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OUYANG Y, YI L, QIU L, ZHANG Z. [Advances in heparin structural analysis by chromatography technologies]. Se Pu 2023; 41:107-121. [PMID: 36725707 PMCID: PMC9892979 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2022.07020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin (Hp) is the most widely used anticoagulant drug in the clinics, with an annual global output of over 10 billion dollars. Hp, a member of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), is prepared from porcine intestinal mucosa via extraction, separation, and purification. Hp is a linear polysaccharide with repeating disaccharide units. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are depolymerized from Hp via chemical or enzymatic degradation. Compared with Hp, LMWHs exhibit less bleeding side effect, milder immunogenicity, and higher bioavailability when injected subcutaneously. In general, Hps, including LMWHs, are high complex drugs with large molecular weights (MWs), inhomogeneous MW distributions, and structural heterogeneity, including different degrees and locations of sulfonation, and unique residues generated from different production processes. Thus, developing efficient analytical methods to elucidate the structures of Hps and characterize or quantitate their properties is extremely challenging. Unfortunately, this problem limits their quality control, production optimization, clinical safety monitoring, and new applications. Research has constantly sought to elucidate the complicated structures of Hp drugs. Among the structural analysis and quality control methods of Hp currently available, chromatographic methods are the most widely studied and used. However, no literature thoroughly summarizes the specific applications of chromatographic methods in the structural analysis, manufacturing process, and quality control of Hp drugs. This paper systematically organizes and describes recent research progresses of the chromatographic methods used to analyze Hp drugs, including the identification and composition of monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. The applications, innovations, and limitations of these chromatographic methods are also summarized in this review. The insights obtained in this study will help production and quality control personnel, as well as drug researchers, obtain a deeper understanding of the complex structures of Hp drugs. This paper also provides a comprehensive reference for the structural analysis and quality control of Hps, proposes ideas for the development of new quality control methods, and lays a strong foundation for the in-depth structural elucidation of Hp drugs.
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Bayat P, Rambaud C, Priem B, Bourderioux M, Bilong M, Poyer S, Pastoriza-Gallego M, Oukhaled A, Mathé J, Daniel R. Comprehensive structural assignment of glycosaminoglycan oligo- and polysaccharides by protein nanopore. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5113. [PMID: 36042212 PMCID: PMC9427770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are highly anionic functional polysaccharides with information content in their structure that plays a major role in the communication between the cell and the extracellular environment. The study presented here reports the label-free detection and analysis of glycosaminoglycan molecules at the single molecule level using sensing by biological nanopore, thus addressing the need to decipher structural information in oligo- and polysaccharide sequences, which remains a major challenge for glycoscience. We demonstrate that a wild-type aerolysin nanopore can detect and characterize glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides with various sulfate patterns, osidic bonds and epimers of uronic acid residues. Size discrimination of tetra- to icosasaccharides from heparin, chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate was investigated and we show that different contents and distributions of sulfate groups can be detected. Remarkably, differences in α/β anomerization and 1,4/1,3 osidic linkages can also be detected in heparosan and hyaluronic acid, as well as the subtle difference between the glucuronic/iduronic epimers in chondroitin and dermatan sulfate. Although, at this stage, discrimination of each of the constituent units of GAGs is not yet achieved at the single-molecule level, the resolution reached in this study is an essential step toward this ultimate goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Bayat
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Charlotte Rambaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Bernard Priem
- CNRS, CERMAV, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Mélanie Bilong
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Salomé Poyer
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | | | | | - Jérôme Mathé
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes, France.
| | - Régis Daniel
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes, France.
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Elliott MB, Matsushita H, Shen J, Yi J, Inoue T, Brady T, Santhanam L, Mao HQ, Hibino N, Gerecht S. Off-the-Shelf, Heparinized Small Diameter Vascular Graft Limits Acute Thrombogenicity in a Porcine Model. Acta Biomater 2022; 151:134-147. [PMID: 35933100 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thrombogenicity poses a challenge to the clinical translation of engineered grafts. Previously, small-diameter vascular grafts (sdVG) composed of fibrin hydrogel microfiber tubes (FMT) with an external poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) sheath supported long-term patency in mice. Towards the development of an sdVG with off-the-shelf availability, the FMT's shelf stability, scale-up, and successful conjugation of an antithrombotic drug to the fibrin scaffold are reported here. FMTs maintain mechanical stability and high-water retention after storage for one year in a freezer, in a refrigerator, or at room temperature. Low molecular weight heparin-conjugated fibrin scaffolds enabled local and sustained delivery during two weeks of enzymatic degradation. Upscaled fabrication of sdVGs provides natural biodegradable grafts with size and mechanics suitable for human application. Implantation in a carotid artery interposition porcine model exhibited no rupture with thrombi prevented in all heparinized sdVGs (n=4) over 4-5 weeks. Remodeling of the sdVGs is demonstrated with endothelial cells on the luminal surface and initial formation of the medial layer by 4-5 weeks. However, neointimal hyperplasia at 4-5 weeks led to the stenosis and occlusion of most of the sdVGs, which must be resolved for future long-term in vivo assessments. The off-the-shelf, biodegradable heparinized fibrin sdVG layer limits acute thrombogenicity while mediating extensive neotissue formation as the PCL sheath maintains structural integrity. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : To achieve clinical and commercial utility of small-diameter vascular grafts as arterial conduits, these devices must have off-the-shelf availability for emergency arterial bypass applications and be scaled to a size suitable for human applications. A serious impediment to clinical translation is thrombogenicity. Treatments have focused on long-term systemic drug therapy, which increases the patient's risk of bleeding complications, or coating grafts and stents with anti-coagulants, which minimally improves patient outcomes even when combined with dual anti-platelet therapy. We systematically modified the biomaterial properties to develop anticoagulant embedded, biodegradable grafts that maintain off-the-shelf availability, provide mechanical stability, and prevent clot formation through local drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan B Elliott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21218; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Hiroshi Matsushita
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Jessica Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Jaeyoon Yi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21218; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Takahiro Inoue
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Travis Brady
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21218; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Narutoshi Hibino
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Sharon Gerecht
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21218; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21218; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705.
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Jiang H, Li X, Ma M, Shi X, Wu X. Quality control and product differentiation of LMWHs marketed in China using 1H NMR spectroscopy and chemometric tools. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 209:114472. [PMID: 34864594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are heterogeneous mixtures of glycosaminoglycan chains composed of mixture of different lengths and substitution patterns. Structural characterization and quality control of LMWHs have always been challenging. The Chinese drug regulatory authorities have been committed to improve the supervision standards of LMWHs to better regulate the quality and safety of LMWHs in current Chinese market. In the present paper, 80 batches of three types LMWHs (dalteparin, enoxaparin and naldroparin) marketed in China from different manufacturers were studied by 1H NMR experiments and chemometric analysis. The method can be used not only to monitor impurities and contaminants, but also to check the batch-to-batch consistency of each manufacture. Moreover, for the biosimilar LMWHs from different manufactures, they can be differentiated and clustered according to their slightly different structural compositions originated from production process. By using this method, the quality and safety of LMWHs marketed in China were initially assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Jiang
- Synergy Innovation Center of Biological Peptide Antidiabetics of Hubei Province, School of Life Science, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, PR China.
| | - Xinbai Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control of China, Beijing 102629, PR China
| | - Minglan Ma
- Synergy Innovation Center of Biological Peptide Antidiabetics of Hubei Province, School of Life Science, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Shi
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control of China, Beijing 102629, PR China
| | - Xianfu Wu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control of China, Beijing 102629, PR China.
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Chen L, Ouyang Y, Yan N, Guo Y, Yi L, Sun Y, Liu D, Zhang Z. Comprehensive analysis of heparinase derived heparin-products using two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1643:462049. [PMID: 33743327 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a linear sulfated polysaccharide. It is composed of a repeating disaccharide unit with different sulfo patterns. The compositional analysis after heparin was decomposed to disaccharides and enzyme resistant domains is an important way to delve into its structure. Strong anion exchange (SAX) chromatography is commonly used for the compositional analysis due to its high resolution, stability and capability of quantitation. However, nonvolatile salt in mobile phase is not compatible with MS, then the structural domains cannot be identified without standards. Here, a new two-dimensional liquid chromatography system, multiple heart cut (MHC), was developed and linked to mass spectrometry (MS) directly to provide a comprehensive analysis of enzyme digested heparin. SAX was applied as the first dimensional chromatography, in which 17 peaks were observed and integrated in the digested heparin. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used as the second dimensional chromatography to desalt efficiently. Structural information of each component was then obtained with MS, including eight common disaccharides, eight enzyme resistant tetrasaccharides and a heparin-core protein linkage domain. The comparison of enzyme digested heparins obtained from different vendors using this system suggested their similar major structure and activity, but slightly different production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Yilan Ouyang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Na Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Lin Yi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- The fourth people's Hospital of Jinan City, Shandong Province, 250031, China
| | - Dehua Liu
- The fourth people's Hospital of Jinan City, Shandong Province, 250031, China
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China.
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