1
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Das M, Srinivasan A. Advent and features of pyriporphyrinoids: an overview of a pyridine-based porphyrin analogue. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11780-11790. [PMID: 37705415 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03139j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyriporphyrinoids have recently attracted a significant proliferation of attention due to their versatile characters, which stem from structural motifs in which the pyridine moiety is involved. The evolution of pyriporphyrin chemistry revealed the subtle modifications of the macrocyclic core that tweak the electronic structure as compared to the parental macrocycle. The amendment of π-electronic organization inside the core manifests exceptional photophysical and coordination properties that cover a vast range of seemingly contradictory fields. In fundamental chemistry, the pyridine unit acts as a modulator of π-conjugated porphyrinoid systems, resulting in aromaticity swapping. From the applied chemistry perspective, these macrocycles are primarily utilized as (i) sensors, (ii) NIR absorbing photoacoustic dyes, (iii) electrochemical catalysts, (iv) singlet biradicaloid generation and (v) contributors to generate metal complexes with intriguing binding modes. Surprisingly, despite their prominence, pyriporphyrinoids are inadequately investigated, while pyridine unit-embedded calixphyrin, calixpyridinopyrrole and calixpyridine are barely reported. This review article illustrates the controlled formation of specific porphyrinic scaffolds with pyridine unit(s) and diverse functionalized heterocyclic and/or carbocyclic building block(s), and demonstrates a substantial influence on the macrocyclic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Das
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - A Srinivasan
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India.
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2
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Li S, Sun Y, Li X, Smaga O, Koniarz S, Pawlicki M, Chmielewski PJ. Oxidative insertion of amines into conjugated macrocycles: transformation of antiaromatic norcorrole into aromatic azacorrole. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3739-3742. [PMID: 36897336 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06648c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
A new group of aromatic porphyrinoids was obtained by an oxidative insertion of primary amines into the antiaromatic ring of 5,14-dimesityl-norcorrolatonickel(II) activated by iodosobenzene. The substituted 10-azacorroles thus formed were characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods, and XRD analysis. Protonated forms of azacorroles were shown to remain aromatic despite disconnection of the original π-electron delocalization path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China.
| | - Yahan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China.
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China.
| | - Oskar Smaga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wrocław 50 383, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Koniarz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wrocław 50 383, Poland.
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Kraków 30 387, Poland
| | - Piotr J Chmielewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wrocław 50 383, Poland.
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3
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Wypych K, Dimitrova M, Sundholm D, Pawlicki M. Diagnosing Ring Current(s) in Figure-Eight Skeletons: A 3D Through-Space Conjugation in the Two-Loops Crossing. Org Lett 2022; 24:4876-4880. [PMID: 35796415 PMCID: PMC9348834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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The macrocyclic structures
with local conjugation readily undergo
a redox-triggered change in the diatropic character, leading to a
global current–density pathway of the doubly charged systems.
The figure-eight geometry of the neutral dimer does not significantly
change upon oxidation according to the spectroscopic and computational
data. The oxidation leads to 3D cross-conjugation at the intersection
of the two ethylene bridges resulting in a global ring current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wypych
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 503833 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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4
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Borissov A, Maurya YK, Moshniaha L, Wong WS, Żyła-Karwowska M, Stępień M. Recent Advances in Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds. Chem Rev 2022; 122:565-788. [PMID: 34850633 PMCID: PMC8759089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys recent progress in the chemistry of polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules with a focus on structural diversity and synthetic methodology. The article covers literature published during the period of 2016-2020, providing an update to our first review of this topic (Chem. Rev. 2017, 117 (4), 3479-3716).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet
Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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5
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Farinone M, Kijewska M, Cybińska J, Siczek M, Pawlicki M. B,N-doped PAHs from Tridentate ‘Defects’ - a Bottom-up Convergent Approach for π-Extended Systems. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7269-7272. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01801b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A logic construction of monomeric subunits armed with the functionality open for post-synthetic reactivity leads to a convergent formation of pi-extended defected units. The kinetic or thermodynamic control entraps either...
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6
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Dutta A, Stawski W, Kijewska M, Pawlicki M. Edge Decoration of Anthracene Switches Global Diatropic Current That Controls the Acene Reactivity. Org Lett 2021; 23:9436-9440. [PMID: 34870434 PMCID: PMC8689655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The 14π-electron
system of anthracene has been merged with
the unsaturated Z-1,2-difurylethene to form a macrocycle(s)
with the retained local conjugation of all incorporated subunits that
were substantially modulated with a redox activation, opening a global
delocalization involving all integrated aromatics. In addition, the
edge modulation of acene via the attachment of a specific isomer of
the conjugated system gives steric confinements that are characteristic
of small macrocycles, forcing substantially short C(H)···O
electrostatic interactions that are documented spectroscopically with
the support of X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Dutta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Stawski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Kijewska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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7
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Abstract
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A macrocyclic motif
composed of carbazole and pyridine subunits
linked by a carbonyl bridge (C=O) forms a skeleton with a peripheral
reactivity that leads to a pinacol-like coupling activated by BBr3, eventually entrapping a substantially elongated C–C
bond. Slightly modified conditions lead to the efficient transformation
of the C=O unit to a CH2 linker that, after exposure
to air, gives a dimeric molecule with multiple bonds between two macrocyclic
units, as documented in spectroscopy and X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kijewska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miłosz Siczek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383 Wrocław, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30387 Kraków, Poland
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8
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Bartkowski K, Pawlicki M. (Aza)Acenes Share the C2 Bridge with (Anti)Aromatic Macrocycles: Local vs. Global Delocalization Paths. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Bartkowski
- Department of Chemistry University of Wrocław F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of Chemistry University of Wrocław F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wrocław Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30387 Kraków Poland
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9
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Bartkowski K, Pawlicki M. (Aza)Acenes Share the C2 Bridge with (Anti)Aromatic Macrocycles: Local vs. Global Delocalization Paths. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9063-9070. [PMID: 33406296 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A strong conjugation present in fused systems plays a crucial role in tuning of the properties that would be showing a dependence on the efficiency of π-electrons coupling. The π-cloud available in the final structure can be drastically influenced by a side- or a linear fusion of unsaturated and conjugated hydrocarbons. The linear welding of naphthalene/anthracene or quinoxaline/benzo[g]quinoxaline with triphyrin(2.1.1) gives structures where the competition between local and global delocalization is distinguished. The aromatic character observed in skeletons strongly depends on the oxidation state of the macrocyclic flanking and is either extended over the whole system or kept as a composition of local currents (diatropic and paratropic) of incorporated units. The hybrid systems show the properties derived from the π-conjugations that interlace one another but also show a significant independence of (aza)acene subunits reflected in the observed spectroscopic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Bartkowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30387, Kraków, Poland
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10
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Farinone M, Cybińska J, Pawlicki M. BODIPY-amino acid conjugates – tuning the optical response with a meso-heteroatom. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00481b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a heteroatom at the meso-position of BODIPY significantly influences the π-cloud of the main chromophore, modifying the final optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Farinone
- Wydział Chemii
- Uniwersytet Wrocławski
- 50-383 Wrocław
- Poland
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11
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Bartkowski K, Dimitrova M, Chmielewski PJ, Sundholm D, Pawlicki M. Aromatic and Antiaromatic Pathways in Triphyrin(2.1.1) Annelated with Benzo[b]heterocycles. Chemistry 2019; 25:15477-15482. [PMID: 31535404 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of the aromatic properties and magnetically induced current densities of highly conjugated chromophores is important when designing molecules with strongly delocalized electronic structure. Linear extension of the triphyrin(2.1.1) skeleton with an annelated benzo[b]heterocycle fragment modifies the aromatic character by extending the electron delocalization pathway. Two-electron reduction leads to an antiaromatic triphyrin(2.1.1) ring and an aromatic benzo[b]heterocycle subunit. Current-density calculations provide detailed information about the observed pathways and their strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Bartkowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Piotr J Chmielewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland
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12
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Stawski W, Kijewska M, Pawlicki M. Multi‐Cation Coordination in Porphyrinoids. Chem Asian J 2019; 15:8-20. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Stawski
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wrocław F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Monika Kijewska
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wrocław F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wrocław F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wrocław Poland
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13
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Stawski W, Hurej K, Skonieczny J, Pawlicki M. Organoboron Complexes in Edge-Sharing Macrocycles: The Triphyrin(2.1.1)-Tetraphyrin(1.1.1.1) Hybrid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10946-10950. [PMID: 31141278 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The formation of a precisely designed environment predefined for stabilizing electron-deficient atoms, such as boron(III), is an important approach for optimizing the properties of a chromophore. A triphyrin(2.1.1) motif built on the extended π-system of a tetraphyrin(1.1.1.1) skeleton creates a new coordination environment, with a CNN set of donors confined in a limited space predefined for binding small cations. The entrapment of boron(III) in the triphyrin(2.1.1) sector, with formation of a direct B-C bond, significantly changes the optical response and the global aromatic character of the compound, leading to an extension of the π-delocalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Stawski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Hurej
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Janusz Skonieczny
- Łukasiewicz Research Network®, PORT, ul. Stabłowicka 147, 54066, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland
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14
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Stawski W, Hurej K, Skonieczny J, Pawlicki M. Organoboron Complexes in Edge‐Sharing Macrocycles: The Triphyrin(2.1.1)–Tetraphyrin(1.1.1.1) Hybrid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Stawski
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wrocław F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Karolina Hurej
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wrocław F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Janusz Skonieczny
- Łukasiewicz Research Network®, PORT ul. Stabłowicka 147 54066 Wrocław Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wrocław F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wrocław Poland
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15
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Ren D, Fu X, Li X, Koniarz S, Chmielewski PJ. Reaction of antiaromatic porphyrinoid with active methylene compounds. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00679f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antiaromatic norcorrolatonickel(ii) reacts regioselectively under basic conditions with active methylene compounds, yielding mono-substituted derivatives in which spectroscopic and redox properties of the starting macrocycle are retained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan
- Hunan 411201
| | - Xinliang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan
- Hunan 411201
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan
- Hunan 411201
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