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Luo Y, Gu M, Park M, Fang X, Kwon Y, Urueña JM, Read de Alaniz J, Helgeson ME, Marchetti CM, Valentine MT. Molecular-scale substrate anisotropy, crowding and division drive collective behaviours in cell monolayers. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20230160. [PMID: 37403487 PMCID: PMC10320338 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to reorganize in response to external stimuli is important in areas ranging from morphogenesis to tissue engineering. While nematic order is common in biological tissues, it typically only extends to small regions of cells interacting via steric repulsion. On isotropic substrates, elongated cells can co-align due to steric effects, forming ordered but randomly oriented finite-size domains. However, we have discovered that flat substrates with nematic order can induce global nematic alignment of dense, spindle-like cells, thereby influencing cell organization and collective motion and driving alignment on the scale of the entire tissue. Remarkably, single cells are not sensitive to the substrate's anisotropy. Rather, the emergence of global nematic order is a collective phenomenon that requires both steric effects and molecular-scale anisotropy of the substrate. To quantify the rich set of behaviours afforded by this system, we analyse velocity, positional and orientational correlations for several thousand cells over days. The establishment of global order is facilitated by enhanced cell division along the substrate's nematic axis, and associated extensile stresses that restructure the cells' actomyosin networks. Our work provides a new understanding of the dynamics of cellular remodelling and organization among weakly interacting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Mengyang Gu
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Minwook Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Xinyi Fang
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Younghoon Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Urueña
- BioPACIFIC MIP, California NanoSystems Institute, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Matthew E. Helgeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Cristina M. Marchetti
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Megan T. Valentine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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2
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Moxon SR, Richards D, Dobre O, Wong LS, Swift J, Richardson SM. Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Morphology Using Hydrogel Substrates with Tunable Topography and Photoswitchable Stiffness. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245338. [PMID: 36559706 PMCID: PMC9788018 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell function can be directly influenced by the mechanical and structural properties of the extracellular environment. In particular, cell morphology and phenotype can be regulated via the modulation of both the stiffness and surface topography of cell culture substrates. Previous studies have highlighted the ability to design cell culture substrates to optimise cell function. Many such examples, however, employ photo-crosslinkable polymers with a terminal stiffness or surface profile. This study presents a system of polyacrylamide hydrogels, where the surface topography can be tailored and the matrix stiffness can be altered in situ with photoirradiation. The process allows for the temporal regulation of the extracellular environment. Specifically, the surface topography can be tailored via reticulation parameters to include creased features with control over the periodicity, length and branching. The matrix stiffness can also be dynamically tuned via exposure to an appropriate dosage and wavelength of light, thus, allowing for the temporal regulation of the extracellular environment. When cultured on the surface of the hydrogels, the morphology and alignment of immortalised human mesenchymal stem cells can be directly influenced through the tailoring of surface creases, while cell size can be altered via changes in matrix stiffness. This system offers a new platform to study cellular mechanosensing and the influence of extracellular cues on cell phenotype and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R. Moxon
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- The Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - David Richards
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Oana Dobre
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Advanced Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - Lu Shin Wong
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
- Correspondence: (L.S.W.); (J.S.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Joe Swift
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Correspondence: (L.S.W.); (J.S.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Stephen M. Richardson
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Correspondence: (L.S.W.); (J.S.); (S.M.R.)
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Killeen A, Bertrand T, Lee CF. Polar Fluctuations Lead to Extensile Nematic Behavior in Confluent Tissues. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:078001. [PMID: 35244433 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.078001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
How can a collection of motile cells, each generating contractile nematic stresses in isolation, become an extensile nematic at the tissue level? Understanding this seemingly contradictory experimental observation, which occurs irrespective of whether the tissue is in the liquid or solid states, is not only crucial to our understanding of diverse biological processes, but is also of fundamental interest to soft matter and many-body physics. Here, we resolve this cellular to tissue level disconnect in the small fluctuation regime by using analytical theories based on hydrodynamic descriptions of confluent tissues, in both liquid and solid states. Specifically, we show that a collection of microscopic constituents with no inherently nematic extensile forces can exhibit active extensile nematic behavior when subject to polar fluctuating forces. We further support our findings by performing cell level simulations of minimal models of confluent tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Killeen
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Thibault Bertrand
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Chiu Fan Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Lavrentovich OD. Design of nematic liquid crystals to control microscale dynamics. LIQUID CRYSTALS REVIEWS 2021; 8:59-129. [PMID: 34956738 PMCID: PMC8698256 DOI: 10.1080/21680396.2021.1919576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of small particles, both living such as swimming bacteria and inanimate, such as colloidal spheres, has fascinated scientists for centuries. If one could learn how to control and streamline their chaotic motion, that would open technological opportunities in the transformation of stored or environmental energy into systematic motion, with applications in micro-robotics, transport of matter, guided morphogenesis. This review presents an approach to command microscale dynamics by replacing an isotropic medium with a liquid crystal. Orientational order and associated properties, such as elasticity, surface anchoring, and bulk anisotropy, enable new dynamic effects, ranging from the appearance and propagation of particle-like solitary waves to self-locomotion of an active droplet. By using photoalignment, the liquid crystal can be patterned into predesigned structures. In the presence of the electric field, these patterns enable the transport of solid and fluid particles through nonlinear electrokinetics rooted in anisotropy of conductivity and permittivity. Director patterns command the dynamics of swimming bacteria, guiding their trajectories, polarity of swimming, and distribution in space. This guidance is of a higher level of complexity than a simple following of the director by rod-like microorganisms. Namely, the director gradients mediate hydrodynamic interactions of bacteria to produce an active force and collective polar modes of swimming. The patterned director could also be engraved in a liquid crystal elastomer. When an elastomer coating is activated by heat or light, these patterns produce a deterministic surface topography. The director gradients define an activation force that shapes the elastomer in a manner similar to the active stresses triggering flows in active nematics. The patterned elastomer substrates could be used to define the orientation of cells in living tissues. The liquid-crystal guidance holds a major promise in achieving the goal of commanding microscale active flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg D Lavrentovich
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Department of Physics, Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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5
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Krajnik Ž, Kos Ž, Ravnik M. Spectral energy analysis of bulk three-dimensional active nematic turbulence. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9059-9068. [PMID: 32901629 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02492a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We perform energy spectrum analysis of the active turbulence in a 3D bulk active nematic using continuum numerical modelling. Specifically, we calculate the spectra of the two main energy contributions - kinetic energy and nematic elastic energy - and combine this with the geometrical analysis of the nematic order and flow fields, based on direct defect tracking and calculation of autocorrelations. We show that the active nematic elastic energy is concentrated at scales corresponding to the effective defect-to-defect separation, scaling with activity as ∼ζ0.5, whereas the kinetic energy is largest at somewhat larger scales of typically several 100 nematic correlation lengths. Nematic biaxiality is shown to have no role in active turbulence at most length scales, but can affect the nematic elastic energy by an order of magnitude at scales of the active defect core size. The effect of an external aligning field on the 3D active turbulence is explored, showing a transition from an effective active turbulent to an aligned regime. The work is aimed at providing a contribution towards understanding active turbulence in general three-dimensions, from the perspective of main energy-relevant mechanisms at different length scales of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Krajnik
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Žiga Kos
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Miha Ravnik
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. and JoŽef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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6
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Turiv T, Krieger J, Babakhanova G, Yu H, Shiyanovskii SV, Wei QH, Kim MH, Lavrentovich OD. Topology control of human fibroblast cells monolayer by liquid crystal elastomer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz6485. [PMID: 32426499 PMCID: PMC7220327 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz6485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells in living tissues form dynamic patterns with spatially varying orientational order that affects important physiological processes such as apoptosis and cell migration. The challenge is how to impart a predesigned map of orientational order onto a growing tissue. Here, we demonstrate an approach to produce cell monolayers of human dermal fibroblasts with predesigned orientational patterns and topological defects using a photoaligned liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) that swells anisotropically in an aqueous medium. The patterns inscribed into the LCE are replicated by the tissue monolayer and cause a strong spatial variation of cells phenotype, their surface density, and number density fluctuations. Unbinding dynamics of defect pairs intrinsic to active matter is suppressed by anisotropic surface anchoring allowing the estimation of the elastic characteristics of the tissues. The demonstrated patterned LCE approach has potential to control the collective behavior of cells in living tissues, cell differentiation, and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Turiv
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.T.); (O.D.L.)
| | - Jess Krieger
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Greta Babakhanova
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Hao Yu
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Sergij V. Shiyanovskii
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Qi-Huo Wei
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Min-Ho Kim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Oleg D. Lavrentovich
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.T.); (O.D.L.)
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Assoian RK, Bade ND, Cameron CV, Stebe KJ. Cellular sensing of micron-scale curvature: a frontier in understanding the microenvironment. Open Biol 2019; 9:190155. [PMID: 31640476 PMCID: PMC6833222 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of cell biological studies examine function and molecular mechanisms using cells on flat surfaces: glass, plastic and more recently elastomeric polymers. While these studies have provided a wealth of valuable insight, they fail to consider that most biologically occurring surfaces are curved, with a radius of curvature roughly corresponding to the length scale of cells themselves. Here, we review recent studies showing that cells detect and respond to these curvature cues by adjusting and re-orienting their cell bodies, actin fibres and nuclei as well as by changing their transcriptional programme. Modelling substratum curvature has the potential to provide fundamental new insight into cell behaviour and function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Assoian
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nathan D Bade
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Caroline V Cameron
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen J Stebe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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