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Dauda AM, Swift T, Telford R, Abd El-Wahab HAA, Danta CC, Pors K, Ruiz A. Insight into the liposomal encapsulation of mono and bis-naphthalimides. RSC PHARMACEUTICS 2024; 1:272-282. [PMID: 38899150 PMCID: PMC11185046 DOI: 10.1039/d3pm00060e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Mitonafide-loaded liposomes are a promising strategy to overcome the neurotoxicity observed in clinical trials for this drug. This study investigates the influence of loaded mitonafide or a dimer analogue on different liposomal formulations and their therapeutic efficacy in vitro. Physicochemical properties of the liposomes were manipulated using different loading methods (namely bilayer or core loading) and varying the rigidity of the bilayer using distinct phospholipid compositions. Our results demonstrated that the mitonafide dimer analogue had a comparable encapsulation efficiency (EE%) into the liposomes when loaded into rigid or flexible bilayers in contrast to the low mitonafide monomer EE%. A pH gradient core loading method resulted in a more efficient mechanism to load the monomer into the liposomes. DOSY NMR and spectrofluorometric studies revealed key differences in the structure of the vesicles and the arrangement of the monomer or the dimer in the bilayer or the core of the liposomes. The in vitro assessment of the formulations using MDA-MB-231 and RT-112 cells revealed that a flexible lipid bilayer allows a faster drug release, which correlated well with the spectroscopy studies. This study investigated for the first time that the characteristics of the lipid bilayer and the loading method influence the encapsulation efficacy, colloidal properties, photoactivity and stability of mono and bis-naphthalimides loaded in a liposomal carrier, essential factors that will impact the performance of the formulation in a biological scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Magaji Dauda
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford Bradford UK
| | - Thomas Swift
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford Bradford UK
| | - Richard Telford
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford Bradford UK
| | - Hend A A Abd El-Wahab
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford Bradford UK
| | - Chhanda Charan Danta
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford Bradford UK
| | - Klaus Pors
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford Bradford UK
| | - Amalia Ruiz
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford Bradford UK
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Chen JJ, Guo Y, Wang R, Yang HZ, Yu XQ, Zhang J. Cationic lipids from multi-component Passerini reaction for non-viral gene delivery: A structure-activity relationship study. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 100:117635. [PMID: 38340641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Although many types of cationic lipids have been developed as efficient gene vectors, the construction of lipid molecules with simple procedures remains challenging. Passerini reaction, as a classic multicomponent reaction, could directly give the α-acyloxycarboxamide products with biodegradable ester and amide bonds. Herein, two series of novel cationic lipids with heterocyclic pyrrolidine and piperidine as headgroups were synthesized through Passerini reaction (P-series) and amide condensation (A-series), and relevant structure-activity relationships on their gene delivery capability was studied. It was found that although both of the two series of lipids could form lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) which could effectively condense DNA, the LNP derived from P-series lipids showed higher transfection efficiency, serum tolerance, cellular uptake, and lower cytotoxicity. Unlike the A-series LNPs, the P-series LNPs showed quite different structure-activity relationship, in which the relative site of the secondary amine had significant effect on the transfection performance. The othro-isomers of the P-series lipids had lower cytotoxicity, but poor transfection efficiency, which was probably due to their unstable nature. Taken together, this study not only validated the feasibility of Passerini reaction for the construction of cationic lipids for gene delivery, but also afforded some clues for the rational design of effective non-viral lipidic gene vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Chen
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Yu Guo
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Hui-Zhen Yang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Ji Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China.
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Wang J, Wang D, Du TT, Yi WJ, Liu Q. Reducible amino acid based cationic lipids with a naphthalimide moiety as non-viral gene vehicles. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198221145850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Three basic amino acid–based cationic lipids bearing a fluorescent naphthalimide moiety and a reducible disulfide linkage are synthesized and applied as non-viral gene vehicles. Their DNA interactions are investigated by agarose-gel retardant and ethidium bromide replacement assays. The sizes and zeta potentials of the liposome/DNA complexes are measured by dynamic light scattering. The cytotoxicities of the liposome/DNA complexes are examined using HeLa and 7702 cell lines by MTT assays. The glutathione-responsive DNA release process is studied through time-dependent fluorescence assays. Luciferase gene expression showed the transfection efficiency of the liposome is dramatically increased in the presence of 10% serum. Confocal laser scanning microscopy studies corroborated that the liposome/DNA complexes are successfully uptaken into HeLa cells. These results demonstrate the promising use of amino acids and naphthalimide-containing lipids for safe and efficient gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Deyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Du
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jing Yi
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gene delivery vectors are a crucial determinant for gene therapeutic efficacy. Usually, it is necessary to use an excess of cationic vectors to achieve better transfection efficiency. However, it will cause severe cytotoxicity. In addition, cationic vectors are not resistant to serum, suffering from reduced transfection efficiency by forming large aggregates. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop optimized gene delivery vectors. Recently, fluorination of vectors has been extensively applied to increase the gene delivery performance because of the unique properties of both hydrophobicity and lipophobicity, and chemical and biological inertness. AREAS COVERED This review will discuss the fluorophilic effects that impact gene delivery efficiency, and chemical modification approaches for fluorination. Next, recent advances and applications of fluorinated polymeric and lipidic vectors in gene therapy and gene editing are summarized. EXPERT OPINION Fluorinated vectors are a promising candidate for gene delivery. However, it still needs further studies to obtain pure and well-defined fluorinated polymers, guarantee the biosafety, and clarify the detailed mechanism. Apart from the improvements in gene delivery, exploiting other versatility of fluorinated vectors, such as oxygen-carrying ability, high affinity with fluorine-containing drugs, and imaging property upon introducing 19F, will further facilitate their applications in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wan
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yuhan Yang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Mingyu Wu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Shun Feng
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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Yadav P, Jain J, Sherje AP. Recent advances in nanocarriers-based drug delivery for cancer therapeutics: A review. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Yang HZ, Zhang J, Guo Y, Pu L, Yu XQ. A Fluorescent Self-Reporting Vector with GSH Reduction Responsiveness for Nucleic Acid Delivery. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5717-5726. [PMID: 35006755 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonviral gene vectors with stimulus responsiveness and self-reporting properties have broad application prospects in gene therapy. Herein, we developed a nanosized reduction-responsive cationic liposomal vector formed from DNS(Zn), in which a naphthalimide-sulfonamide group was used as the glutathione (GSH)-responsive group to generate a blue fluorescence signal at 458 nm. Macrocyclic polyamine (cyclen) was used as a cationic headgroup to facilitate Zn(II) coordination, which may reduce the cytotoxicity and improve transfection efficiency. The Zn-free and nonresponsive analogues were used for comparison. Fluorescent assays revealed that the GSH response of DNS(Zn) could increase the blue fluorescence signal and improve the DNA release in cells. The title material also showed higher positive ζ-potential than its nonresponsive analogue, resulting in stronger DNA binding ability and better cellular uptake. These advantages made DNS(Zn) a good candidate for nonviral gene delivery, and the transfection efficiency in HeLa cells was distinctly higher than that of its analogue and the commercially available transfection reagent. Besides plasmid DNA, DNS(Zn) could also deliver small interfering RNA (siRNA) with good gene silencing efficiency, extending the application of the liposomes. These results suggest that DNS(Zn) can serve as a highly efficient nucleic acid delivery vector with reduction-responsive fluorescence self-reporting ability in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Pu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, People's Republic of China
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Stimulus-responsive liposomes for biomedical applications. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1794-1824. [PMID: 34058372 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes are amphipathic lipidic supramolecular aggregates that are able to encapsulate and carry molecules of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature. They have been widely used as in vivo drug delivery systems for some time because they offer features such as synthetic flexibility, biodegradability, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and negligible toxicity. In recent years, the chemical modification of liposomes has paved the way to the development of smart liposome-based drug delivery systems, which are characterized by even more tunable and disease-directed features. In this review, we highlight the different types of chemical modification introduced to date, with a particular focus on internal stimuli-responsive liposomes and prodrug activation.
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Integration of [12]aneN3 and Acenaphtho[1,2-b]quinoxaline as non-viral gene vectors with two-photon property for enhanced DNA/siRNA delivery and bioimaging. Bioorg Chem 2021; 113:104983. [PMID: 34029935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon fluorescent Acenaphtho[1,2-b]quinoxaline (ANQ) and the hydrophilic di-(triazole-[12]aneN3) moieties were combined through an alkyl chain (ANQ-A-M) or a β-hairpin motif with two aromatic γ-amino acid residues (ANQ-H-M) to explore their capabilities for in vitro and in vivo gene delivery and tracing. ANQ-A-M and ANQ-H-M showed the same maximum absorption at 420 nm, and their fluorescent intensities around 650 nm were varied in different solvents and became poor in the protic solvents. Gel electrophoresis assays indicated that both compounds completely retarded the migration of pDNA at 20 μM in the presence of DOPE. However, the DNA condensation with ANQ-H-M was not reversible, and the particle size of the corresponding complexes were larger indicated from the SEM and DLS measurements. In vitro transfections indicated ANQ-A-M/DOPE achieved Luciferase and GFP expressions were to be 7.9- and 5.7-fold of those by Lipo2000 in A549 cells respectively. However, ANQ-H-M showed very poor transfection efficiency in Luciferase expression. With the help of single/two-photon fluorescence imaging it clearly demonstrated that the successful transfection of ANQ-A-M was attributed to its cellular uptake, apparent lysosomal escape, and reversible release of DNA; and the poor transfection of ANQ-H-M was resulted from the aggregation of the DNA complexes which prevented them from the cellular uptake, and also the strong binding ability which is not easy to release DNA. ANQ-A-M/DOPE also exhibited robust gene silencing (83% knockdown of Luciferase) and GFP expression (2.47-fold higher) efficiency compared with Lipo2000 in A549 and zebrafish, respectively. The work demonstrated that the linkage structure between fluorescent and di(triazole-[12]aneN3) played the important role for their gene delivery performance, and that ANQ-A-M represents a vector with the strong transfection efficiency in vitro and in vivo as well as the efficient real time bioimaging properties, which is potential for the development in biomedical research.
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Lv J, Cheng Y. Fluoropolymers in biomedical applications: state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5435-5467. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00258e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical applications of fluoropolymers in gene delivery, protein delivery, drug delivery, 19F MRI, PDT, anti-fouling, anti-bacterial, cell culture, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
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Mirhadi E, Mashreghi M, Faal Maleki M, Alavizadeh SH, Arabi L, Badiee A, Jaafari MR. Redox-sensitive nanoscale drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Li J, Wei YJ, Yang XL, Wu WX, Zhang MQ, Li MY, Hu ZE, Liu YH, Wang N, Yu XQ. Rational Construction of a Mitochondrial Targeting, Fluorescent Self-Reporting Drug-Delivery Platform for Combined Enhancement of Endogenous ROS Responsiveness. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:32432-32445. [PMID: 32573194 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To maximize the utilization and response to the high oxidative stress environment of tumor sites while avoiding the dilemma of enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) response in a single way, mitochondrial targeting combined with fluorescent self-reporting polymeric nanocarriers (1K-TPP and 2K-TPP) with grafted structures were synthesized via a chemoenzymatic method in a high yield to simultaneously enhance the drug delivery of endogenous ROS responses. 1K-TPP and 2K-TPP loaded doxorubicin (DOX) at a high content over 12% and formed homogeneous spherical micelles. In vitro, both of them showed promising high sensitivity (detection limit below 200 nM H2O2), fast response, and ratiometric fluorescent self-reporting properties (fluorescent enhancement more than 200 times) to ROS and excellent stability under physiological conditions, while achieving a rapid release of the DOX in response to 1 mM H2O2. Cell co-localization experiments exhibited that they had favorable mitochondrial targeting, and mitochondrial isolation experiments also confirmed that the TPP-modified 1K-TPP selectively accumulated nearly three times in mitochondria than that in total cells. The internalization of 1K-TPP and 2K-TPP into cancer cells was greatly improved by nearly 200% compared to that of unmodified control (1K-OH and 2K-OH) and also explored a unique energy-dependent endocytosis. Furthermore, stimulation of endogenous ROS enhanced the green fluorescence intensity (up to 51.4%) of the linked probe so as to destroy the internal structure of the nanocarriers, achieving self-reporting of the drug's intracellular release and tracking of the intracellular location of nanocarriers. The cytotoxicity of DOX-loaded 1K-TPP and 2K-TPP in tumor cells with a higher ROS content showed statistical superiority to that of 1K-OH and 2K-OH, benefiting from the extremely good endogenous ROS response sensitivity leading to the differential selective release of drugs. These results demonstrate the potential of 1K-TPP and 2K-TPP, especially for 1K-TPP, as mitochondria-targeted, fluorescent self-reporting nanocarriers for combined enhancement of endogenous ROS responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yun-Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xian-Ling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wan-Xia Wu
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Meng-Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Meng-Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zu-E Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Kumar P, Huo P, Liu B. Formulation Strategies for Folate-Targeted Liposomes and Their Biomedical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E381. [PMID: 31382369 PMCID: PMC6722551 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The folate receptor (FR) is a tumor-associated antigen that can bind with folic acid (FA) and its conjugates with high affinity and ingests the bound molecules inside the cell via the endocytic mechanism. A wide variety of payloads can be delivered to FR-overexpressed cells using folate as the ligand, ranging from small drug molecules to large DNA-containing macromolecules. A broad range of folate attached liposomes have been proven to be highly effective as the targeted delivery system. For the rational design of folate-targeted liposomes, an intense conceptual understanding combining chemical and biomedical points of view is necessary because of the interdisciplinary nature of the field. The fabrication of the folate-conjugated liposomes basically involves the attachment of FA with phospholipids, cholesterol or peptides before liposomal formulation. The present review aims to provide detailed information about the design and fabrication of folate-conjugated liposomes using FA attached uncleavable/cleavable phospholipids, cholesterol or peptides. Advances in the area of folate-targeted liposomes and their biomedical applications have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Kumar
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Xincun West Road 266, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Peipei Huo
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Xincun West Road 266, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Xincun West Road 266, Zibo 255000, China.
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Dai Y, Zhang X. MicroRNA Delivery with Bioreducible Polyethylenimine as a Non‐Viral Vector for Breast Cancer Gene Therapy. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1800445. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Geomaterials of Ministry of EducationFaculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Geomaterials of Ministry of EducationFaculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
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