing the Nitro Group: Relatively Unexplored Emissive Properties. Chempluschem 2020; 86:11-27. [PMID: 33094565 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apart from numerous applications, for example in azo dye precursors, explosives, and industrial processes, the nitro group (-NO2 ) appears on countless molecules in photochemical research owing to its unique characteristics such as a strong electron-withdrawing ability and facile conversion to the reduced substituent. Although it is well known as a fluorescence quencher, fluorescent chromophores that contain the nitro group have also emerged, with 3-nitrophenothiazine being recently reported to have 100 % emission quantum yield in nonpolar solvents. The diverse characters of nitro-containing chromophores motivated us to systematically review those chromophores with nitro substituents, their associated photophysical properties, and applications. In this Review, we succinctly elaborate the advance of the fluorescent nitro chromophores in fields of intramolecular charge transfer, fluorescent probes and nonlinear properties. Special attention is paid to the rationalization of the associated emission spectroscopy, so that the readers can gain insights into the structure-photophysics relationship and hence gain insights for the strategic design of nitro chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Gao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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Chen M, Lee Y, Huang Z, Chen D, Chou P. Tuning Electron‐Withdrawing Strength on Phenothiazine Derivatives: Achieving 100 % Photoluminescence Quantum Yield by NO
2
Substitution. Chemistry 2020; 26:7124-7130. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng‐Chi Chen
- Department of Chemistry National (Taiwan) University No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yao‐Lin Lee
- Department of Chemistry National (Taiwan) University No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Zhi‐Xuan Huang
- Department of Chemistry National (Taiwan) University No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Deng‐Gao Chen
- Department of Chemistry National (Taiwan) University No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Pi‐Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry National (Taiwan) University No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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9
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Paisley NR, Tonge CM, Hudson ZM. Stimuli-Responsive Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence in Polymer Nanoparticles and Thin Films: Applications in Chemical Sensing and Imaging. Front Chem 2020; 8:229. [PMID: 32328478 PMCID: PMC7160361 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Though molecules exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) have seen extensive development in organic light-emitting diodes, their incorporation into polymer nanomaterials and thin films has led to a range of applications in sensing and imaging probes. Triplet quenching can be used to probe oxygen concentration, and the reverse intersystem crossing mechanism which gives rise to TADF can also be used to measure temperature. Moreover, the long emission lifetimes of TADF materials allows for noise reduction in time-gated microscopy, making these compounds ideal for time-resolved fluorescence imaging (TRFI). A polymer matrix enables control over energy transfer between molecules, and can be used to modulate TADF behavior, solubility, biocompatibility, or desirable mechanical properties. Additionally, a polymer's oxygen permeability can be tuned to suit imaging applications in a range of media. Here we review the applications of polymer nanoparticles and films exhibiting TADF in sensing and imaging, demonstrating that this class of materials has great potential beyond electroluminescent devices still waiting to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zachary M. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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10
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Polgar AM, Poisson J, Paisley NR, Christopherson CJ, Reyes AC, Hudson ZM. Blue to Yellow Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence with Quantum Yields near Unity in Acrylic Polymers Based on D−π–A Pyrimidines. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Polgar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jade Poisson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Nathan R. Paisley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Cheyenne J. Christopherson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Annelie C. Reyes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Zachary M. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Tonge CM, Paisley NR, Polgar AM, Lix K, Algar WR, Hudson ZM. Color-Tunable Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence in Oxadiazole-Based Acrylic Copolymers: Photophysical Properties and Applications in Ratiometric Oxygen Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:6525-6535. [PMID: 31989816 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-based emitters are a promising route to the production of low-cost, scalable solution-processable luminescent materials. Here we describe a series of acrylic oxadiazole-based donor-acceptor monomers with tunable emission from blue to orange, with quantum yields as high as 96%. By introducing structural constraints that limit donor-acceptor orbital overlap, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) was observed in these materials. Polymerization by Cu(0) reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) gave high-molecular-weight copolymers (Mn > 20 kDa) with dispersities ranging from 1.10 to 1.45, using a room-temperature procedure with Cu wire as a catalyst. One of these materials, which had phenothiazine as donor moiety, exhibited conformationally dependent dual emission, giving a mixture of prompt fluorescence and delayed fluorescence peaks, whose relative ratios varied based on the amount of O2 present during measurement. We demonstrate that this material can combine prompt and delayed fluorescence to act as a single-component, all-organic, ratiometric oxygen sensor without external calibrant. Application to ratiometric oxygen sensing is demonstrated both using a polymer thin film and via incorporation of this material into water-soluble polymer dots (Pdots), with a ratiometric response to O2 throughout the range of partial pressures relevant to biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Tonge
- Department of Chemistry , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Nathan R Paisley
- Department of Chemistry , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Alexander M Polgar
- Department of Chemistry , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Kelsi Lix
- Department of Chemistry , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - W Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Zachary M Hudson
- Department of Chemistry , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada V6T 1Z1
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Perfetto A, Maschietto F, Ciofini I. Following excited states in molecular systems using density-based indexes: A dual emissive system as a test case. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.111978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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