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Seki M, Wada R, Muguruma H. Electrochemical behavior of intramolecular cyclization reaction of catecholamines at carbon nanotube/carboxymethylcellulose electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Molina A, González J, Laborda E. Applicability of Conventional Protocols for Benchmarking of Unidirectional and Bidirectional Multi-Electron Homogeneous Molecular Catalysts Beyond the Pure Kinetic Regime. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Zhang R, Warren JJ. Recent Developments in Metalloporphyrin Electrocatalysts for Reduction of Small Molecules: Strategies for Managing Electron and Proton Transfer Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:293-302. [PMID: 33064354 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins are archetypal ligands in inorganic chemistry. The last 10 years have seen important new advances in the use of metalloporphyrins as catalysts in the activation and reduction of small molecules, in particular O2 and CO2 . Recent developments of new molecular designs, scaling relationships, and theoretical modeling of mechanisms have rapidly advanced the utility of porphyrins as electrocatalysts. This Minireview focuses on the summary and evaluation of recent developments of metalloporphyrin O2 and CO2 reduction electrocatalysts, with an emphasis on contrasting homogeneous and heterogeneous electrocatalysis. Comparisons for proposed reaction mechanisms are provided for both CO2 and O2 reduction, and ideas are proposed about how lessons from the last decade of research can lead to the development of practical, applied porphyrin-derived catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BCV5A1S6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey J Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BCV5A1S6, Canada
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Lee KJ, Lodaya KM, Gruninger CT, Rountree ES, Dempsey JL. Redox mediators accelerate electrochemically-driven solubility cycling of molecular transition metal complexes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9836-9851. [PMID: 34094244 PMCID: PMC8162168 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02592e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The solubility of molecular transition metal complexes can vary widely across different redox states, leaving these compounds vulnerable to electron transfer-initiated heterogenization processes in which oxidation or reduction of the soluble form of the redox couple generates insoluble molecular deposits. These insoluble species can precipitate as suspended nanoparticles in solution or, under electrochemical conditions, as an electrode-adsorbed material. While this electrochemically-driven solubility cycling is technically reversible, the reverse electron transfer to regenerate the soluble redox couple state is a practical challenge if sluggish electron transfer kinetics result in a loss of electronic communication between the molecular deposits and the electrode. In this work, we present an example of this electrochemically-driven solubility cycling, report a novel strategy for catalytically enhancing the oxidation of the insoluble material using homogeneous redox mediators, and develop the theoretical framework for analysing and digitally simulating the action of a homogeneous catalyst on a heterogeneous substrate via cyclic voltammetry. First, a mix of electrochemical and spectroscopic methods are used to characterize an example of this electrochemically-driven solubility cycling which is based on the two-electron reduction of homogeneous [Ni(PPh 2NPh 2)2(CH3CN)]2+ (PPh 2NPh 2 = 1,3,5,7-tetraphenyl-1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane). The limited solubility of the doubly-reduced product in acetonitrile leads to precipitation and deposition of molecular [Ni(PPh 2NPh 2)2]. While direct oxidation of this heterogeneous [Ni(PPh 2NPh 2)2] at the electrode surface is possible, this electron transfer is kinetically limited. We demonstrate how a freely diffusing redox mediator (ferrocene) - which shuttles electrons between the electrode and the molecular material - can be used to overcome these slow electron transfer kinetics, enabling catalytic regeneration of soluble [Ni(PPh 2NPh 2)2]2+. Finally, mathematical models are developed that describe the current-potential response for a generic EC' mechanism involving a homogeneous catalyst and surface-adsorbed substrate. This novel strategy has the potential to enable reversible redox chemistry for heterogeneous, molecular deposits that are adsorbed on the electrode or suspended as nanoparticles in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599-3290 USA
| | - Kunal M Lodaya
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599-3290 USA
| | - Cole T Gruninger
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599-3290 USA
| | - Eric S Rountree
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599-3290 USA
| | - Jillian L Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599-3290 USA
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Wang H, Sayed SY, Luber EJ, Olsen BC, Shirurkar SM, Venkatakrishnan S, Tefashe UM, Farquhar AK, Smotkin ES, McCreery RL, Buriak JM. Redox Flow Batteries: How to Determine Electrochemical Kinetic Parameters. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2575-2584. [PMID: 32180396 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are promising energy storage candidates for grid deployment of intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind power and solar energy. Various new redox-active materials have been introduced to develop cost-effective and high-power-density next-generation RFBs. Electrochemical kinetics play critical roles in influencing RFB performance, notably the overpotential and cell power density. Thus, determining the kinetic parameters for the employed redox-active species is essential. In this Perspective, we provide the background, guidelines, and limitations for a proposed electrochemical protocol to define the kinetics of redox-active species in RFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- Nanotechnology Research Center, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Sayed Youssef Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- Nanotechnology Research Center, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Erik J Luber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- Nanotechnology Research Center, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Brian C Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- Nanotechnology Research Center, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Shubham M Shirurkar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Ushula M Tefashe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Anna K Farquhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Eugene S Smotkin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Richard L McCreery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jillian M Buriak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- Nanotechnology Research Center, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
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Oldacre AN, Young ER. Electrochemical proton-coupled electron transfer of an anthracene-based azo dye. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14804-14811. [PMID: 35497176 PMCID: PMC9052096 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01643h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the thermodynamics, kinetics, and mechanism for electrochemical proton-coupled electron transfer involving the anthracene-based azo dye azo-OMe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N. Oldacre
- Department of Chemistry
- St. Lawrence University
- New York
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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