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Chen H, Osman SY, Moose DL, Vanneste M, Anderson JL, Henry MD, Anand RK. Quantification of capture efficiency, purity, and single-cell isolation in the recovery of circulating melanoma cells from peripheral blood by dielectrophoresis. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2586-2600. [PMID: 37185977 PMCID: PMC10228177 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a dielectrophoretic method for selection of circulating melanoma cells (CMCs), which lack reliable identifying surface antigens and are extremely rare in blood. This platform captures CMCs individually by dielectrophoresis (DEP) at an array of wireless bipolar electrodes (BPEs) aligned to overlying nanoliter-scale chambers, which isolate each cell for subsequent on-chip single-cell analysis. To determine the best conditions to employ for CMC isolation in this DEP-BPE platform, the static and dynamic dielectrophoretic response of established melanoma cell lines, melanoma cells from patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were evaluated as a function of frequency using two established DEP platforms. Further, PBMCs derived from patients with advanced melanoma were compared with those from healthy controls. The results of this evaluation reveal that each DEP method requires a distinct frequency to achieve capture of melanoma cells and that the distribution of dielectric properties of PBMCs is more broadly varied in and among patients versus healthy controls. Based on this evaluation, we conclude that 50 kHz provides the highest capture efficiency on our DEP-BPE platform while maintaining a low rate of capture of unwanted PBMCs. We further quantified the efficiency of single-cell capture on the DEP-BPE platform and found that the efficiency diminished beyond around 25% chamber occupancy, thereby informing the minimum array size that is required. Importantly, the capture efficiency of the DEP-BPE platform for melanoma cells when using optimized conditions matched the performance predicted by our analysis. Finally, isolation of melanoma cells from contrived (spike-in) and clinical samples on our platform using optimized conditions was demonstrated. The capture and individual isolation of CMCs, confirmed by post-capture labeling, from patient-derived samples suggests the potential of this platform for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | - Sommer Y Osman
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | - Devon L Moose
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Marion Vanneste
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | - Michael D Henry
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Pathology, Urology and Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Robbyn K Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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2
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Banovetz JT, Manimaran S, Schelske B, Anand RK. Parallel Dielectrophoretic Capture, Isolation, and Electrical Lysis of Individual Breast Cancer Cells to Assess Variability in Enzymatic Activity. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7880-7887. [PMID: 37172139 PMCID: PMC10578154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell heterogeneity drives disease progression and response to therapy, and therefore, there is a need for single-cell analysis methods. In this paper, we present an integrated, scalable method to analyze enzymatic activity in many individual cancer cells at once. The reported method uses dielectrophoresis (DEP) to selectively capture tumor cells at wireless electrodes aligned to an overlying array of cell-sized micropockets. Following hydrodynamic transfer of the captured cells into microfluidic chambers, the chambers are fluidically isolated and sealed with a hydrophobic ionic liquid, which possesses sufficient conductivity to allow for subsequent electrical lysis of the cells to access their contents for enzymatic assay. The wireless electrodes have an interlocking spiral design that ensures successful electrical lysis regardless of the location of the cell within the chamber. Here, breast cancer cells are assessed for β-galactosidase through its activation of a fluorogenic substrate. A key point is that the fluorogenic assay solution was optimized to allow for dielectrophoretic cell capture, thereby obviating the need for a solution exchange step. Our approach has several distinct advantages including a high rate of single-cell capture, a capture efficiency that is independent of the dimensions of the reaction chambers, no need for mechanical closure of reaction volumes, and no observed cross-talk. In this study, first, the steps of cell capture, transfer, and lysis are established on this platform in the presence of the optimized assay solution. We then quantify the increase in fluorescence intensity obtained over the duration of the enzymatic assay of individual cells. Finally, this method is applied to the analysis of β-galactosidase activity in 258 individual MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, revealing heterogeneity in expression of this enzyme in this cell line. We expect that the adaptability of this method will allow for expanded studies of single-cell enzymatic expression and activity. This will in turn open avenues of research into cancer cell heterogeneity in metabolism, invasiveness, and drug response. The ability to study these features of cancer at the single-cell level raises the possibility for treatment plans tailored to target the specific combinations of cell subpopulations present in tumors. Furthermore, we expect that this method can be adapted to uses outside of cancer research, such as studies of neuron metabolism, pathogenesis in bacteria, and stem cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T. Banovetz
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1021, USA
| | - Sivani Manimaran
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1021, USA
| | - Benjamin Schelske
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1021, USA
| | - Robbyn K. Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1021, USA
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3
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Honrado C, Salahi A, Adair SJ, Moore JH, Bauer TW, Swami NS. Automated biophysical classification of apoptotic pancreatic cancer cell subpopulations by using machine learning approaches with impedance cytometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3708-3720. [PMID: 35997278 PMCID: PMC9514012 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00304j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Unrestricted cell death can lead to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, with dysregulated apoptotic signaling that causes resistance of pancreatic cancer cells to cytotoxic therapies. Hence, modulating cell death by distinguishing the progression of subpopulations under drug treatment from viable towards early apoptotic, late apoptotic, and necrotic states is of interest. While flow cytometry after fluorescent staining can monitor apoptosis with single-cell sensitivity, the background of non-viable cells within non-immortalized pancreatic tumors from xenografts can confound distinction of the intensity of each apoptotic state. Based on single-cell impedance cytometry of drug-treated pancreatic cancer cells that are obtained from tumor xenografts with differing levels of gemcitabine sensitivity, we identify the biophysical metrics that can distinguish and quantify cellular subpopulations at the early apoptotic versus late apoptotic and necrotic states, by using machine learning methods to train for the recognition of each phenotype. While supervised learning has previously been used for classification of datasets with known classes, our advancement is the utilization of optimal positive controls for each class, so that clustering by unsupervised learning and classification by supervised learning can occur on unknown datasets, without human interference or manual gating. In this manner, automated biophysical classification can be used to follow the progression of apoptotic states in each heterogeneous drug-treated sample, for developing drug treatments to modulate cancer cell death and advance longitudinal analysis to discern the emergence of drug resistant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Honrado
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Armita Salahi
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Sara J Adair
- Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - John H Moore
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Todd W Bauer
- Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Nathan S Swami
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
- Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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4
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Wang X, Wang Z, Yu C, Ge Z, Yang W. Advances in precise single-cell capture for analysis and biological applications. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3047-3063. [PMID: 35946358 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00625a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms. However, conventional cell analysis only averages millions of cell populations, and some important information is lost. It is essential to quantitatively characterize the physiology and pathology of single-cell activities. Precise single-cell capture is an extremely challenging task during cell sample preparation. In this review, we summarize the category of technologies to capture single cells precisely with a focus on the latest development in the last five years. Each technology has its own set of benefits and specific challenges, which provide opportunities for researchers in different fields. Accordingly, we introduce the applications of captured single cells in cancer diagnosis, analysis of metabolism and secretion, and disease treatment. Finally, some perspectives are provided on the current development trends, future research directions, and challenges of single-cell capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Wang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Chang Yu
- College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Zhixing Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
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Abstract
Electroporation (EP) is a commonly used strategy to increase cell permeability for intracellular cargo delivery or irreversible cell membrane disruption using electric fields. In recent years, EP performance has been improved by shrinking electrodes and device structures to the microscale. Integration with microfluidics has led to the design of devices performing static EP, where cells are fixed in a defined region, or continuous EP, where cells constantly pass through the device. Each device type performs superior to conventional, macroscale EP devices while providing additional advantages in precision manipulation (static EP) and increased throughput (continuous EP). Microscale EP is gentle on cells and has enabled more sensitive assaying of cells with novel applications. In this Review, we present the physical principles of microscale EP devices and examine design trends in recent years. In addition, we discuss the use of reversible and irreversible EP in the development of therapeutics and analysis of intracellular contents, among other noteworthy applications. This Review aims to inform and encourage scientists and engineers to expand the use of efficient and versatile microscale EP technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Harrison Khoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Soojung Claire Hur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 401 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
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6
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Chen H, Anderson JL, Anand RK. Electropolymerization of Pyrrole-Based Ionic Liquids on Selected Wireless Bipolar Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:18087-18096. [PMID: 35417143 PMCID: PMC10578151 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c25230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes an electropolymerization-based on-chip valving system, accomplished by electrosynthesis of conductive polymeric ionic liquid (CPIL) films at selected points within an array of bipolar electrodes (BPEs), in which each of these wireless electrodes spans an IL-aqueous phase boundary. The low viscosity and high hydrophobicity of the CPIL precursor allow it to be patterned by established microfluidic methods. This advancement has the potential to impact microscale analysis because it allows on-demand creation of solid CPIL microstructures at locations specified by microfluidics, phase boundaries, and electrode potentials. To achieve this outcome, an imidazolium-based IL was functionalized with a pyrrole moiety, and the viscosity was tuned by choosing the appropriate counterion to form a CPIL with the desired viscosity, hydrophobicity, and oxidation potential. This monomer species was then introduced into a microfluidic device, which was prefilled with an aqueous buffer solution. The device comprised many parallel microchannels lined with nanoliter-scale chambers. BPEs interconnected the channels such that the BPE tips were each aligned to a chamber opening. The electrodes contacting the outermost channels were connected directly to a power supply and functioned as driving electrodes. The CPIL displaced the buffer in the channels and established a phase boundary at the opening of each chamber, thereby digitizing the aqueous phase. Finally, an alternating square waveform (under mode 1) was applied for 5 min to yield immobilized polymer films at a location defined by the BPE poles. In total, three modes were developed and three corresponding polymer film patterns were formed. Under mode 2, a DC power supply was used to achieve a dissymmetrical polymer film pattern, and, under mode 3, a regional polymer film pattern was formed under an AC potential with a DC offset. Our preliminary results demonstrate that the generated polymer films are immobile and sufficiently thick to seal the chambers at room temperature over the duration of our observation window (50 min), and this seal is maintained even at elevated temperatures that induce partial evaporation of the chamber contents. A key point is that this method is compatible with a preceding step─dielectrophoretic capture of single melanoma cells within the nanoliter-scale chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jared L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Robbyn K. Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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7
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Robinson A, Jain A, Rahman R, Abayzeed S, Hague RJM, Rawson FJ. Impedimetric Characterization of Bipolar Nanoelectrodes with Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:29495-29505. [PMID: 34778621 PMCID: PMC8581971 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Merging of electronics with biology, defined as bioelectronics, at the nanoscale holds considerable promise for sensing and modulating cellular behavior. Advancing our understanding of nanobioelectronics will facilitate development and enable applications in biosensing, tissue engineering, and bioelectronic medicine. However, studies investigating the electrical effects when merging wireless conductive nanoelectrodes with biology are lacking. Consequently, a tool is required to develop a greater understanding of merging conductive nanoparticles with cells. Herein, this challenge is addressed by developing an impedimetric method to evaluate bipolar electrode (BPE) systems that could report on electrical input. A theoretical framework is provided, using impedance to determine if conductive nanoparticles can be polarized and used to drive current. It is then demonstrated that 125 nm of gold nanoparticle (AuNP) bipolar electrodes (BPEs) could be sensed in the presence of cells when incorporated intracellularly at 500 μg/mL using water and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as electrolytes. These results highlight how nanoscale BPEs act within biological systems. This research will impact the rational design of using BPE systems in cells for both sensing and actuating applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andie
J. Robinson
- Regenerative
Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Biodiscovery Institute, School of
Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Akhil Jain
- Regenerative
Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Biodiscovery Institute, School of
Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Ruman Rahman
- Children’s
Brain Tumour Research Centre (CBTRC), Biodiscovery Institute, School
of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Sidahmed Abayzeed
- Optics
and Photonics Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Richard J. M. Hague
- Centre
for Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, U.K.
| | - Frankie J. Rawson
- Regenerative
Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Biodiscovery Institute, School of
Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
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8
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Zhao Y, Lou J, Zhang H, Sun H, Zhang M, Wang S, Sha X, Zhan Z, Wang Y, Ma C, Li WJ. Measurement methods of single cell drug response. Talanta 2021; 239:123035. [PMID: 34839926 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, a wide multitude of research activity has been focused on the development of new drugs, and devoted to overcome the challenges of high cost and low efficiency in drug evaluation. The measurement of drug response at the single cell level is a quicker, more direct and more accurate way to reflect drug efficacy, which can shorten the drug development period and reduce research costs. Therefore, the single cell drug response (SCDR) measurement technology has aroused extensive attention from researchers, and has become a hot topic in the fields of drug research and cell biology. Recent years have seen the emergence of various SCDR measurement technologies that feature different working principles and different levels of measurement performance. To better examine, compare and summarize the characteristics and functions of these technologies, we select signal-to-noise ratio, throughput, content, invasion, and device complexity as the criteria to evaluate them from the drug efficacy perspective. This review aims to highlight sixteen kinds of SCDR measurement technologies, including patch-clamp technique, live-cell interferometry, capillary electrophoresis, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and more, and report widespread representative examples of SCDR measurement the recent approaches for over the past forty years. Based on their reaction principles, these technologies are classified into four categories: electrical, optical, electrochemical, and mass spectrometry, and a detailed comparison is made between them. After in-depth understanding of these technologies, it is expected to improve or integrate these technologies to propose better SCDR measurement strategies, and explore methods in new drug development and screening, as well as disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Zhao
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Jiazhi Lou
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Menglin Zhang
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Shuyu Wang
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Xiaopeng Sha
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Zhikun Zhan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Cuihua Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China.
| | - Wen Jung Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
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9
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Lin S, Liu Y, Zhang M, Xu X, Chen Y, Zhang H, Yang C. Microfluidic single-cell transcriptomics: moving towards multimodal and spatiotemporal omics. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3829-3849. [PMID: 34541590 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00607j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cells are the basic units of life with vast heterogeneity. Single-cell transcriptomics unveils cell-to-cell gene expression variabilities, discovers novel cell types, and uncovers the critical roles of cellular heterogeneity in biological processes. The recent advances in microfluidic technologies have greatly accelerated the development of single-cell transcriptomics with regard to throughput, sensitivity, cost, and automation. In this article, we review state-of-the-art microfluidic single-cell transcriptomics, with a focus on the methodologies. We first summarize six typical microfluidic platforms for isolation and transcriptomic analysis of single cells. Then the on-going trend of microfluidic transcriptomics towards multimodal omics, which integrates transcriptomics with other omics to provide more comprehensive pictures of gene expression networks, is discussed. We also highlight single-cell spatial transcriptomics and single-cell temporal transcriptomics that provide unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution to reveal transcriptomic dynamics in space and time, respectively. The emerging applications of microfluidic single-cell transcriptomics are also discussed. Finally, we discuss the current challenges to be tackled and provide perspectives on the future development of microfluidic single-cell transcriptomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Lin
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yilong Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Xing Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yingwen Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Huimin Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361005, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
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10
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Bouffier L, Zigah D, Sojic N, Kuhn A. Bipolar (Bio)electroanalysis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:65-86. [PMID: 33940930 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-090820-093307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This contribution reviews a selection of the most recent studies on the use of bipolar electrochemistry in the framework of analytical chemistry. Despite the fact that the concept is not new, with several important studies dating back to the middle of the last century, completely novel and very original approaches have emerged over the last decade. This current revival illustrates that scientists still (re)discover some exciting virtues of this approach, which are useful in many different areas, especially for tackling analytical challenges in an unconventional way. In several cases, this "wireless" electrochemistry strategy enables carrying out measurements that are simply not possible with classic electrochemical approaches. This review will hopefully stimulate new ideas and trigger scientists to integrate some aspects of bipolar electrochemistry in their work in order to drive the topic into yet unexplored and eventually completely unexpected directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bouffier
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science, and CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France; , , ,
| | - Dodzi Zigah
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science, and CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France; , , ,
| | - Neso Sojic
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science, and CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France; , , ,
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science, and CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France; , , ,
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11
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Lapizco-Encinas BH. Microscale nonlinear electrokinetics for the analysis of cellular materials in clinical applications: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:104. [PMID: 33651196 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents a discussion of some of the latest advancements in the field of microscale electrokinetics for the analysis of cells and subcellular materials in clinical applications. The introduction presents an overview on the use of electric fields, i.e., electrokinetics, in microfluidics devices and discusses the potential of electrokinetic-based methods for the analysis of liquid biopsies in clinical and point-of-care applications. This is followed by four comprehensive sections that present some of the newest findings on the analysis of circulating tumor cells, blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets), stem cells, and subcellular particles (extracellular vesicles and mitochondria). The valuable contributions discussed here (with 131 references) were mainly published during the last 3 to 4 years, providing the reader with an overview of the state-of-the-art in the use of microscale electrokinetic methods in clinical analysis. Finally, the conclusions summarize the main advancements and discuss the future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Institute Hall (Bldg. 73), Room 3103, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623-5604, USA.
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12
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Han X, Liu Y, Yin J, Yue M, Mu Y. Microfluidic devices for multiplexed detection of foodborne pathogens. Food Res Int 2021; 143:110246. [PMID: 33992358 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The global burden of foodborne diseases is substantial and foodborne pathogens are the major cause for human illnesses. In order to prevent the spread of foodborne pathogens, detection methods are constantly being updated towards rapid, portable, inexpensive, and multiplexed on-site detection. Due to the nature of the small size and low volume, microfluidics has been applied to rapid, time-saving, sensitive, and portable devices to meet the requirements of on-site detection. Simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens is another key parameter to ensure food safety. Multiplexed detection technology, including microfluidic chip design, offers a new opportunity to achieve this goal. In this review, we introduced several sample preparation and corresponding detection methods on microfluidic devices for multiplexed detection of foodborne pathogens. In the sample preparation section, methods of cell capture and enrichment, as well as nucleic acid sample preparation, were described in detail, and in the section of detection methods, amplification, immunoassay, surface plasmon resonance and impedance spectroscopy were exhaustively illustrated. The limitations and advantages of all available experimental options were also summarized and discussed in order to form a comprehensive understanding of cutting-edge technologies and provide a comparative assessment for future investigation and in-field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Han
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yuanhui Liu
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Juxin Yin
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, PR China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, PR China.
| | - Ying Mu
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, PR China.
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13
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Hakim KS, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Analysis of microorganisms with nonlinear electrokinetic microsystems. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:588-604. [PMID: 33151541 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear electrokinetics (EK), specifically electrophoresis of the second kind, dielectrophoresis (DEP) and electrorotation (EROT), have gained significant interest recently for their flexibility and labeless discriminant manner of operation. The current applications of these technologies are a clear advancement from what they were when first discovered, but also still show strong signs of future growth. The present review article presents a discussion of the current uses of microscale nonlinear EK technologies as analytical, sensing, and purification tools for microorganisms. The discussion is focused on some of the latest discoveries with various nonlinear EK microfluidic techniques, such as DEP particle trapping and EROT for particle assessments, for the analysis of microorganisms ranging from viruses to parasites. Along the way, special focus was given to key research articles from within the past two years to provide the most up-to-date knowledge on the current state-of-the-art within the field of microscale EK, and from there, an outlook on where the future of the field is headed is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kel S Hakim
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tho D. K. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefania Rabasco
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pieter E. Oomen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- ParaMedir B.V., 1e Energieweg 13, 9301 LK Roden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L. Rahn
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
| | - Robbyn K. Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
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16
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Zhang X, Wei X, Wei Y, Chen M, Wang J. The up-to-date strategies for the isolation and manipulation of single cells. Talanta 2020; 218:121147. [PMID: 32797903 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the large cellular heterogeneity, the strategies for the isolation and manipulation of single cells have been pronounced indispensable in the fields of disease diagnostics, drug delivery, and cancer biology at the single-cell resolution. Herein, an overview of the up-to-date techniques for precise manipulation/separation and analysis of single-cell is accomplished, these include the various approaches for the isolation and detection of individual cells in flow cytometry, microfluidic systems, micromodule systems, and others. In addition, the advanced application of these protocols is discussed. In particular, a few designs are highlighted for visualization, non-invasion, and intelligentization in single cell analysis, i.e., imaging flow cytometry, label-free microfluidic platform, single-cell capillary probe, and other related techniques. At the present, the main barriers in the various schemes for single cell manipulation which limited their practical applications are their cumbersome construction and single-functionality. The future opportunities and outstanding challenges in the isolation/manipulation of single cells are depicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110819, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110819, China
| | - Yujia Wei
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110819, China
| | - Mingli Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110819, China; Analytical and Testing Center, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110819, China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110819, China.
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17
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Salahi A, Varhue WB, Farmehini V, Hyler AR, Schmelz EM, Davalos RV, Swami NS. Self-aligned microfluidic contactless dielectrophoresis device fabricated by single-layer imprinting on cyclic olefin copolymer. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3881-3889. [PMID: 32372273 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The trapping and deflection of biological cells by dielectrophoresis (DEP) at field non-uniformities in a microfluidic device is often conducted in a contactless dielectrophoresis (cDEP) mode, wherein the electrode channel is in a different layer than the sample channel, so that field penetration through the interceding barrier causes DEP above critical cut-off frequencies. In this manner, through physical separation of the electrode and sample channels, it is possible to spatially modulate electric fields with no electrode-induced damage to biological cells in the sample channel. However, since this device requires interlayer alignment of the electrode to sample channel and needs to maintain a thin interceding barrier (~ 15 μm) over the entire length over which DEP is needed (~ 1 cm), variations in alignment and microstructure fidelity cause wide variations in cDEP trapping level and frequency response across devices. We present a strategy to eliminate interlayer alignment by fabricating self-aligned electrode and sample channels, simultaneously with the interceding barrier layer (14-μm width and 50-μm depth), using a single-layer imprint and bond process on cyclic olefin copolymer. Specifically, by designing support structures, we preserve fidelity of the high aspect ratio insulating posts in the sample channel and the interceding barrier between the sample and electrode channels over the entire device footprint (~ 1 cm). The device operation is validated based on impedance measurements to quantify field penetration through the interceding barrier and by DEP trapping measurements. The presented fabrication strategy can eventually improve cDEP device manufacturing protocols to enable more reproducible DEP performance. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armita Salahi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Walter B Varhue
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Vahid Farmehini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | | | - Eva M Schmelz
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Nathan S Swami
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA. .,Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
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18
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Remote Actuation of a Light‐Emitting Device Based on Magnetic Stirring and Wireless Electrochemistry. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:600-604. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Xu X, Wang J, Wu L, Guo J, Song Y, Tian T, Wang W, Zhu Z, Yang C. Microfluidic Single-Cell Omics Analysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903905. [PMID: 31544338 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The commonly existing cellular heterogeneity plays a critical role in biological processes such as embryonic development, cell differentiation, and disease progress. Single-cell omics-based heterogeneous studies have great significance for identifying different cell populations, discovering new cell types, revealing informative cell features, and uncovering significant interrelationships between cells. Recently, microfluidics has evolved to be a powerful technology for single-cell omics analysis due to its merits of throughput, sensitivity, and accuracy. Herein, the recent advances of microfluidic single-cell omics analysis, including different microfluidic platform designs, lysis strategies, and omics analysis techniques, are reviewed. Representative applications of microfluidic single-cell omics analysis in complex biological studies are then summarized. Finally, a few perspectives on the future challenges and development trends of microfluidic-assisted single-cell omics analysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yanling Song
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Tian Tian
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Zhi Zhu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
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20
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McGrath JS, Honrado C, Moore JH, Adair SJ, Varhue WB, Salahi A, Farmehini V, Goudreau BJ, Nagdas S, Blais EM, Bauer TW, Swami NS. Electrophysiology-based stratification of pancreatic tumorigenicity by label-free single-cell impedance cytometry. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1101:90-98. [PMID: 32029124 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer lacking specific biomarkers that can be correlated to disease onset, promotion and progression. To assess whether tumor cell electrophysiology may serve as a marker for PDAC tumorigenicity, we use multi-frequency impedance cytometry at high throughput (∼350 cells/s) to measure the electrical phenotype of single PDAC tumor cells from xenografts, which are derived from primary pancreatic tumors versus those from liver metastases of different patients. A novel phase contrast metric based on variations in the high and low frequency impedance phase responses that is related to electrophysiology of the cell interior is found to be systematically altered as a function of tumorigenicity. PDAC cells of higher tumorigenicity exhibited lowered interior conductivity and enhanced permittivity, which is validated by the dielectrophoresis on the respective cell types. Using genetic analysis, we suggest the role of dysregulated Na+ transport and removal of Ca2+ ions from the cytoplasm on key oncogenic KRAS-driven processes that may be responsible for lowering of the interior cell conductivity. We envision that impedance cytometry can serve as a tool to quantify phenotypic heterogeneity for rapidly stratifying tumorigenicity. It can also aid in protocols for dielectrophoretic isolation of cells with a particular phenotype for prognostic studies on patient survival and to tailor therapy selection to specific patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S McGrath
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - C Honrado
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - J H Moore
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - S J Adair
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - W B Varhue
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - A Salahi
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - V Farmehini
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - B J Goudreau
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - S Nagdas
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - E M Blais
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - T W Bauer
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - N S Swami
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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21
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Defining Cell Cluster Size by Dielectrophoretic Capture at an Array of Wireless Electrodes of Several Distinct Lengths. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10040271. [PMID: 31018537 PMCID: PMC6523886 DOI: 10.3390/mi10040271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clusters of biological cells play an important role in normal and disease states, such as in the release of insulin from pancreatic islets and in the enhanced spread of cancer by clusters of circulating tumor cells. We report a method to pattern cells into clusters having sizes correlated to the dimensions of each electrode in an array of wireless bipolar electrodes (BPEs). The cells are captured by dielectrophoresis (DEP), which confers selectivity, and patterns cells without the need for physical barriers or adhesive interactions that can alter cell function. Our findings demonstrate that this approach readily achieves fine control of cell cluster size over a broader range set by other experimental parameters. These parameters include the magnitude of the voltage applied externally to drive capture at the BPE array, the rate of fluid flow, and the time allowed for DEP-based cell capture. Therefore, the reported method is anticipated to allow the influence of cluster size on cell function to be more fully investigated.
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