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Krysztofik A, Pula P, Pochylski M, Zaleski K, Gapinski J, Majewski P, Graczykowski B. Fast Photoactuation and Environmental Response of Humidity-Sensitive pDAP-Silicon Nanocantilevers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403114. [PMID: 38781555 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Multi-responsive nanomembranes are a new class of advanced materials that can be harnessed in complex architectures for micro and nano-manipulators, artificial muscles, energy harvesting, soft robotics, and sensors. The design and fabrication of responsive membranes must meet such challenges as trade-offs between responsiveness and mechanical durability, volumetric low-cost production ensuring low environmental impact, and compatibility with standard technologies or biological systems This work demonstrates the fabrication of multi-responsive, mechanically robust poly(1,3-diaminopropane) (pDAP) nanomembranes and their application in fast photoactuators. The pDAP films are developed using a plasma-assisted polymerization technique that offers large-scale production and versatility of potential industrial relevance. The pDAP layers exhibit high elasticity with the Young's modulus of ≈7 GPa and remarkable mechanical durability across 20-80 °C temperatures. Notably, pDAP membranes reveal immediate and reversible contraction triggered by light, rising temperature, or reducing relative humidity underpinned by a reversible water sorption mechanism. These features enable the fabrication of photoactuators composed of pDAP-coated Si nanocantilevers, demonstrating ms timescale response to light, tens of µm deflections, and robust performance up to kHz frequencies. These results advance fundamental research on multi-responsive nanomembranes and hold the potential to boost versatile applications in light-to-motion conversion and sensing toward the industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Krysztofik
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Pula
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Pochylski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Karol Zaleski
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
| | - Jacek Gapinski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Pawel Majewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Graczykowski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Gu M, Echtermeyer TJ. A Graphene-Mica-Based Photo-Thermal Actuator for Small-Scale Soft Robots. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311001. [PMID: 38342582 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Small-scale soft robots demonstrate intricate life-like behavior and allow navigation through arduous terrains and confined spaces. However, the primary challenges in soft robotics are 1) creating actuators capable of quick, reversible 22D-to-3D shape morphing with adjustable stiffness, 2) improving actuation force and robustness for wider applications, and 3) designing holistic systems for untethered manipulation and flexible multimodality in practical scenarios. Here, mechanically compliant paper-like robots are presented with multiple functionalities. The robots are based on photothermally activated polymer bimorph actuators that incorporate graphene for the photo-thermal conversion of energy and muscovite mica, with its high Young's modulus, providing the required stiffness. Conversion of light into heat leads to thermal expansion and bending of the stress-mismatched structures. The actuators are designed on the basis of a modified Timoshenko model, and numerical simulations are employed to evaluate their actuation performance. The membranes can be utilized for light-driven programmable shape-morphing. Localized control allows the implementation of active hinges at arbitrary positions within the membrane. Integrated into small-scale soft robots in mass production, the membrane facilitates locomotion, rolling, and flipping of the robots. Further, grasping and kicking mechanisms are demonstrated, highlighting the potential of such actuators for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Tim J Echtermeyer
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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3
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Lee J, Kim D, Park M, Ryu J, Park H, Kim T, Kim D, Ju SY, Kim J. Spatiotemporally Controllable Electrical Stimulator via Independent Photobending and Upconversion Photoluminescence Using Two Different Wavelengths of Near-Infrared/Visible Light as Dual Stimuli. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:46311-46321. [PMID: 37690085 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Multistimuli responsive materials are advantageous in that they can enhance the desired response or bypass unwanted reactions. Light is one of the most attractive stimuli since it allows remote spatiotemporal control and multiplexing of properties (e.g., wavelength, intensity, irradiation time, pulsed/continuous wave) for application on multiphotoresponsive materials. However, the operating wavelength for such photoresponsive systems often includes an ultraviolet (UV) range that limits its use in the biomedical field. Herein, we investigate near-infrared (NIR)/visible (Vis) light-responsive nanocomposite films composed of rare earth element (i.e., Yb, Er)-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in azobenzene-incorporated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (AzoPDMS), silk fibroin, and silver nanowire (AgNW) layers. Photobending (PB) of the nanocomposite film is induced by a Vis light of 400-700 nm, while upconversion photoluminescence (UCPL) of embedded NPs is activated by an NIR light of 980 nm. The excitation wavelength of photoluminescence (PL) is shifted to the NIR (λ = 980 nm) range via photon upconversion in rare earth element-doped NPs. Independent operation of PB and UCPL enables both on-demand electrical switching and real-time location monitoring for spatiotemporally controlled electrical pulse stimulation. As a result, the dual-photoresponsive nanocomposite film can be utilized as a remotely controllable electrical stimulator and location indicator via different wavelengths of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Lee
- School of Integrated Technology, College of Computing, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjun Kim
- School of Integrated Technology, College of Computing, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsuk Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyeok Ryu
- School of Integrated Technology, College of Computing, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbin Park
- Integrative Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Graduate School, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Ju
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- School of Integrated Technology, College of Computing, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
- Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Underwood International College, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
- Integrative Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Graduate School, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
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4
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Lee GS, Kim JG, Kim JT, Lee CW, Cha S, Choi GB, Lim J, Padmajan Sasikala S, Kim SO. 2D Materials Beyond Post-AI Era: Smart Fibers, Soft Robotics, and Single Atom Catalysts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2307689. [PMID: 37777874 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent consecutive discoveries of various 2D materials have triggered significant scientific and technological interests owing to their exceptional material properties, originally stemming from 2D confined geometry. Ever-expanding library of 2D materials can provide ideal solutions to critical challenges facing in current technological trend of the fourth industrial revolution. Moreover, chemical modification of 2D materials to customize their physical/chemical properties can satisfy the broad spectrum of different specific requirements across diverse application areas. This review focuses on three particular emerging application areas of 2D materials: smart fibers, soft robotics, and single atom catalysts (SACs), which hold immense potentials for academic and technological advancements in the post-artificial intelligence (AI) era. Smart fibers showcase unconventional functionalities including healthcare/environmental monitoring, energy storage/harvesting, and antipathogenic protection in the forms of wearable fibers and textiles. Soft robotics aligns with future trend to overcome longstanding limitations of hard-material based mechanics by introducing soft actuators and sensors. SACs are widely useful in energy storage/conversion and environmental management, principally contributing to low carbon footprint for sustainable post-AI era. Significance and unique values of 2D materials in these emerging applications are highlighted, where the research group has devoted research efforts for more than a decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang San Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Goo Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Woo Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Cha
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Go Bong Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonwon Lim
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Suchithra Padmajan Sasikala
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Materials Creation, Seoul, 06179, Republic of Korea
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5
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Tang ZH, Zhu WB, Mao YQ, Zhu ZC, Li YQ, Huang P, Fu SY. Multiresponsive Ti 3C 2T x MXene-Based Actuators Enabled by Dual-Mechanism Synergism for Soft Robotics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:21474-21485. [PMID: 35486453 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiresponsive and high-performance flexible actuators with a simple configuration, high mechanical strength, and low-power consumption are highly desirable for soft robotics. Here, a novel mechanically robust and multiresponsive Ti3C2Tx MXene-based actuator with high actuation performance via dual-mechanism synergistic effect driven by the hygroexpansion of bacterial cellulose (BC) layer and the thermal expansion of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) layer is developed. The actuator is flexible and shows an ultrahigh tensile strength of 195 MPa. Unlike the conventional bimorph-structured actuators based on a single-mechanism, the actuator developed provides a favorable architecture for dual-mechanism synergism, resulting in exceptionally reversible actuation performance under electricity and near-infrared (NIR) light stimuli. Typically, the developed actuator can produce the largest bending angle (∼400°) at the lowest voltage (≤4 V) compared with that reported previously for single mechanism soft actuators. Furthermore, the actuator also can be driven by a NIR light at a 2 m distance, displaying an excellent long-distance photoresponsive property. Finally, various intriguing applications are demonstrated to show the great potential of the actuator for soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Tang
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Wei-Bin Zhu
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yu-Qin Mao
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zi-Cai Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Li
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Pei Huang
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shao-Yun Fu
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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6
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Chang L, Wang D, Jiang A, Hu Y. Soft Actuators Based On Carbon Nanomaterials. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202100437. [PMID: 35103423 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by the sophisticated design of biological systems, interest in soft intelligent actuators has increased significantly in recent years, providing attractive strategies for the design of elaborate soft mechanical systems. For the construction of those soft actuators, carbon nanomaterials were extensively and successfully explored for the properties of highly conductive, electrothermal, and photothermal conversion. This review aims to trace the recent achievements for the material and structural design as well as the general mechanisms of the soft actuators, paying particular attention to the contribution of carbon nanomaterials resulted from their diversified interplaying properties, which realized the flexible and dexterous deformation responding to various environmental stimuli, including light, electricity and humidity. The properties and mechanisms of soft actuators are summarized and the potential for future applications and research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Chang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Dongping Wang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Ajuan Jiang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Ying Hu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
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7
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Abstract
Electro-responsive actuators (ERAs) hold great promise for cutting-edge applications in e-skins, soft robots, unmanned flight, and in vivo surgery devices due to the advantages of fast response, precise control, programmable deformation, and the ease of integration with control circuits. Recently, considering the excellent physical/chemical/mechanical properties (e.g., high carrier mobility, strong mechanical strength, outstanding thermal conductivity, high specific surface area, flexibility, and transparency), graphene and its derivatives have emerged as an appealing material in developing ERAs. In this review, we have summarized the recent advances in graphene-based ERAs. Typical the working mechanisms of graphene ERAs have been introduced. Design principles and working performance of three typical types of graphene ERAs (e.g., electrostatic actuators, electrothermal actuators, and ionic actuators) have been comprehensively summarized. Besides, emerging applications of graphene ERAs, including artificial muscles, bionic robots, human-soft actuators interaction, and other smart devices, have been reviewed. At last, the current challenges and future perspectives of graphene ERAs are discussed.
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8
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Shi M, Yeatman EM. A comparative review of artificial muscles for microsystem applications. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:95. [PMID: 34858630 PMCID: PMC8611050 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Artificial muscles are capable of generating actuation in microsystems with outstanding compliance. Recent years have witnessed a growing academic interest in artificial muscles and their application in many areas, such as soft robotics and biomedical devices. This paper aims to provide a comparative review of recent advances in artificial muscle based on various operating mechanisms. The advantages and limitations of each operating mechanism are analyzed and compared. According to the unique application requirements and electrical and mechanical properties of the muscle types, we suggest suitable artificial muscle mechanisms for specific microsystem applications. Finally, we discuss potential strategies for energy delivery, conversion, and storage to promote the energy autonomy of microrobotic systems at a system level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayue Shi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Eric M. Yeatman
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
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9
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Ilami M, Bagheri H, Ahmed R, Skowronek EO, Marvi H. Materials, Actuators, and Sensors for Soft Bioinspired Robots. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003139. [PMID: 33346386 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems can perform complex tasks with high compliance levels. This makes them a great source of inspiration for soft robotics. Indeed, the union of these fields has brought about bioinspired soft robotics, with hundreds of publications on novel research each year. This review aims to survey fundamental advances in bioinspired soft actuators and sensors with a focus on the progress between 2017 and 2020, providing a primer for the materials used in their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ilami
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Hosain Bagheri
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Reza Ahmed
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - E Olga Skowronek
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Hamid Marvi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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10
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Kim J, Ahn D, Sun J, Park S, Cho Y, Park S, Ha S, Ahn S, Kim YA, Park JJ. Vertically and Horizontally Drawing Formation of Graphite Pencil Electrodes on Paper by Frictional Sliding for a Disposable and Foldable Electronic Device. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:1960-1970. [PMID: 33521436 PMCID: PMC7841772 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to fabricate an electrode by frictional sliding caused by a rough paper surface. The pressure exerted during drawing induces adsorption of the graphite particles by the rough paper and simultaneously reduces the surface roughness of the paper electrode. Repetitive drawing in one-way direction reduced the roughness of the paper surface, decreasing the grain boundaries of graphite. This increases the electron pathway at the electrode, thus reducing the resistance to less than 50 Ω. At the same time, repetitive drawing could confirm that unstable errors caused by the hand could help converge within a certain margin of error. We quantified the relationship between pressure and resistance when drawing on the electrode using a pencil hardness tester. In addition, the electrodes formed by repeated drawing generated a new surface grain and boundary, parallel to the drawing direction, and changed the electrode characteristics with respect to the drawing direction. The grain boundary difference based on the drawing direction was measured via a heating test of the foldable device, a sound pressure level, and laser scattering vibrometer measurements of a linear speaker. The fabricated graphite electrodes can be used in disposable foldable paper electronics because they are prepared using inexpensive materials.
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11
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Liu J, Xu L, He C, Lu X, Wang F. Transparent low-voltage-driven soft actuators with silver nanowires Joule heaters. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00837d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transparent soft actuators with silver nanowire Joule heaters embedded in liquid crystal elastomer and PDMS layer was prepared, and it can perform reversible large bending deformation driven by low voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Lulu Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chaobin He
- Polymer Composites, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Xuehong Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - FuKe Wang
- Polymer Composites, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
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12
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Smart Devices Based on the Soft Actuator with Nafion-Polypropylene-PDMS/Graphite Multilayer Structure. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10051829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The demand for multi-functional soft actuators with simple fabrication and fast response to multiple stimuli is increasing in the field of smart devices. However, for existing actuators that respond to a single stimulus, it is difficult to meet the requirements of application diversity. Herein, a type of multi-stimulus responsive soft actuator based on the Nafion-Polypropylene-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/Graphite multilayer membranes is proposed. Such actuators have an excellent reversible response to optical/thermal and humidity stimulation, which can reach a 224.56° bending angle in a relative humidity of 95% within 5 s and a maximum bending angle of 324.65° in 31 s when the platform temperature is 80 °C, and has a faster response (<0.5 s) to optical stimuli, as an asymmetric structure allows it to bend in both directions. Based on such an actuator, some applications like flexible grippers and switches to carry items or control circuits, bionic flytraps to capture and release “prey”, have also been developed and studied. These provide potential applications in the fields of soft sensors, artificial skin and flexible robots.
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13
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Controllably coated graphene oxide particles with enhanced compatibility with poly(ethylene-co-propylene) thermoplastic elastomer for excellent photo-mechanical actuation capability. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Xue J, Gao Z, Xiao L. The Application of Stimuli-Sensitive Actuators Based on Graphene Materials. Front Chem 2019; 7:803. [PMID: 31921756 PMCID: PMC6914738 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene-based materials that can spontaneously response to external stimulations have triggered rapidly increasing research interest for developing smart devices due to their excellent electrical, mechanical and thermal properties. The specific behaviors as bending, curling, and swing are benefit for designing and fabricating the smart actuation system. In this minireview, we overview and summarize some of the recent advancements of stimuli-responsive actuators based on graphene materials. The external stimulus usually is as electrical, electrochemical, humid, photonic, and thermal. The advancement and industrialization of graphene preparation technology would push forward the rapid progress of graphene-based actuators and broaden their application including smart sensors, robots, artificial muscles, intelligent switch, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaoshun Gao
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
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15
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Li Q, Liu C. Fast-response, agile and functional soft actuators based on highly-oriented carbon nanotube thin films. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 31:085501. [PMID: 31627200 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab4f2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Highly-oriented carbon nanotube (CNT) film, which is made from super-aligned CNT array, is an even, tough and soft material. This CNT film has strong anisotropy in electrical and mechanical properties. The electrical conductivity and Young's modulus of the CNT film (2.8 × 104S m-1, 3000 MPa) along the CNT aligned direction are one magnitude larger than those (2.3 × 103S m-1, 200 MPa) along the vertical direction. In virtue of easy preparation and good processability, it is competent as high-performance flexible electrodes for soft actuators, advanced film capacitors and batteries. Here, we use this highly-oriented CNT film as a heating electrode to make fast-response soft actuators. The actuator has a thin bilayer composite structure and is driven by current heating. It takes a typical miniaturized actuator only 0.9 s to perform fast and large-angle deformations (270° bending, curvature 4.8 cm-1), and its bending speed can reach 300° s-1by low power driving (2.4 W). Based on this CNT film, graphical designs and fine processing were carried out to make patterned electrodes and functional actuators, such as cross-shaped and hand-shaped ones. Notably, a well-designed gripper-like actuator can even deftly grab and manipulate some tiny things, e.g. a grain of rice. Moreover, the anisotropic properties of the CNT film also effectively influence and regulate the deformation forms of the actuators. In virtue of good and unique performances in electrical, mechanical and thermal aspects, the high-oriented CNT film would have promising application prospects in various emerging soft devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Li
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhong Liu
- Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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Machnicki CE, Fu F, Jing L, Chen PY, Wong IY. Mechanochemical engineering of 2D materials for multiscale biointerfaces. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:6293-6309. [PMID: 31460549 PMCID: PMC6812607 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01006h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atomically thin nanomaterials represent a unique paradigm for interfacing with biological systems due to their mechanical flexibility, exceptional interfacial area, and ease of chemical functionalization. In particular, these two-dimensional (2D) materials are able to bend, curve, and fold in response to biologically-generated forces or other external stimuli. Such origami-like folding of 2D materials into wrinkled or crumpled topographies allows them to withstand large deformations by accordion-like unfolding, with implications for stretchable and shape-changing devices. Here, we review how mechanically manipulated 2D materials can interact with biological systems across a multitude of length scales. We focus on recent work where wrinkling, crumpling, or bending of 2D materials permits new chemical and material properties, with four case studies: (i) programming biomolecular reactivity and enhanced sensing, (ii) directed adhesion and encapsulation of bacteria or mammalian cells, (iii) stimuli-responsive actuators and soft robotics, and (iv) stretchable barrier technologies and wearable human-scale sensors. Finally, we consider future directions for manufacturing, materials and systems integration, as well as biocompatibility. Taken together, these 2D materials may enable new avenues for ultrasensitive molecular detection, biomaterial scaffolds, soft machines, and wearable technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Machnicki
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. and Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Fanfan Fu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Lin Jing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Po-Yen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ian Y Wong
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Xu W, Gracias DH. Soft Three-Dimensional Robots with Hard Two-Dimensional Materials. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4883-4892. [PMID: 31070882 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by biological organisms, soft engineered robots seek to augment the capabilities of rigid robots by providing safe, compliant, and flexible interfaces for human-machine interactions. Soft robots provide significant advantages in applications ranging from pick-and-place, prostheses, wearables, and surgical and drug-delivery devices. Conventional soft robots are typically composed of elastomers or gels, where changes in material properties such as stiffness or swelling control actuation. However, soft materials have limited electronic and optical performance, mechanical rigidity, and stability against environmental damage. Atomically thin two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides have excellent electrical, optical, mechanical, and barrier properties and have been used to create ultrathin interconnects, transistors, photovoltaics, photocatalysts, and biosensors. Importantly, although 2DLMs have high in-plane stiffness and rigidity, they have high out-of-plane flexibility and are soft from that point of view. In this Perspective, we discuss the use of 2DLMs either in their continuous monolayer state or as composites with elastomers and hydrogels to create soft three-dimensional (3D) robots, with a focus on origami-inspired approaches. We classify the field, outline major methods, and highlight challenges toward seamless integration of hybrid materials to create multifunctional robots with the characteristics of soft devices.
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Cai Z, Song Z, Guo L. Thermo- and Photoresponsive Actuators with Freestanding Carbon Nitride Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:12770-12776. [PMID: 30855943 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of versatile actuators that convert environmental energy (heat or light, especially sunlight) into mechanical energy remains a great challenge. Herein, freestanding carbon nitride films were prepared by the physical vapor deposition method using bulk g-C3N4 powder as a starting material. The carbon nitride films exhibited controllable deformation under the stimuli of heat and light. An alarm device for high temperature and an artificial hand for grasping and releasing objects were designed. By utilizing the photothermal effect, a smart curtain that could block the UV rays and a manipulator that could perform sophisticated mechanical work were demonstrated under the direct irradiation of natural and simulated sunlight. This work exploited the potential applications of carbon nitride polymers for the conversion of solar energy to mechanical energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , China
| | - Zhiping Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , China
| | - Liangqia Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , China
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