1
|
Suwa M, Tsukahara S, Watarai H. Applications of magnetic and electromagnetic forces in micro-analytical systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1097-1127. [PMID: 36636900 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00702a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Novel applications of magnetic fields in analytical chemistry have become a remarkable trend in the last two decades. Various magnetic forces have been employed for the migration, orientation, manipulation, and trapping of microparticles, and new analytical platforms for separating and detecting molecules have been proposed. Magnetic materials such as functional magnetic nanoparticles, magnetic nanocomposites, and specially designed magnetic solids and liquids have also been developed for analytical purposes. Numerous attractive applications of magnetic and electromagnetic forces on magnetic and non-magnetic materials have been studied, but fundamental studies to understand the working principles of magnetic forces have been challenging. These studies will form a new field of magneto-analytical science, which should be developed as an interdisciplinary field. In this review, essential pioneering works and recent attractive developments are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Suwa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - S Tsukahara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - H Watarai
- R3 Institute for Newly-Emerging Science Design, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Suwa M, Uotani A, Tojo Y, Onodera R, Tsukahara S. Orientational Dynamics of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in a Hydrogel: Observation by Magnetic Linear Dichroism under Oscillating Field. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:9708-9719. [PMID: 35880857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For the success of biomedical applications of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MION), such as magnetic hyperthermia and magnetic particle imaging, it is essential to understand the orientational dynamics of MION in a complex fluid under an alternating field. Here, using the magnetic linear dichroism (MLD) measurement, we directly observed the orientational behavior of MION in a hydrogel under a damped oscillating magnetic field (DOMF) of 33 kHz in frequency. Hydrophobically modified ethoxylated urethane (HEUR) is examined as the network polymer because the mesh size of the network is controllable with its concentration. We used two MIONs: a bare MION (MION1) and a MION coated with an amphiphilic polymer (MION2). Where the mesh size of the gel network is larger than the particle's hydrodynamic diameter, MION1 in the hydrogel rotates in the same manner in a simple solution, although the macroscopic rheological property of the medium is quite different. Meanwhile, the orientational behavior of MION2 is dramatically changed by the addition of HEUR molecules even below the minimum gelation concentration, indicating that MION2 is associated with the flower micelles of HEUR. By analyzing the MLD waveform, the orientational behavior of MION1 in the HEUR gel under a DOMF can be explained with single-mode relaxation, whereas that of MION2 is complicated; a rapid partial rotation near the particle and a whole slow rotation of the particle-flower micelle associate are superimposed. It is hard to distinguish this difference in orientational behaviors from the dynamic magnetization curve because the dominant magnetization reversal process is Néel rotation, the rotation of the magnetic moment in the particle. The MLD measurement is a potential tool for optimizing biomedical techniques utilizing MIONs and for nanorheology or colloid science in a complex matrix such as a hydrogel or cytoplasmic matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayori Suwa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akira Uotani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuki Tojo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Reisho Onodera
- Ibaraki Collage, National Institute of Technology, 866 Nakane, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki 312-8573, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsukahara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maurya MK, Ruscher C, Mukherji D, Singh MK. Computational indentation in highly cross-linked polymer networks. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:014501. [PMID: 35974630 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.014501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Indentation is a common experimental technique to study the mechanics of polymeric materials. The main advantage of using indentation is this provides a direct correlation between the microstructure and the small-scale mechanical response, which is otherwise difficult within the standard tensile testing. The majority of studies have investigated hydrogels, microgels, elastomers, and even soft biomaterials. However, a less investigated system is the indentation in highly cross-linked polymer (HCP) networks, where the complex network structure plays a key role in dictating their physical properties. In this work, we investigate the structure-property relationship in HCP networks using the computational indentation of a generic model. We establish a correlation between the local bond breaking, network rearrangement, and small-scale mechanics. The results are compared with the elastic-plastic deformation model. HCPs harden upon indentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Maurya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur UP 208016, India
| | - Céline Ruscher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada BC V6T 1Z4
| | - Debashish Mukherji
- Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada BC V6T 1Z4
| | - Manjesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur UP 208016, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Witt MU, Landers J, Hinrichs S, Salamon S, Kopp J, Hankiewicz B, Wende H, von Klitzing R. Magnetic response of CoFe 2O 4 nanoparticles confined in a PNIPAM microgel network. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:1089-1099. [PMID: 35037679 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01597d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The paper addresses coupling of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with the polymer matrix of temperature-sensitive microgels and their response to magnetic fields. Therefore, CoFe2O4@CA (CA = citric acid) NPs are embedded within N-isopropylacrylamid (NIPAM) based microgels. The volume phase transition (VPT) of the magnetic microgels and the respective pure microgels is studied by dynamic light scattering and electrophoretic mobility measurements. The interaction between MNPs and microgel network is studied via magnetometry and AC-susceptometry using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The data show a significant change of the magnetic properties by crossing the VPT temperature (VPTT). The change is related to the increased confinement of the MNP due to the shrinking of the microgels. Modifying the microgel with hydrophobic allyl mercaptan (AM) affects the swelling ability and the magnetic response, i.e. the coupling of MNPs with the polymer matrix. Modeling the AC-susceptibility data results in an effective size distribution. This distribution represents the varying degree of constraint in MNP rotation and motion by the microgel network. These findings help to understand the interaction between MNPs and the microgel matrix to design multi responsive systems with tunable particle matrix coupling strength for future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus U Witt
- Department of Physics, Soft Matter at Interfaces, Technical University Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Joachim Landers
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hinrichs
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Hamburg University, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Soma Salamon
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Juri Kopp
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Hankiewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Hamburg University, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Wende
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Regine von Klitzing
- Department of Physics, Soft Matter at Interfaces, Technical University Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Danielsen SPO, Beech HK, Wang S, El-Zaatari BM, Wang X, Sapir L, Ouchi T, Wang Z, Johnson PN, Hu Y, Lundberg DJ, Stoychev G, Craig SL, Johnson JA, Kalow JA, Olsen BD, Rubinstein M. Molecular Characterization of Polymer Networks. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5042-5092. [PMID: 33792299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymer networks are complex systems consisting of molecular components. Whereas the properties of the individual components are typically well understood by most chemists, translating that chemical insight into polymer networks themselves is limited by the statistical and poorly defined nature of network structures. As a result, it is challenging, if not currently impossible, to extrapolate from the molecular behavior of components to the full range of performance and properties of the entire polymer network. Polymer networks therefore present an unrealized, important, and interdisciplinary opportunity to exert molecular-level, chemical control on material macroscopic properties. A barrier to sophisticated molecular approaches to polymer networks is that the techniques for characterizing the molecular structure of networks are often unfamiliar to many scientists. Here, we present a critical overview of the current characterization techniques available to understand the relation between the molecular properties and the resulting performance and behavior of polymer networks, in the absence of added fillers. We highlight the methods available to characterize the chemistry and molecular-level properties of individual polymer strands and junctions, the gelation process by which strands form networks, the structure of the resulting network, and the dynamics and mechanics of the final material. The purpose is not to serve as a detailed manual for conducting these measurements but rather to unify the underlying principles, point out remaining challenges, and provide a concise overview by which chemists can plan characterization strategies that suit their research objectives. Because polymer networks cannot often be sufficiently characterized with a single method, strategic combinations of multiple techniques are typically required for their molecular characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P O Danielsen
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Haley K Beech
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Bassil M El-Zaatari
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaodi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | | | - Zi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Patricia N Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - David J Lundberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Georgi Stoychev
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,World Primer Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pfeifer C, Cavalli F, Huber B, Theato P, Barner L, Wilhelm M. Investigation of the Porosity of Poly(sodium methacrylate) Hydrogels by
1
H‐NMR
T
2
‐Relaxation and Inverse Size‐Exclusion Chromatography. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Pfeifer
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Engesserstrasse 18 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Federica Cavalli
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Engesserstrasse 18 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Birgit Huber
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory Institute for Biological Interfaces III (IBG3) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Engesserstrasse 18 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory Institute for Biological Interfaces III (IBG3) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Leonie Barner
- Centre for Materials Science School of Chemistry and Physics Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology 2 George St Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Engesserstrasse 18 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Seifert J, Koch K, Hess M, Schmidt AM. Magneto-mechanical coupling of single domain particles in soft matter systems. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Combining inorganic magnetic particles with complex soft matrices such as liquid crystals, biological fluids, gels, or elastomers, allows access to a plethora of magnetoactive effects that are useful for sensing and actuation perspectives, allowing inter alia to explore and manipulate material properties on the nanoscale. The article provides a comprehensive summary of recent advancement on employing magnetic nanoparticles either as tracers for dynamic processes, or as nanoscopic actuating units. By variation of the particle characteristics in terms of size, shape, surface functionality, and magnetic behavior, the interaction between the probe or actuator particles and their environment can be systematically tailored in wide ranges, giving insight into the relevant structure–property relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Seifert
- Chemistry Department , Universität zu Köln , Köln , Nordrhein-Westfalen , Germany
| | - Karin Koch
- Chemistry Department , Universität zu Köln , Köln , Nordrhein-Westfalen , Germany
| | - Melissa Hess
- Chemistry Department , Universität zu Köln , Köln , Nordrhein-Westfalen , Germany
| | - Annette M. Schmidt
- Chemistry Department , Universität zu Köln , Köln , Nordrhein-Westfalen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hess M, Gratz M, Remmer H, Webers S, Landers J, Borin D, Ludwig F, Wende H, Odenbach S, Tschöpe A, Schmidt AM. Scale-dependent particle diffusivity and apparent viscosity in polymer solutions as probed by dynamic magnetic nanorheology. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7562-7575. [PMID: 32716420 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00747d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In several upcoming rheological approaches, including methods of micro- and nanorheology, the measurement geometry is of critical impact on the interpretation of the results. The relative size of the probe objects employed (as compared to the intrinsic length scales of the sample to be investigated) becomes of crucial importance, and there is increasing interest to investigate the dynamic processes and mobility in nanostructured materials. A combination of different rheological approaches based on the rotation of magnetically blocked nanoprobes is used to systematically investigate the size-dependent diffusion behavior in aqueous poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) solutions with special attention paid to the relation of probe size to characteristic length scales within the polymer solutions. We employ two types of probe particles: nickel rods of hydrodynamic length Lh between 200 nm and 650 nm, and cobalt ferrite spheres with diameter dh between 13 nm and 23 nm, and examine the influence of particle size and shape on the nanorheological information obtained in model polymer solutions based on two related, dynamic-magnetic approaches. The results confirm that as long as the investigated solutions are not entangled, and the particles are much larger than the macromolecular correlation length, a good accordance between macroscopic and nanoscopic results, whereas a strong size-dependent response is observed in cases where the particles are of similar size or smaller than the radius of gyration Rg or the correlation length ξ of the polymer solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hess
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Luxemburger Str. 116, D-50939 Köln, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Falco G, Griffiths P, Coutouly C, Fustin CA, Baeza GP. Supramolecular Superparamagnetic Nanocomposites Based on a Magnetite-Filled Unentangled Terpyridine-Functionalized Polymer. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Falco
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS, UMR 5510, 7 Avenue Jean Capelle, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pablo Griffiths
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS, UMR 5510, 7 Avenue Jean Capelle, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Clément Coutouly
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Bio and Soft Matter Division (BSMA), Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis
Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Charles-André Fustin
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Bio and Soft Matter Division (BSMA), Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis
Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Guilhem P. Baeza
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS, UMR 5510, 7 Avenue Jean Capelle, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hess M, Roeben E, Rochels P, Zylla M, Webers S, Wende H, Schmidt AM. Size effects on rotational particle diffusion in complex fluids as probed by Magnetic Particle Nanorheology. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:26525-26539. [PMID: 31778132 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04083h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rheological approaches based on micro- or nanoscopic probe objects are of interest due to the low volume requirement, the option of spatially resolved probing, and the minimal-invasive nature often connected to such probes. For the study of microstructured systems or biological environments, such methods show potential for investigating the local, size-dependent diffusivity and particle-matrix interactions. For the latter, the relative length scale of the used probes compared to the size of the structural units of the matrix becomes relevant. In this study, a rotational-dynamic approach based on Magnetic Particle Nanorheology (MPN) is used to extract size- and frequency-dependent nanorheological properties by using an otherwise well-established polymer model system. We use magnetically blocked CoFe2O4 nanoparticles as tracers and systematically vary their hydrodynamic size by coating them with a silica shell. On the polymer side, we employ aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) by varying molar mass M and volume fraction φ. The complex Brownian relaxation behavior of the tracer particles in solutions of systematically varied composition is investigated by means of AC susceptometry (ACS), and the results provide access to frequency dependent rheological properties. The size-dependent particle diffusivity is evaluated based on theoretical descriptions and macroscopic measurements. The results allow the classification of the investigated compositions into three regimes, taking into account the probe particle size and the length scales of the polymer solution. While a fuzzy cross-over is indicated between the well-known macroscopic behavior and structurally dominated spectra, where the hydrodynamic radius is equal to the radius of gyration of the polymer (rh ∼ Rg), the frequency-related scaling behavior is dominated by the correlation length ξ respectively by the tube diameter a in entangled solutions for rh < Rg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hess
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Luxemburger Str. 116, D-50939 Köln, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cavalli F, Pfeifer C, Arens L, Barner L, Wilhelm M. Analysis of the Local Mobility of RAFT Mediated Poly(acrylic acid) Networks via Low Field
1
H‐NMR Techniques for Investigation of the Network Topology. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cavalli
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratories Institute for Biological Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christoph Pfeifer
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Lukas Arens
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Leonie Barner
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratories Institute for Biological Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology 2 George St Brisbane Queensland 4000 Australia
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| |
Collapse
|