1
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Mihaly JJ, Wolf SM, Phillips AT, Mam S, Yung Z, Haley JE, Zeller M, de La Harpe K, Holt E, Grusenmeyer TA, Collins S, Gray TG. Synthetically Tunable White-, Green-, and Yellow-Green-Light Emission in Dual-Luminescent Gold(I) Complexes Bearing a Diphenylamino-2,7-fluorenyl Moiety. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1228-1235. [PMID: 34982547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The syntheses and photophysical characterization of five new gold(I) complexes bearing diphenylamine-substituted fluorenyl moieties are reported; four are characterized by X-ray diffraction crystallography. Ancillary ligation on gold(I) is provided by organophosphine and N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Two complexes, Au-DPA0 and Au-DPA1, are σ-aryls, two, Au-ADPA0 and Au-ADPA1, are σ-alkynyls, and one, Au-TDPA1, is a σ-triazolyl bound through carbon. All complexes show vibronically structured absorption and luminescence bands that are assignable to π-π* transitions localized on the diphenylamine-substituted fluorenyl π system. The excited-state dynamics of all five chromophores are governed by selection of the ancillary ligand and σ attachment of the diphenylamine-substituted fluorenyl moiety. All of these chromophores are dual luminescent in a toluene solution at 298 K. The luminescence from the aryl derivatives, Au-ADPA0 and Au-DPA1, appears green. The alkynyl derivative containing a phosphine ancillary ligand, Au-ADPA0, is a white-light emitter, while the alkynyl derivative containing an N-heterocyclic carbene ancillary ligand, Au-ADPA1, is a yellow-light emitter. The luminescence from the triazolyl-linked chromophore, Au-TDPA1, appears as yellow-green. Spin-restricted density functional theory calculations support the assignments of ligand-centric optical transitions but with contributions of ligand-to-metal charge transfer involving the vacant Au 6p orbital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Mihaly
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Steven M Wolf
- Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States.,General Dynamics Information Technology, 5000 Springfield Pike, Dayton, Ohio 45431, United States
| | - Alexis T Phillips
- Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States.,Southwestern Ohio Council for Higher Education, Dayton, Ohio 45420, United States
| | - Sokhalita Mam
- Department of Chemistry, United States Air Force Academy, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado 80840, United States
| | - Zheng Yung
- Department of Chemistry, United States Air Force Academy, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado 80840, United States
| | - Joy E Haley
- Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kimberly de La Harpe
- Department of Physics, United States Air Force Academy, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado 80840, United States
| | - Ethan Holt
- Department of Chemistry, United States Air Force Academy, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado 80840, United States
| | - Tod A Grusenmeyer
- Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Stephanie Collins
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Thomas G Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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2
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Malmberg R, Venkatesan K. Recent Advances in the Development of Blue and Deep‐Blue Emitting Gold(I) and Gold(III) Molecular Systems. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Malmberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, MQ Photonics Research Centre and MQ Sustainable Energy Research Centre Macquarie University Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Koushik Venkatesan
- Department of Molecular Sciences, MQ Photonics Research Centre and MQ Sustainable Energy Research Centre Macquarie University Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
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3
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Lo LHY, Tang MC, Lai SL, Cheung WL, Li LK, Ng M, Chan HT, Chan MY, Yam VWW. Incorporation of Fluorene and Its Heterocyclic Spiro Derivatives To Realize High-Performance and Stable Sky-Blue-Emitting Arylgold(III) Complexes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:57673-57683. [PMID: 34806357 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of arylgold(III) complexes of tridentate diphenylpyridine ligand incorporated with fluorene and its heterocyclic spiro derivatives, spiro[fluorene-9,9'-xanthene] and spiro[acridine-9,9'-fluorene], as auxiliary ligands has been prepared. This class of complexes exhibits high decomposition temperatures of up to 387 °C, excellent film morphologies in solid-state thin films with a root-mean-square roughness smaller than 0.20 nm, as well as high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 0.72 in solid-state thin films. Solution-processed organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) fabricated from this series of complexes as dopants show intense electroluminescence in the sky-blue region with maximum external quantum efficiencies of 10.0%. Taking advantage of their high thermal stability, vacuum-deposited OLEDs have also been fabricated and satisfactory operational lifetimes of ∼300 h have been recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Hei-Yin Lo
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Man-Chung Tang
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Shiu-Lun Lai
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Wai-Lung Cheung
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Lok-Kwan Li
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Maggie Ng
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Hin-Ting Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Yee Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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4
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Li X, Xie Y, Li Z. Diversity of Luminescent Metal Complexes in OLEDs: Beyond Traditional Precious Metals. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2817-2829. [PMID: 34378344 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) have attracted increasing attention due to their excellent properties, such as self-luminosity, high color gamut and flexibility, and potential applications in display, wearable devices and lighting. The emitters are the most important composition in OLEDs, mainly classified into fluorescent compounds (first generation), metal phosphorescent complexes (second generation), and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials (third generation). In this review, we summarize the advances of novel emitters of organic metal complexes in the last decade, focusing on coinage metals (Cu, Ag, and Au) and non-precious metals (Al, Zn, W, and alkali metal). Also, the design strategy of d10 and Au(III) complexes was discussed. We aim to provide guidance for exploring efficient metal complexes beyond traditional phosphorescent complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Li
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yujun Xie
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, P. R. China.,Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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5
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Tang MC, Chan MY, Yam VWW. Molecular Design of Luminescent Gold(III) Emitters as Thermally Evaporable and Solution-Processable Organic Light-Emitting Device (OLED) Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7249-7279. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Man-Chung Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Yee Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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6
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Eppel D, Eryiğit A, Rudolph M, Brückner M, Rominger F, Asiri AM, Hashmi ASK. Mechanochemical Gold(III)-Carbon Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13636-13640. [PMID: 33825267 PMCID: PMC8251521 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202017065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Starting from a [(MeO C^N^C)AuCl] complex as precursor, a direct substitution by C,H-activation from sp-, sp2 - or sp3 -C,H-bonds under basic conditions in a planetary ball mill was achieved. Because of the extraordinary photophysical properties of the target compounds, this protocol provides an easy access to a highly valued complex class. In contrast to existing protocols, no pre-functionalization of the starting materials is necessary and the use of expensive transition metal catalysts can be avoided, which makes this application appealing also for industrial purposes. In addition the methodology was not restricted to pincer complexes, which was demonstrated by the substitution of chelate type [(tpy)AuCl2 ] complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eppel
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Alpay Eryiğit
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Margit Brückner
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi-Arabia
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi-Arabia
- Heidelberg Center for the Environment (HCE)Im Neuenheimer Feld 229Germany
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7
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Eppel D, Eryiğit A, Rudolph M, Brückner M, Rominger F, Asiri AM, Hashmi ASK. Mechanochemische Bildung von Gold(III)‐Kohlenstoffbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202017065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eppel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Alpay Eryiğit
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Margit Brückner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi-Arabien
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi-Arabien
- Heidelberg Center for the Environment (HCE) Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 Deutschland
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8
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Li G, Zheng J, Fang X, Xu K, Yang YF, Wu J, Cao L, Li J, She Y. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Based Tetradentate Pd(II) Complexes for Deep-Blue Phosphorescent Materials. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guijie Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianbing Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Fang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kewei Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Fang Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85284, United States
| | - Linyu Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85284, United States
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85284, United States
| | - Yuanbin She
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Zhao YQ, Zhou J, He R, Wang GK, Miao LX, Xie XG, Zhou Y. New gold (I) complexes with 5-aromatic ring-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole-2-thione and triphenylphosphine as potential multifunctional materials. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Zhou D, Cheng G, Tong GSM, Che CM. High Efficiency Sky-Blue Gold(III)-TADF Emitters*. Chemistry 2020; 26:15718-15726. [PMID: 33063382 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Highly efficient sky-blue luminescent gold(III) complexes with emission quantum yields up to 82 %, lifetimes down to 0.67 μs and emission peak maxima at 470-484 nm were prepared through a consideration of pincer gold(III) donor-acceptor complexes. Photophysical studies and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations revealed that the emission nature of these gold(III) complexes is most consistent with TADF. Solution-processed OLEDs with these gold(III) complexes as dopants afforded electroluminescence maxima at 465-473 nm with FWHM of 64-67 nm and maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of up to 15.25 %. This research demonstrates the first example of gold(III)-OLEDs showing electroluminescence maxima at smaller than 470 nm, and highlights the potential of using gold(III)-TADF emitters in the development of high efficiency blue OLEDs and blue emissive dopant in WOLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint, Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint, Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Centre of Machine Learning for Energy Materials and Devices, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China
| | - Glenna So Ming Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint, Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint, Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Centre of Machine Learning for Energy Materials and Devices, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China
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11
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Tang MC, Li LK, Lai SL, Cheung WL, Ng M, Wong CY, Chan MY, Yam VWW. Design Strategy Towards Horizontally Oriented Luminescent Tetradentate-Ligand-Containing Gold(III) Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21023-21031. [PMID: 32754992 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorescent dopants are promising candidates for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Although it has been established that the out-coupling efficiency and overall performances of vacuum-deposited OLEDs can be significantly improved by a horizontal orientation of the dopants, no horizontally oriented gold(III) complexes have been reported to date. Herein, a novel class of tetradentate C^C^N^N ligand-containing gold(III) complexes with a preferential horizontal orientation successfully generated through a one-pot reaction is reported. These complexes demonstrate high photoluminescence quantum yields of 70 % and a high horizontal dipole ratio of 0.87 in solid-state thin films. Green-emitting OLEDs based on these complexes operate with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 20.6 % with an estimated out-coupling efficiency of around 30 %. A promising device stability has been achieved in the vacuum-deposited OLEDs, with operational half-lifetimes of around 37 500 h at 100 cd m-2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Chung Tang
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Lok-Kwan Li
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Shiu-Lun Lai
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Wai-Lung Cheung
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Maggie Ng
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Yin Wong
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Yee Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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12
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Tang M, Li L, Lai S, Cheung W, Ng M, Wong C, Chan M, Yam VW. Design Strategy Towards Horizontally Oriented Luminescent Tetradentate‐Ligand‐Containing Gold(III) Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Man‐Chung Tang
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Lok‐Kwan Li
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Shiu‐Lun Lai
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Wai‐Lung Cheung
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Maggie Ng
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Chun‐Yin Wong
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Mei‐Yee Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing‐Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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13
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To WP, Wan Q, Tong GSM, Che CM. Recent Advances in Metal Triplet Emitters with d6, d8, and d10 Electronic Configurations. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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14
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Eppel D, Rudolph M, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK. Mercury-Free Synthesis of Pincer [C^N^C]Au III Complexes by an Oxidative Addition/CH Activation Cascade. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:1986-1990. [PMID: 32134179 PMCID: PMC7217051 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Starting from the commercially available dimethyl sulfide-gold(I) chloride complex (DMSAuCl) and diazonium salts in the presence of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine as base, symmetric and unsymmetric [C^N^C]AuIII Cl complexes were synthesized in a selective, photosensitizer-free, photochemical reaction using blue LED light. This new protocol provides the first mercury-free synthesis of these types of pincer-complexes in moderate-to-excellent yields, starting from a readily available gold(I) precursor. Owing to the extraordinary properties of the target compounds, like excellent luminescence and high anticancer activities, the synthesis of such complexes is a highly active field of research, which might make its way to an industrial application. Owing to the disadvantages of the known protocols, especially the toxicity and the selectivity issues in the case of unsymmetric complexes, avoiding the use of mercury, should further accelerate this ongoing development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eppel
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz UniversityJedda21589Saudi-Arabia
- Heidelberg Center for the Environment (HCE)Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22969120HeidelbergGermany
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15
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Li G, Zhan F, Zheng J, Yang YF, Wang Q, Chen Q, Shen G, She Y. Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Tetradentate Platinum(II) Complexes Containing Fused 6/5/6 Metallocycles. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:3718-3729. [PMID: 32105064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of neutral tetradentate Pt(II) complexes with fused 6/5/6 metallocycles and biphenyl (bp)-containing ligands have been designed and synthesized. All bridging atoms adopt nitrogens designed as an acridinyl group (Ac), an aza acridinyl group (AAc), and an aza carbazolyl group (ACz), which can effectively tune their LUMO energy levels. Their HOMO energy levels can be well-controlled through molecular modifications on the bp moieties with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups. These molecular modifications also have profound effects on the electrochemical and photophysical properties and photostabilities of the Pt(II) complexes. The ground-states and excited states are systematically studied by density functional theory (DFT), time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), and natural transition orbital (NTO) calculations. All the Pt(II) complexes exhibit admixed 3(LC/MLCT) characters in T1 states with various proportions, which are strongly structure-dependent. These 6/5/6 Pt(II) complexes demonstrate high quantum efficiencies in dichloromethane solutions (ΦPL = 27-51%) and in doped PMMA films (ΦPL = 36-52%) at room temperature with short luminescence lifetimes of 1.6-9.5 μs and 7.6-9.0 μs, respectively. They emit green light with dominant peaks of 512-529 nm in solutions and 512-524 nm in doped PMMA films, respectively. Importantly, Pt(bp-2) exhibits highly stable emission colors with the same dominant peaks at 512 nm in various matrixes and also demonstrates a long photostability lifetime, LT80, at 80% of initial luminance, of 190 min, which is doped in polystyrene films (5 wt %) excited by UV light of 375 nm at 500 W/m2. These studies indicate that these 6/5/6 Pt(II) complexes can act as good phosphorescent emitters for OLED applications and should provide a viable route for the development of efficient and stable Pt(II)-based phosphorescent emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijie Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jianbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Qunmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Qidong Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Gang Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yuanbin She
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
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16
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Zhou D, To WP, Tong GSM, Cheng G, Du L, Phillips DL, Che CM. Tetradentate Gold(III) Complexes as Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) Emitters: Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and High-Performance OLEDs with Long Operational Lifetime. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6375-6382. [PMID: 31943594 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Structurally robust tetradentate gold(III)-emitters have potent material applications but are rare and unprecedented for those displaying thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Herein, a novel synthetic route leading to the preparation of highly emissive, charge-neutral tetradentate [C^C^N^C] gold(III) complexes with 5-5-6-membered chelate rings has been developed through microwave-assisted C-H bond activation. These complexes show high thermal stability and with emission origin (3 IL, 3 ILCT, and TADF) tuned by varying the substituents of the C^C^N^C ligand. With phenoxazine/diphenylamine substituent, we prepared the first tetradentate gold(III) complexes that are TADF emitters with emission quantum yields of up to 94 % and emission lifetimes of down to 0.62 μs in deoxygenated toluene. These tetradentate AuIII TADF emitters showed good performance in vacuum-deposited OLEDs with maximum EQEs of up to 25 % and LT95 of up to 5280 h at 100 cd m-2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Pong To
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Glenna So Ming Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, China
| | - Lili Du
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, China
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17
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Zhou D, To W, Tong GSM, Cheng G, Du L, Phillips DL, Che C. Tetradentate Gold(III) Complexes as Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) Emitters: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis and High‐Performance OLEDs with Long Operational Lifetime. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryHKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Wai‐Pong To
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryHKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Glenna So Ming Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryHKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Gang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryHKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation Shenzhen Guangdong 518053 China
| | - Lili Du
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryHKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryHKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Chi‐Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryHKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation Shenzhen Guangdong 518053 China
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18
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Leung MY, Tang MC, Cheung WL, Lai SL, Ng M, Chan MY, Wing-Wah Yam V. Thermally Stimulated Delayed Phosphorescence (TSDP)-Based Gold(III) Complexes of Tridentate Pyrazine-Containing Pincer Ligand with Wide Emission Color Tunability and Their Application in Organic Light-Emitting Devices. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2448-2459. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yi Leung
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Chung Tang
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Lung Cheung
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shiu-Lun Lai
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maggie Ng
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mei-Yee Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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19
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Liang X, Tu ZL, Zheng YX. Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials: Towards Realization of High Efficiency through Strategic Small Molecular Design. Chemistry 2019; 25:5623-5642. [PMID: 30648301 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is one of the most intriguing and promising discoveries towards realization of highly-efficient organic light emitting diodes (OLED) utilizing small molecules as emitters. It has the capability of manifesting all excitons generated during the electroluminescent processes, consequently achieving 100 % of internal quantum efficiency. Since the report of the first efficient OLED based on a TADF small molecule in 2012 by Adachi et al., the quest for optimal TADF materials for OLED application has never stopped. Various TADF molecules bearing different design concepts and strategies have been designed and produced, with the aim to boost the overall performances of corresponding OLEDs. In this minireview, the general principles of TADF molecular design based on three basic categories of TADF species: twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT), through-space charge transfer (TSCT) and multi-resonance induced TADF (MR-TADF) are discussed in detail. Several key aspects with respect to each category, as well as some effective methods to enhance the efficiency of TADF materials and corresponding OLEDs from the molecular engineering perspectives, are summarized and discussed to exhibit a general landscape of TADF molecular design to a wide variety of scientific researchers within this particular disciplinary area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Long Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - You-Xuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
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