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Zografi G, Newman A, Shalaev E. Structural Features of the Glassy State and Their Impact on the Solid-State Properties of Organic Molecules in Pharmaceutical Systems. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00186-2. [PMID: 38768756 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
This paper reviews the structure and properties of amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), including small molecules and proteins, in the glassy state (below the glass transition temperature, Tg). Amorphous materials in the neat state and formulated with excipients as miscible amorphous mixtures are included, and the role of absorbed water in affecting glass structure and stability has also been considered. We defined the term "structure" to indicate the way the various molecules in a glass interact with each other and form distinctive molecular arrangements as regions or domains of varying number of molecules, molecular packing, and density. Evidence is presented to suggest that such systems generally exist as heterogeneous structures made up of high-density domains surrounded by a lower density arrangement of molecules, termed the microstructure. It has been shown that the method of preparation and the time frame for handling and storage can give rise to variable glass structures and varying physical properties. Throughout this paper, examples are given of theoretical, computer simulation, and experimental studies which focus on the nature of intermolecular interactions, the size of heterogeneous higher density domains, and the impact of such systems on the relative physical and chemical stability of pharmaceutical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Zografi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ann Newman
- Seventh Street Development Group LLC, Kure Beach, NC, United States.
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2
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Gou X, Lu J, Zhao HY, Pei YR, Jin LY. Supramolecular nanostructures of coil-rod-coil molecules containing a 9,10-distyrylanthracene group in aqueous solution and their optical properties of assemblies. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:6683-6690. [PMID: 37609871 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00924f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of coil-rod-coil molecules containing a 9,10-distyrylanthracene (DSA) core was successfully synthesized. The flexible parts of these molecules are composed of different polyethylene oxide chains. These molecules with aggregation-induced luminescence properties can be assembled into micelles, spheres, and sheet-like nano-assemblies in aqueous solution and have a strong ability to form charge-transfer complexes with the electron-deficient small molecules 2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. Interestingly, under ultraviolet light irradiation, the DSA structure undergoes photolysis and induces the disappearance of the aggregation-induced luminescence phenomena, giving these molecules application potential as a photodegradable material. In addition, these molecules are suitable organic dyes for information encryption and anti-counterfeiting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Gou
- Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
| | - Hui-Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
| | - Yi-Rong Pei
- Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
| | - Long Yi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
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3
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Cheng S, Lee Y, Yu J, Yu L, Ediger MD. Surface Equilibration Mechanism Controls the Stability of a Model Codeposited Glass Mixture of Organic Semiconductors. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4297-4303. [PMID: 37129465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
While previous work has identified the conditions for preparing ultrastable single-component organic glasses by physical vapor deposition (PVD), little is known about the stability of codeposited mixtures. Here, we prepared binary PVD glasses of organic semiconductors, TPD (N,N'-Bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine) and m-MTDATA (4,4',4″-Tris[phenyl(m-tolyl)amino]triphenylamine), with a 50:50 mass concentration over a wide range of substrate temperatures (Tsub). The enthalpy and kinetic stability are evaluated with differential scanning calorimetry and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Binary organic semiconductor glasses with exceptional thermodynamic and kinetic stability comparable to the most stable single-component organic glasses are obtained when deposited at Tsub = 0.78-0.90Tg (where Tg is the conventional glass transition temperature). When deposited at 0.94Tg, the enthalpy of the m-MTDATA/TPD glass equals that expected for the equilibrium liquid at that temperature. Thus, the surface equilibration mechanism previously advanced for single-component PVD glasses is also applicable for these codeposited glasses. These results provide an avenue for designing high-performance organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinian Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yejung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Junguang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - M D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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4
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Ediger MD, Gruebele M, Lubchenko V, Wolynes PG. Glass Dynamics Deep in the Energy Landscape. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9052-9068. [PMID: 34357766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
When a liquid is cooled, progress down the energy landscape is arrested near the glass transition temperature Tg. In principle, lower energy states can be accessed by waiting for further equilibration, but the rough energy landscape of glasses quickly leads to kinetics on geologically slow time scales below Tg. Over the past decade, progress has been made probing deeper into the energy landscape via several techniques. By looking at bulk and surface diffusion, using layered deposition that promotes equilibration, imaging glass surfaces with faster dynamics below Tg, and optically exciting glasses, experiments have moved into a regime of ultrastable, low energy glasses that was difficult to access in the past. At the same time, both simulations and energy landscape theory based on a random first order transition (RFOT) have tackled systems that include surfaces, optical excitation, and interfacial dynamics. Here we review some of the recent experimental work, and how energy landscape theory illuminates glassy dynamics well below the glass transition temperature by making direct connections between configurational entropy, energy landscape barriers, and the resulting dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Martin Gruebele
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Vassiliy Lubchenko
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, and the Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Peter G Wolynes
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, Biosciences, Materials Science and Nanoengineering, and the Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Zuhaib A, Urquhart SG. Internal molecular conformation of organic glasses: A NEXAFS study. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:034503. [PMID: 34293907 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of the exceptional stability of molecular glasses grown by physical vapor deposition (PVD) is not well understood. Differences in glass density have been correlated with thermodynamic stability for thin films of N,N'-Bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine (TPD) grown by PVD at specific substrate temperatures below the glass transition temperature. However, the relationship between the internal conformation of glass molecules and the thermodynamic properties of molecular glasses is not well studied. We use carbon 1s near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy to examine different TPD sample preparations in which differences in the thermodynamic stability of the glass are known. Density functional theory simulations of the NEXAFS spectra of TPD allow us to attribute spectroscopic differences to changes in the internal conformation of the TPD molecule and relate this conformation to the stability of the TPD glass. This provides a direct experimental measurement of the internal conformation of molecules forming an organic glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amara Zuhaib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Treaty Six Territory, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Stephen G Urquhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Treaty Six Territory, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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Bagchi K, Ediger MD. Controlling Structure and Properties of Vapor-Deposited Glasses of Organic Semiconductors: Recent Advances and Challenges. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6935-6945. [PMID: 32787194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen great progress in manipulating the structure of vapor-deposited glasses of organic semiconductors. Upon varying the substrate temperature during deposition, glasses with a wide range of density and molecular orientation can be prepared from a given molecule. We review recent studies that show the structure of vapor-deposited glasses can be tuned to significantly improve the external quantum efficiency and lifetime of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). We highlight the ability of molecular simulations to reproduce experimentally observed structures, setting the stage for in silico design of vapor-deposited glasses in the coming decade. Finally, we identify research opportunities for improving the properties of organic semiconductors by controlling the structure of vapor-deposited glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Bagchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Qiu Y, Bieser ME, Ediger MD. Dense Glass Packing Can Slow Reactions with an Atmospheric Gas. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10124-10130. [PMID: 31692348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous work utilizing crystal polymorphs has established the importance of the molecular packing environment for modulating solid-gas reactivity. Here, we show, for the first time, that the chemical stability of an amorphous material in contact with a reactive gas can be significantly improved by controlling glass packing. We utilize the reaction of indomethacin with ammonia as this system has been well-characterized for crystalline polymorphs. For these experiments, physical vapor deposition (PVD) is used to prepare glasses of indomethacin with a range of densities and thermal stabilities. The indomethacin-ammonia reactivity is assessed through the increase in mass of glassy thin films exposed to ammonia gas, as characterized by a quartz crystal microbalance. Indomethacin glasses vapor-deposited at substrate temperatures below the glass transition temperature (Tg) show unprecedented decrease in reaction rates relative to the liquid-cooled glass, by as much as 1 order of magnitude, with the densest glasses having the slowest reactions. The diminished solubility of ammonia in dense PVD glasses is found to be a major factor in their remarkable chemical stability. As chemically stable amorphous solids are in demand for applications including pharmaceuticals and organic electronics, this work provides a strategy to improve performance of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qiu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Michael E Bieser
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - M D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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Samanta S, Huang G, Gao G, Zhang Y, Zhang A, Wolf S, Woods CN, Jin Y, Walsh PJ, Fakhraai Z. Exploring the Importance of Surface Diffusion in Stability of Vapor-Deposited Organic Glasses. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4108-4117. [PMID: 30998844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Stable glasses are formed during physical vapor deposition (PVD), through the surface-mediated equilibration process. Understanding surface relaxation dynamics is important in understanding the details of this process. Direct measurements of the surface relaxation times in molecular glass systems are challenging. As such, surface diffusion measurements have been used in the past as a proxy for the surface relaxation process. In this study, we show that the absence of enhanced surface diffusion is not a reliable predictor of reduced ability to produce stable glasses. To demonstrate, we have prepared stable glasses (SGs) from two structurally similar organic molecules, 1,3-bis(1-naphthyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)benzene (TNB) and 9-(3,5-di(naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl)anthracene (α,α-A), with similar density increase and improved kinetic stability as compared to their liquid-quenched (LQ) counterparts. The surface diffusion values of these glasses were measured both in the LQ and SG states below their glass transition temperatures ( Tgs) using gold nanorod probes. While TNB shows enhanced surface diffusion in both SG and LQ states, no significant surface Tg diffusion is observed on the surface of α,α-A within our experimental time scales. However, isothermal dewetting experiments on ultrathin films of both molecules below Tg indicate the existence of enhanced dynamics in ultrathin films for both molecules, indirectly showing the existence of an enhanced mobile surface layer. Both films produce stable glasses, which is another indication for the existence of the mobile surface layer. Our results suggest that lateral surface diffusion may not be a good proxy for enhanced surface relaxation dynamics required to produce stable glasses, and thus, other types of measurements to directly probe the surface relaxation times may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Samanta
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Georgia Huang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Gui Gao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Aixi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Sarah Wolf
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Connor N Woods
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
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9
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Douglass I, Harrowell P. Formation of Ultrastable Glasses via Precipitation: A Modeling Study. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:088003. [PMID: 30932562 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.088003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The precipitation of a glass forming solute from solution is modeled using a lattice model previously introduced to study dissolution kinetics of amorphous materials. The model includes the enhancement of kinetics at the surface of a glass in contact with a plasticizing solvent. We demonstrate that precipitation can produce a glass substantially more stable than that produced by very long time annealing of the bulk glass former. The energy of these ultrastable amorphous precipitates is found to be dominated by residual solvent rather than high energy glass configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Douglass
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Harrowell
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 New South Wales, Australia
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Qiu Y, Antony LW, Torkelson JM, de Pablo JJ, Ediger MD. Tenfold increase in the photostability of an azobenzene guest in vapor-deposited glass mixtures. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:204503. [PMID: 30501262 DOI: 10.1063/1.5052003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements to the photostability of organic glasses for use in electronic applications have generally relied on the modification of the chemical structure. We show here that the photostability of a guest molecule can also be significantly improved-without chemical modification-by using physical vapor deposition to pack molecules more densely. Photoisomerization of the substituted azobenzene, 4,4'-diphenyl azobenzene, was studied in a vapor-deposited glass matrix of celecoxib. We directly measure photoisomerization of trans- to cis-states via Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and show that the rate of photoisomerization depends upon the substrate temperature used during co-deposition of the glass. Photostability correlates reasonably with the density of the glass, where the optimum glass is about tenfold more photostable than the liquid-cooled glass. Molecular simulations, which mimic photoisomerization, also demonstrate that photoreaction of a guest molecule can be suppressed in vapor-deposited glasses. From the simulations, we estimate that the region that is disrupted by a single photoisomerization event encompasses approximately 5 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Lucas W Antony
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - John M Torkelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Juan J de Pablo
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - M D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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