1
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Haase M, David B, Paschold B, Classen T, Schneider P, Pozhydaieva N, Gohlke H, Pietruszka J. Application of the C3-Methyltransferase StspM1 for the Synthesis of the Natural Pyrroloindole Motif. ACS Catal 2024; 14:227-236. [PMID: 38205025 PMCID: PMC10775177 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Even though pyrroloindoles are widely present in natural products with different kinds of biological activities, their selective synthesis remains challenging with existing tools in organic chemistry, and there is furthermore a demand for stereoselective and mild methods to access this structural motif. Nature uses C3-methyltransferases to form the pyrroloindole framework, starting from the amino acid tryptophan. In the present study, the SAM-dependent methyltransferase StspM1 from Streptomyces sp. HPH0547 is used to build the pyrroloindole structural motif in tryptophan-based diketopiperazines (DKP). The substrate scope of the enzyme regarding different Trp-Trp-DKP isomers was investigated on an experimental and computational level. After further characterization and optimization of the methylation reaction with a design of experiment approach, a preparative scale reaction with the immobilized enzyme including a SAM regeneration system was performed to show the synthetic use of this biocatalytic tool to access the pyrroloindole structural motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Haase
- Institute
for Bioorganic Chemistry & Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Benoit David
- Institute
of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics) Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Beatrix Paschold
- Institute
for Bioorganic Chemistry & Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Classen
- Institute
of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Bioorganic Chemistry) & Bioeconomy
Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Institute
for Bioorganic Chemistry & Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Nadiia Pozhydaieva
- Institute
for Bioorganic Chemistry & Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute
of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics) Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52426 Jülich, Germany
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry & Bioeconomy Science
Center (BioSC), Heinrich Heine University
Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute
for Bioorganic Chemistry & Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52426 Jülich, Germany
- Institute
of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Bioorganic Chemistry) & Bioeconomy
Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52426 Jülich, Germany
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2
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Abstract
Covering: from 2000 up to the very early part of 2023S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) is a naturally occurring trialkyl sulfonium molecule that is typically associated with biological methyltransfer reactions. However, SAM is also known to donate methylene, aminocarboxypropyl, adenosyl and amino moieties during natural product biosynthetic reactions. The reaction scope is further expanded as SAM itself can be modified prior to the group transfer such that a SAM-derived carboxymethyl or aminopropyl moiety can also be transferred. Moreover, the sulfonium cation in SAM has itself been found to be critical for several other enzymatic transformations. Thus, while many SAM-dependent enzymes are characterized by a methyltransferase fold, not all of them are necessarily methyltransferases. Furthermore, other SAM-dependent enzymes do not possess such a structural feature suggesting diversification along different evolutionary lineages. Despite the biological versatility of SAM, it nevertheless parallels the chemistry of sulfonium compounds used in organic synthesis. The question thus becomes how enzymes catalyze distinct transformations via subtle differences in their active sites. This review summarizes recent advances in the discovery of novel SAM utilizing enzymes that rely on Lewis acid/base chemistry as opposed to radical mechanisms of catalysis. The examples are categorized based on the presence of a methyltransferase fold and the role played by SAM within the context of known sulfonium chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Daan Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Byungsun Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Hung-Wen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
- Division of Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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3
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Deletti G, Green SD, Weber C, Patterson KN, Joshi SS, Khopade TM, Coban M, Veek-Wilson J, Caulfield TR, Viswanathan R, Lane AL. Unveiling an indole alkaloid diketopiperazine biosynthetic pathway that features a unique stereoisomerase and multifunctional methyltransferase. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2558. [PMID: 37137876 PMCID: PMC10156859 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2,5-diketopiperazines are a prominent class of bioactive molecules. The nocardioazines are actinomycete natural products that feature a pyrroloindoline diketopiperazine scaffold composed of two D-tryptophan residues functionalized by N- and C-methylation, prenylation, and diannulation. Here we identify and characterize the nocardioazine B biosynthetic pathway from marine Nocardiopsis sp. CMB-M0232 by using heterologous biotransformations, in vitro biochemical assays, and macromolecular modeling. Assembly of the cyclo-L-Trp-L-Trp diketopiperazine precursor is catalyzed by a cyclodipeptide synthase. A separate genomic locus encodes tailoring of this precursor and includes an aspartate/glutamate racemase homolog as an unusual D/L isomerase acting upon diketopiperazine substrates, a phytoene synthase-like prenyltransferase as the catalyst of indole alkaloid diketopiperazine prenylation, and a rare dual function methyltransferase as the catalyst of both N- and C-methylation as the final steps of nocardioazine B biosynthesis. The biosynthetic paradigms revealed herein showcase Nature's molecular ingenuity and lay the foundation for diketopiperazine diversification via biocatalytic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Deletti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Sajan D Green
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Caleb Weber
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Kristen N Patterson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Swapnil S Joshi
- Departments of Chemistry & Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Tushar M Khopade
- Departments of Chemistry & Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mathew Coban
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - James Veek-Wilson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Thomas R Caulfield
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Rajesh Viswanathan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Departments of Chemistry & Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Amy L Lane
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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4
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Adam S, Zheng D, Klein A, Volz C, Mullen W, Shirran SL, Smith BO, Kalinina OV, Müller R, Koehnke J. Unusual peptide-binding proteins guide pyrroloindoline alkaloid formation in crocagin biosynthesis. Nat Chem 2023; 15:560-568. [PMID: 36894702 PMCID: PMC10070186 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01153-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide natural products have provided many highly unusual scaffolds. This includes the intriguing alkaloids crocagins, which possess a tetracyclic core structure and whose biosynthesis has remained enigmatic. Here we use in vitro experiments to demonstrate that three proteins, CgnB, CgnC and CgnE, are sufficient for the production of the hallmark tetracyclic crocagin core from the precursor peptide CgnA. The crystal structures of the homologues CgnB and CgnE reveal them to be the founding members of a peptide-binding protein family and allow us to rationalize their distinct functions. We further show that the hydrolase CgnD liberates the crocagin core scaffold, which is subsequently N-methylated by CgnL. These insights allow us to propose a biosynthetic scheme for crocagins. Bioinformatic analyses based on these data led to the discovery of related biosynthetic pathways that may provide access to a structurally diverse family of peptide-derived pyrroloindoline alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Adam
- Workgroup Structural Biology of Biosynthetic Enzymes, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dazhong Zheng
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andreas Klein
- Workgroup Structural Biology of Biosynthetic Enzymes, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Carsten Volz
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, HIPS; HZI; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - William Mullen
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sally L Shirran
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Brian O Smith
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Olga V Kalinina
- Drug Bioinformatics Group, HIPS, HZI, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, HIPS; HZI; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Hannover-Braunschweig Site, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hanover, Germany
| | - Jesko Koehnke
- Workgroup Structural Biology of Biosynthetic Enzymes, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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5
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Characterization of the cyclodipeptide synthase gene cluster in Streptomyces sp. NRRL F-5123 by unraveling the biosynthesis of drimentine B. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Amariei DA, Pozhydaieva N, David B, Schneider P, Classen T, Gohlke H, Weiergräber OH, Pietruszka J. Enzymatic C3-Methylation of Indoles Using Methyltransferase PsmD─Crystal Structure, Catalytic Mechanism, and Preparative Applications. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana A. Amariei
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry & Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52426, Germany
| | - Nadiia Pozhydaieva
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry & Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52426, Germany
| | - Benoit David
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52426, Germany
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry & Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52426, Germany
| | - Thomas Classen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Bioorganic Chemistry) & Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52426, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52426, Germany
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry & Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Oliver H. Weiergräber
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry) & Jülich Centre for Structural Biology (JuStruct), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry & Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf in Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52426, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Bioorganic Chemistry) & Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52426, Germany
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7
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Sun C, Tian W, Lin Z, Qu X. Biosynthesis of pyrroloindoline-containing natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1721-1765. [PMID: 35762180 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00030j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022Pyrroloindoline is a privileged tricyclic indoline motif widely present in many biologically active and medicinally valuable natural products. Thus, understanding the biosynthesis of this molecule is critical for developing convenient synthetic routes, which is highly challenging for its chemical synthesis due to the presence of rich chiral centers in this molecule, especially the fully substituted chiral carbon center at the C3-position of its rigid tricyclic structure. In recent years, progress has been made in elucidating the biosynthetic pathways and enzymatic mechanisms of pyrroloindoline-containing natural products (PiNPs). This article reviews the main advances in the past few decades based on the different substitutions on the C3 position of PiNPs, especially the various key enzymatic mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of different types of PiNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Wenya Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Zhi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xudong Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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8
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Cheng S, Luo Y, Yu T, Li J, Gan C, Luo S, Zhu Q. Palladium-Catalyzed Four-Component Cascade Imidoyl-Carbamoylation of Unactivated Alkenes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sidi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunfang Gan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Schneider P, Henßen B, Paschold B, Chapple BP, Schatton M, Seebeck FP, Classen T, Pietruszka J. Biocatalytic C3-Indole Methylation-A Useful Tool for the Natural-Product-Inspired Stereoselective Synthesis of Pyrroloindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23412-23418. [PMID: 34399441 PMCID: PMC8596708 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective synthesis of bioactive compounds bearing a pyrroloindole framework is often laborious. In contrast, there are several S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)-dependent methyl transferases known for stereo- and regioselective methylation at the C3 position of various indoles, directly leading to the formation of the desired pyrroloindole moiety. Herein, the SAM-dependent methyl transferase PsmD from Streptomyces griseofuscus, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of physostigmine, is characterized in detail. The biochemical properties of PsmD and its substrate scope were demonstrated. Preparative scale enzymatic methylation including SAM regeneration was achieved for three selected substrates after a design-of-experiment optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Schneider
- Institut für Bioorganische ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich and Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.852426JülichGermany
| | - Birgit Henßen
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften: Biotechnologie (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52428JülichGermany
| | - Beatrix Paschold
- Institut für Bioorganische ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich and Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.852426JülichGermany
| | - Benjamin P. Chapple
- Institut für Bioorganische ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich and Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.852426JülichGermany
| | - Marcel Schatton
- Institut für Bioorganische ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich and Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.852426JülichGermany
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 24aCH-4058BaselSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Classen
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften: Biotechnologie (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52428JülichGermany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institut für Bioorganische ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich and Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.852426JülichGermany
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften: Biotechnologie (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52428JülichGermany
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10
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Schneider P, Henßen B, Paschold B, Chapple BP, Schatton M, Seebeck FP, Classen T, Pietruszka J. Biokatalytische C3‐Indol‐Methylierung – ein nützliches Werkzeug für die naturstoffinspirierte stereoselektive Synthese von Pyrroloindolen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Schneider
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich und Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8 52426 Jülich Deutschland
| | - Birgit Henßen
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften: Biotechnologie (IBG-1) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52428 Jülich Deutschland
| | - Beatrix Paschold
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich und Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8 52426 Jülich Deutschland
| | - Benjamin P. Chapple
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich und Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8 52426 Jülich Deutschland
| | - Marcel Schatton
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich und Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8 52426 Jülich Deutschland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4058 Basel Schweiz
| | - Thomas Classen
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften: Biotechnologie (IBG-1) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52428 Jülich Deutschland
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich und Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8 52426 Jülich Deutschland
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften: Biotechnologie (IBG-1) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52428 Jülich Deutschland
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11
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Malit JJL, Liu W, Cheng A, Saha S, Liu LL, Qian PY. Global Genome Mining Reveals a Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed Cyclization of Crownlike Cyclodipeptides with Neuroprotective Activity. Org Lett 2021; 23:6601-6605. [PMID: 33829800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We conducted global genome mining of 162,672 bacterial genomes and identified 829 cyclodipeptide (CDP) biosynthesis gene clusters (BGC) containing a cytochrome P450 gene. Heterologous expression of BGC from Saccharopolyspora hirsuta DSM 44795 led to the identification of two novel crownlike CDPs, cyctetryptomycin A (4) and B (5), which possess unprecedented complex macrocycle and show neuroprotective activity. The two cytochrome P450s found in the BGC catalyze sequential reactions leading to the cyclization of diketopiperazine dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie James Limlingan Malit
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aifang Cheng
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Subhasish Saha
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Opatovickýmlýn, Novohradská 237, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Ling-Li Liu
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Winand L, Schneider P, Kruth S, Greven NJ, Hiller W, Kaiser M, Pietruszka J, Nett M. Mutasynthesis of Physostigmines in Myxococcus xanthus. Org Lett 2021; 23:6563-6567. [PMID: 34355569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The alkaloid physostigmine is an approved anticholinergic drug and an important lead structure for the development of novel therapeutics. Using a complementary approach that merged chemical synthesis with pathway refactoring, we produced a series of physostigmine analogues with altered specificity and toxicity profiles in the heterologous host Myxococcus xanthus. The compounds that were generated by applying a simple feeding strategy include the promising drug candidate phenserine, which was previously accessible only by total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Winand
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, 44227 Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 44227 Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruth
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, 44227 Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Nico-Joel Greven
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, 44227 Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, 44227 Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Parasite Chemotherapy Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 44227 Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.,Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften: Biotechnologie (IBG-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52428 Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Markus Nett
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, 44227 Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
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13
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Deciphering a Cyclodipeptide Synthase Pathway Encoding Prenylated Indole Alkaloids in Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02525-20. [PMID: 33741615 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02525-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) catalyze the formation of cyclodipeptides using aminoacylated tRNAs as the substrates and have great potential in the production of diverse 2,5-diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs). Genome mining of Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii NRRL B-24963 revealed a two-gene locus, saz, encoding CDPS SazA and a unique fused enzyme (SazB) harboring two domains: phytoene synthase-like prenyltransferase (PT) and methyltransferase (MT). Heterologous expression of the saz gene(s) in Streptomyces albus J1074 led to the production of four prenylated indole alkaloids, among which streptoazines A to C (compounds 3 to 5) are new compounds. Expression of different gene combinations showed that the SazA catalyzes the formation of cyclo(l-Trp-l-Trp) (cWW; compound 1), followed by consecutive prenylation and methylation by SazB. Biochemical assays demonstrated that SazB is a bifunctional enzyme, catalyzing sequential C-3/C-3' prenylation(s) by SazB-PT and N-1/N-1' methylation(s) by SazB-MT. Of note, the substrate selectivity of SazB-PT and SazB-MT was probed, revealing the stringent specificity of SazB-PT but relative flexibility of SazB-MT.IMPORTANCE Natural products with a 2,5-diketopiperazine (2,5-DKP) skeleton have long sparked interest in drug discovery and development. Recent advances in microbial genome sequencing have revealed that the potential of cyclodipeptide synthase (CDPS)-dependent pathways encoding new 2,5-DKPs are underexplored. In this study, we report the genome mining of a new CDPS-encoding two-gene operon and activation of this cryptic gene cluster through heterologous expression, leading to the discovery of four indole 2,5-DKP alkaloids. The cyclo(l-Trp-l-Trp) (cWW)-synthesizing CDPS SazA and the unusual prenyltransferase (PT)-methyltransferase (MT) fused enzyme SazB were characterized. Our results expand the repertoire of CDPSs and associated tailoring enzymes, setting the stage for accessing diverse prenylated alkaloids using synthetic biology strategies.
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14
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Ohno H, Inuki S. Nonbiomimetic total synthesis of indole alkaloids using alkyne-based strategies. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3551-3568. [PMID: 33908430 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02577a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic natural product synthesis is generally straightforward and efficient because of its established feasibility in nature and utility in comprehensive synthesis, and the cost-effectiveness of naturally derived starting materials. On the other hand, nonbiomimetic strategies can be an important option in natural product synthesis since (1) nonbiomimetic synthesis offers more flexibility and can demonstrate the originality of chemists, and (2) the structures of derivatives accessible by nonbiomimetic synthesis can be considerably different from those that are synthesised in nature. This review summarises nonbiomimetic total syntheses of indole alkaloids using alkyne chemistry for constructing core structures, including ergot alkaloids, monoterpene indole alkaloids (mainly corynanthe, aspidosperma, strychnos, and akuammiline), and pyrroloindole and related alkaloids. To clarify the differences between alkyne-based strategies and biosynthesis, the alkynes in nature and the biosyntheses of indole alkaloids are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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15
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Khopade T, Ajayan K, Joshi SS, Lane AL, Viswanathan R. Bioinspired Brønsted Acid-Promoted Regioselective Tryptophan Isoprenylations. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10840-10858. [PMID: 34056238 PMCID: PMC8153798 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan-containing isoprenoid indole alkaloid natural products are well known for their intricate structural architectures and significant biological activities. Nature employs dimethylallyl tryptophan synthases (DMATSs) or aromatic indole prenyltransferases (iPTs) to catalyze regio- and stereoselective prenylation of l-Trp. Regioselective synthetic routes that isoprenylate cyclo-Trp-Trp in a 2,5-diketopiperazine (DKP) core, in a desymmetrizing manner, are nonexistent and are highly desirable. Herein, we present an elaborate report on Brønsted acid-promoted regioselective tryptophan isoprenylation strategy, applicable to both the monomeric amino acid and its dimeric l-Trp DKP. This report outlines a method that regio- and stereoselectively increases sp3 centers of a privileged bioactive core. We report on conditions involving screening of Brønsted acids, their conjugate base as salt, solvent, temperature, and various substrates with diverse side chains. Furthermore, we extensively delineate effects on regio- and stereoselection of isoprenylation and their stereochemical confirmation via NMR experiments. Regioselectively, the C3-position undergoes normal-isoprenylation or benzylation and forms exo-ring-fused pyrroloindolines selectively. Through appropriate prenyl group migrations, we report access to the bioactive tryprostatin alkaloids, and by C3-normal-farnesylation, we access anticancer drimentines as direct targets of this method. The optimized strategy affords iso-tryprostatin B-type products and predrimentine C with 58 and 55% yields, respectively. The current work has several similarities to biosynthesis, such as-reactions can be performed on unprotected substrates, conditions that enable Brønsted acid promotion, and they are easy to perform under ambient conditions, without the need for stoichiometric levels of any transition metal or expensive ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar
M. Khopade
- Departments
of Chemistry & Biology, Indian Institute
of Science Education and Research, Tirupati 517507, Andhra
Pradesh India
| | - Kalyani Ajayan
- Departments
of Chemistry & Biology, Indian Institute
of Science Education and Research, Tirupati 517507, Andhra
Pradesh India
| | - Swapnil S. Joshi
- Departments
of Chemistry & Biology, Indian Institute
of Science Education and Research, Tirupati 517507, Andhra
Pradesh India
| | - Amy L. Lane
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville 32224, Florida, United States
| | - Rajesh Viswanathan
- Departments
of Chemistry & Biology, Indian Institute
of Science Education and Research, Tirupati 517507, Andhra
Pradesh India
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville 32224, Florida, United States
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16
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Liu J, Xie X, Li SM. Increasing cytochrome P450 enzyme diversity by identification of two distinct cyclodipeptide dimerases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 56:11042-11045. [PMID: 32808942 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04772d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genome mining revealed the presence of two cdps-p450 operons in Saccharopolyspora antimicrobica. Heterologous expression, biochemical characterisation and structure elucidation proved that the two P450 enzymes catalyse distinct regio- and stereospecific dimerizations of cyclo-(l-Trp-l-Trp), which significantly expands the repertoire of diketopiperazine-tailoring enzymes. TtpB1 connects the monomers via C3-C3', both from the opposite side of H-11/H-11', while TtpB2 is characterised as the first P450 to mainly catalyse the unusual linkage between N1' and C3 from the H-11 side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
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17
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Yao T, Liu J, Jin E, Liu Z, Li H, Che Q, Zhu T, Li D, Li W. Expanding the Structural Diversity of Drimentines by Exploring the Promiscuity of Two N-methyltransferases. iScience 2020; 23:101323. [PMID: 32659721 PMCID: PMC7358741 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation is envisioned as a promising way to rationally improve key pharmacokinetic characteristics of lead compounds. Although diverse tailoring enzymes are found to be clustered with cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) to perform further modification reactions on the diketopiperazine (DKP) rings generating complex DKP-containing compounds, so far, a limited number of methyltransferases (MTs) co-occurring with CDPS have been experimentally characterized. Herein, we deciphered the methylation steps during drimentines (DMTs) biosynthesis with identification and characterization of DmtMT2-1 (from Streptomyces sp. NRRL F-5123) and DmtMT1 (from Streptomyces youssoufiensis OUC6819). DmtMT2-1 catalyzes N4-methylation of both pre-DMTs and DMTs; conversely, DmtMT1 recognizes the DKP rings, functioning before the assembly of the terpene moiety. Notably, both MTs display broad substrate promiscuity. Their combinatorial expression with the dmt1 genes in different Streptomyces strains successfully generated eight unnatural DMT analogs. Our results enriched the MT tool-box, setting the stage for exploring the structural diversity of DKP derivatives for drug development. The methylation steps during drimentines biosynthesis were unraveled Two N-MTs with different regioselectivities were identified The substrate promiscuities of DmtMT1 and DmtMT2-1 were probed Combinatorial biosynthesis expanded the chemical space of drimentines
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Enjing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zengzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Huayue Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Che
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianjiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Dehai Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenli Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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18
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Stereoselective synthesis of the key intermediate of ticagrelor and its diverse analogs using a new alcohol dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus kyotonensis. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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19
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Du LH, Chen PF, Long RJ, Xue M, Luo XP. A sustainable innovation for the tandem synthesis of sugar-containing coumarin derivatives catalyzed by lipozyme TL IM from Thermomyces lanuginosus in continuous-flow microreactors. RSC Adv 2020; 10:13252-13259. [PMID: 35492096 PMCID: PMC9051562 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00879f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed an efficient and environmentally friendly two-step tandem methodology for the synthesis of sugar-containing coumarin derivatives catalyzed by lipozyme TL IM from Thermomyces lanuginosus in continuous-flow microreactors. Compared to those observed for other methods, the salient features of this work including green reaction conditions, short residence time (50 min), and catalysts are more readily available and the biocatalysis reaction process is efficient and easy to control. This two-step tandem synthesis of coumarin derivatives using the continuous-flow technology is a proof of concept that opens the use of enzymatic microreactors in coumarin derivative biotransformations. An effective and environmentally friendly two-step tandem protocol for the synthesis of sugar-containing coumarin derivatives catalyzed by lipozyme TL IM in continuous-flow microreactors has been developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China +86 18969069399
| | - Ping-Feng Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China +86 18969069399
| | - Rui-Jie Long
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China +86 18969069399
| | - Miao Xue
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China +86 18969069399
| | - Xi-Ping Luo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou 311300 China
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20
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Yu H, Xie X, Li SM. Coupling of cyclo-l-Trp-l-Trp with Hypoxanthine Increases the Structure Diversity of Guanitrypmycins. Org Lett 2019; 21:9104-9108. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huili Yu
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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21
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Hill RA, Sutherland A. Hot off the press. Nat Prod Rep 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9np90041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A personal selection of 32 recent papers is presented covering various aspects of current developments in bioorganic chemistry and novel natural products such as phlegmadine A from Phlegmariurus phlegmaria.
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