1
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Am A, Faccio ME, Pinvidic M, Reygue E, Doan BT, Lescot C, Trapiella Alfonso L, d'Orlyé F, Varenne A. A methodological approach by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry via electrospray interface for the characterization of short synthetic peptides towards the conception of self-assembled nanotheranostic agents. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464496. [PMID: 37976903 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructures formed by the self-assembling peptide building blocks are attractive materials for the design of theranostic objects due to their intrinsic biocompatibility, accessible surface chemistry as well as cavitary morphology. Short peptide synthesis and modification are straightforward and give access to a great diversity of sequences, making them very versatile building blocks allowing for the design of thoroughly controlled self-assembled nanostructures. In this work, we developed a new CE-DAD-ESI-MS method to characterize short synthetic amphiphilic peptides in terms of exact sequence and purity level in the low 0.1 mg.mL-1 range, without sample treatment. This study was conducted using a model sequence, described to have pH sensitive self-assembling property. Peptide samples obtained from different synthesis processes (batch or flow, purified or not) were thus separated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The associated dual UV and MS detection mode allowed to evidence the exact sequence together with the presence of impurities, identified as truncated or non-deprotected sequences, and to quantify their relative proportion in the peptide mixture. Our results demonstrate that the developed CE-DAD-ESI-MS method could be directly applied to the characterization of crude synthetic peptide products, in parallel with the optimization of peptide synthetic pathway to obtain controlled sequences with high synthetic yield and purity, which is crucial for further design of robust peptide based self-assembled nanoarchitectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Am
- Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences (iCLeHS), Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 8060, Paris 75005, France
| | - Marta Elisa Faccio
- Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences (iCLeHS), Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 8060, Paris 75005, France
| | - Marie Pinvidic
- Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences (iCLeHS), Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 8060, Paris 75005, France
| | - Eva Reygue
- Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences (iCLeHS), Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 8060, Paris 75005, France
| | - Bich-Thuy Doan
- Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences (iCLeHS), Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 8060, Paris 75005, France
| | - Camille Lescot
- Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences (iCLeHS), Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 8060, Paris 75005, France
| | - Laura Trapiella Alfonso
- Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences (iCLeHS), Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 8060, Paris 75005, France
| | - Fanny d'Orlyé
- Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences (iCLeHS), Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 8060, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Anne Varenne
- Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences (iCLeHS), Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 8060, Paris 75005, France.
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2
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Laude V, Nuño M, Moses RC, Guthrie D. Evaluation of unexpected protecting group removal in solid-phase peptide synthesis - quantified using continuous flow methods. J Pept Sci 2022; 28:e3441. [PMID: 35785412 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As peptides gained interest as new drugs in the past years, their synthetic routes had been the subject of review and improvement. Fmoc/tBu-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is the most convenient technique, and the implementation in continuous flow has allowed for single-pass coupling and deprotection reactions. The focus of this research is to evaluate the relationship between undesired solvent-promoted reactions and final crude purity, by studying volume changes of a variable bed flow reactor through the synthesis. Based on the temperature, typical solvents for SPPS such as dimethylformamide (DMF) or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) can cause unwanted Fmoc removal during wash steps. It was found that for every millilitre of DMF used at 80 °C, up to 1 μmol of Fmoc-protected peptide is deprotected, leading to additional impurities. This effect can, however, be minimised by adding additives such as HOBt; which reduces such unwanted deprotection to just 0.1 μmol/ml.
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3
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Alfano AI, Lange H, Brindisi M. Amide Bonds Meet Flow Chemistry: A Journey into Methodologies and Sustainable Evolution. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102708. [PMID: 35015338 PMCID: PMC9304223 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Formation of amide bonds is of immanent importance in organic and synthetic medicinal chemistry. Its presence in "traditional" small-molecule active pharmaceutical ingredients, in linear or cyclic oligo- and polypeptidic actives, including pseudopeptides, has led to the development of dedicated synthetic approaches for the formation of amide bonds starting from, if necessary, suitably protected amino acids. While the use of solid supported reagents is common in traditional peptide synthesis, similar approaches targeting amide bond formation in continuous-flow mode took off more significantly, after a first publication in 2006, only a couple of years ago. Most efforts rely upon the transition of traditional approaches in flow mode, or the combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis principles with flow chemistry, and advantages are mainly seen in improving space-time yields. This Review summarizes and compares the various approaches in terms of basic amide formation, peptide synthesis, and pseudopeptide generation, describing the technological approaches and the advantages that were generated by the specific flow approaches. A final discussion highlights potential future needs and perspectives in terms of greener and more sustainable syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Ilenia Alfano
- SPOTS-Lab – Sustainable Pharmaceutical and Organic Technology and Synthesis LaboratoryUniversity of Naples ‘Federico II', Department of PharmacyVia Domenico Montesano 4980131NaplesItaly
| | - Heiko Lange
- University of Milano-Bicocca Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesPiazza della Scienza 120126MilanItaly
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- SPOTS-Lab – Sustainable Pharmaceutical and Organic Technology and Synthesis LaboratoryUniversity of Naples ‘Federico II', Department of PharmacyVia Domenico Montesano 4980131NaplesItaly
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4
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Menti-Platten M, Aldrich-Wright JR, Gordon CP. A flow-based transition-metal-catalysed hydrogenolysis strategy to facilitate peptide side-chain deprotection. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:106-112. [PMID: 34897363 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02179f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Orthogonal deprotection methodologies are an invaluable tool for the construction of site-specially modified peptides. Here, we report a facile 10% Pd/CaCO3-based procedure to selectively mediate Nβ-side-chain Cbz-lysis from extended peptide sequences in the presence of trityl and t-Butyl protecting groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Menti-Platten
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, Australia.
| | - Janice R Aldrich-Wright
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, Australia. .,Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, Australia
| | - Christopher P Gordon
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, Australia. .,Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Research Group, Western Sydney University School of Medicine, Narellan Rd & Gilchrist Dr, 2560, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
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5
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Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Peptide Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154587. [PMID: 34361740 PMCID: PMC8348434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a challenging need for the development of new alternative nanostructures that can allow the coupling and/or encapsulation of therapeutic/diagnostic molecules while reducing their toxicity and improving their circulation and in-vivo targeting. Among the new materials using natural building blocks, peptides have attracted significant interest because of their simple structure, relative chemical and physical stability, diversity of sequences and forms, their easy functionalization with (bio)molecules and the possibility of synthesizing them in large quantities. A number of them have the ability to self-assemble into nanotubes, -spheres, -vesicles or -rods under mild conditions, which opens up new applications in biology and nanomedicine due to their intrinsic biocompatibility and biodegradability as well as their surface chemical reactivity via amino- and carboxyl groups. In order to obtain nanostructures suitable for biomedical applications, the structure, size, shape and surface chemistry of these nanoplatforms must be optimized. These properties depend directly on the nature and sequence of the amino acids that constitute them. It is therefore essential to control the order in which the amino acids are introduced during the synthesis of short peptide chains and to evaluate their in-vitro and in-vivo physico-chemical properties before testing them for biomedical applications. This review therefore focuses on the synthesis, functionalization and characterization of peptide sequences that can self-assemble to form nanostructures. The synthesis in batch or with new continuous flow and microflow techniques will be described and compared in terms of amino acids sequence, purification processes, functionalization or encapsulation of targeting ligands, imaging probes as well as therapeutic molecules. Their chemical and biological characterization will be presented to evaluate their purity, toxicity, biocompatibility and biodistribution, and some therapeutic properties in vitro and in vivo. Finally, their main applications in the biomedical field will be presented so as to highlight their importance and advantages over classical nanostructures.
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6
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Farkas V, Ferentzi K, Horváti K, Perczel A. Cost-Effective Flow Peptide Synthesis: Metamorphosis of HPLC. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Farkas
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modeling Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/a, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Ferentzi
- ELTE Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/a, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Kata Horváti
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/a, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - András Perczel
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modeling Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/a, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/a, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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7
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Kossmann C, Ma S, Clemmensen LS, Strømgaard K. Chemical Synthesis of PDZ Domains. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2256:193-216. [PMID: 34014524 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1166-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developments in chemical protein synthesis have enabled the generation of tailor-made proteins including incorporation of many types of modifications into proteins, enhancing our ability to control site-specificity of protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs), modify protein backbones and introduce photocrosslinking probes. For PDZ (postsynaptic density protein, disks large, zonula occludens) protein domains, expressed protein ligation (EPL) has been employed to introduce analogs of cognate amino acids, amide-to-ester bond mutations, and phosphorylations in the study of PDZ domain-mediated protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Here, we present protocols for EPL of PDZ domains focusing on phosphorylation and amide-to-ester modifications in the PDZ domain proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Kossmann
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Center for Biopharmaceuticals, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sana Ma
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Center for Biopharmaceuticals, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise S Clemmensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Center for Biopharmaceuticals, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Center for Biopharmaceuticals, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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8
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Biyani SA, Qi Q, Wu J, Moriuchi Y, Larocque EA, Sintim HO, Thompson DH. Use of High-Throughput Tools for Telescoped Continuous Flow Synthesis of an Alkynylnaphthyridine Anticancer Agent, HSN608. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti A. Biyani
- Department of Chemistry, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Qingqing Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jingze Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yuta Moriuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Larocque
- Department of Chemistry, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Herman O. Sintim
- Department of Chemistry, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - David H. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P. Gates
- p53 Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore Singapore
| | - Nina Hartrampf
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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10
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Hartrampf N, Saebi A, Poskus M, Gates ZP, Callahan AJ, Cowfer AE, Hanna S, Antilla S, Schissel CK, Quartararo AJ, Ye X, Mijalis AJ, Simon MD, Loas A, Liu S, Jessen C, Nielsen TE, Pentelute BL. Synthesis of proteins by automated flow chemistry. Science 2020; 368:980-987. [PMID: 32467387 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomes can produce proteins in minutes and are largely constrained to proteinogenic amino acids. Here, we report highly efficient chemistry matched with an automated fast-flow instrument for the direct manufacturing of peptide chains up to 164 amino acids long over 327 consecutive reactions. The machine is rapid: Peptide chain elongation is complete in hours. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by the chemical synthesis of nine different protein chains that represent enzymes, structural units, and regulatory factors. After purification and folding, the synthetic materials display biophysical and enzymatic properties comparable to the biologically expressed proteins. High-fidelity automated flow chemistry is an alternative for producing single-domain proteins without the ribosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hartrampf
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A Saebi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M Poskus
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Z P Gates
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A J Callahan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A E Cowfer
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - S Hanna
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - S Antilla
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - C K Schissel
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A J Quartararo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - X Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A J Mijalis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M D Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A Loas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - S Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - C Jessen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - T E Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - B L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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11
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Dankers C, Tadros J, Harman DG, Aldrich-Wright JR, Nguyen TV, Gordon CP. Immobilized Carbodiimide Assisted Flow Combinatorial Protocol to Facilitate Amide Coupling and Lactamization. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2020; 22:255-267. [PMID: 32283009 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.0c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Through a screen of over one hundred and 30 permutations of reaction temperatures, solvents, carbodiimide resins, and carbodiimide molar equivalences, in the presence, absence, or combination of diisopropylamine and benzotriazole additives, a convenient and first reported carbodiimide polymer-assisted flow approach to effect amide coupling and lactamization was developed. The protocol entails injecting a single solution (1:9 dimethylformamide: dichloromethane) containing a carboxylic acid and an amine or linear peptide sequence into a continuous stream of dichloromethane. The protocol remained viable in the absence of base, did not require carboxylate preactivation which, and in concert with minimal workup requirements, enabled the isolation of products in high yields. Compared to the utilization of untethered carbodiimide reagents, the flow procedure was also observed to provide a degree of racemization safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dankers
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag, Penrith South DC, Sydney, New South Wales 1797, Australia
| | - Joseph Tadros
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag, Penrith South DC, Sydney, New South Wales 1797, Australia
| | - David G. Harman
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Building 30, Goldsmith Avenue, Campbelltown, New South Wales 2560, Australia
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Building 30, Goldsmith Avenue, Campbelltown, New South Wales 2560, Australia
| | - Janice R. Aldrich-Wright
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag, Penrith South DC, Sydney, New South Wales 1797, Australia
- Nanoscale Organization and Dynamics Group, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales 2560, Australia
| | - Thanh V. Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher P. Gordon
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag, Penrith South DC, Sydney, New South Wales 1797, Australia
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Building 30, Goldsmith Avenue, Campbelltown, New South Wales 2560, Australia
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12
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Li B, Weisenburger GA, McWilliams JC. Practical Considerations and Examples in Adapting Amidations to Continuous Flow Processing in Early Development. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Li
- Chemical Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Science Small Molecules Division, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gerald A. Weisenburger
- Chemical Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Science Small Molecules Division, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - J. Christopher McWilliams
- Chemical Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Science Small Molecules Division, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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13
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Sletten ET, Nuño M, Guthrie D, Seeberger PH. Real-time monitoring of solid-phase peptide synthesis using a variable bed flow reactor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14598-14601. [PMID: 31742308 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08421e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
On-resin aggregation and incomplete amide bond formation are major challenges for solid-phase peptide synthesis that are difficult to be monitored in real-time. Incorporation of a pressure-based variable bed flow reactor into an automated solid-phase peptide synthesizer permitted real-time monitoring of resin swelling to determine amino acid coupling efficiency and on-resin aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Sletten
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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14
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Spare LK, Menti M, Harman DG, Aldrich-Wright JR, Gordon CP. A continuous flow protocol to generate, regenerate, load, and recycle chlorotrityl functionalised resins. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
From a screen of chlorinating agent concentration, flow rates, and reagent addition methodologies, a continuous flow protocol to activate, reactivate, and recycle both 2-chlorotrityl chloride functionalised polystyrene and trityl-hydroxy ChemMatrix functionalised resins was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawson K. Spare
- School of Science and Health
- Western Sydney University
- Penrith South DC
- Australia
| | - Maria Menti
- School of Science and Health
- Western Sydney University
- Penrith South DC
- Australia
| | - David G. Harman
- School of Medicine
- Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus
- Australia
- Molecular Medicine Research Group
- Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus
| | - Janice R. Aldrich-Wright
- School of Science and Health
- Western Sydney University
- Penrith South DC
- Australia
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group
| | - Christopher P. Gordon
- School of Science and Health
- Western Sydney University
- Penrith South DC
- Australia
- Molecular Medicine Research Group
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