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Chen Y, Tang H, Chen H, Li H. Self-Assembly via Condensation of Imine or Its N-Substituted Derivatives. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2838-2850. [PMID: 37751270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusCompared to traditionally used irreversible chemical reactions, dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) including imine formation represents a more advanced technique in the preparation of molecules with complex structures and topologies, whose syntheses require the formation of many bonds. By allowing the occurrence of error checking and self-correcting, it is likely that the target molecules with high enough thermodynamic stability could be self-assembled in high or even quantitative yield. Two questions are raised herein. First, it becomes a central problem in self-assembly that how to endow a target product with high enough thermodynamic stability so that it can be produced as the major or the only product within the self-assembly library. Second, the reversible nature of dynamic bonds jeopardizes the intrinsic stability of the products. More specifically, the imine bond which represents the mostly used dynamic covalent bond, is apt to undergo hydrolysis in the presence of water. Developing new approaches to make imine more robust and compatible with water is thus of importance. In this account, we summarized the progress made in our group in the field of self-assembly based on C═N bond formation. In organic solvent where an imine bond is relatively robust, we focus on studying how to enhance the thermodynamic stability of a target molecule by introducing intramolecular forces. These noncovalent interactions either release enthalpy to favor the formation of the target molecule or preorganize the building blocks into specific conformations that mimic the product, so that the entropy loss of the formation of the latter is thus suppressed. In water, which often leads to imine hydrolysis, we developed two strategies to enhance the water-compatibility. By taking advantage of multivalency, namely, multiple bonds are often more robust than a single bond, self-assembly via condensation of imine was performed successfully in water, a solvent that is considered as forbidden zone of imine. Another approach is to replace typical imine with its more robust and water compatible derivatives, namely, either hydrazone or oxime, whose C═N bonds are generally less electrophilic compared to typical imine. With the water-compatible dynamic bonds in hand, a variety topological nontrivial molecules such as catenanes and knots was self-assembled successfully in aqueous media, driven by hydrophobic effect. When the self-assembled molecules in the form of rings and cages were designed for supramolecular purposes, water-compatibility endows a merit that allows the hosts to take advantage of hydrophobic effect to drive host-guest recognition, enabling various tasks to be accomplished, such as separation of guest isomers with similar physical properties, recognition of highly hydrated anions, as well as stabilization of guest dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 31125, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 31125, China
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Thomas JA, Zubi A, Alnafisah HA, Turega S, Marques I, Gomes JRB, Félix V. Being positive is not everything - experimental and computational studies on the selectivity of a self-assembled, multiple redox-state, receptor that binds anions with up to picomolar affinities. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202102465. [PMID: 34755915 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of the self-assembled trinuclear ruthenium bowl 1 3+ , that displays three other accessible oxidation states, with oxo-anions is investigated. Using a combination of NMR and electrochemical experimental data, estimates of the binding affinities of 1 4+ , 1 5+ , and 1 6+ for both halide and oxo-anions were derived. This analysis revealed that, across the range of oxidation states of the host, both high anion binding affinities (>10 9 M -1 for specific guests bound to 1 6+ ) and high selectivities (a range of >10 7 M -1 ) were observed. As the crystal structure of binding of the hexafluorophosphate anion revealed that the host has two potential binding sites (named the α and β pockets), the host-guest properties of both putative binding sites of the bowl, in all of its four oxidation states, were investigated through detailed quantum-based computational studies. These studies revealed that, due to the interplay of electrostatically assisted hydrogen-bonding and anion-π interactions, binding to the α pocket is generally preferred, except for the case of the relatively large and lipophilic hexafluorophosphate anionic guest and the host in the highest oxidation states, where the β pocket becomes relatively favourable. This analysis confirms that host-guest interactions involving structurally complex supramolecular architectures are driven by a combination of non-covalent interactions and, even in the case of charged binding pairs, electrostatics alone cannot accurately define these recognition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Antony Thomas
- University of Sheffiled, Department of Chemistry, Brook Hill, S3 7HF, Sheffield, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Ahmed Zubi
- The University of Sheffield, Chemistry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Simon Turega
- Sheffield Hallam University, Chemistry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Igor Marques
- University of Aveiro CICECO: Universidade de Aveiro CICECO, Chemistry, PORTUGAL
| | - José R B Gomes
- Centro de Investigação em Materiais Cerâmicos e Compósitos: Universidade de Aveiro CICECO, Chemistry, PORTUGAL
| | - Vítor Félix
- University of Aveiro CICECO: Universidade de Aveiro CICECO, Chemistry, PORTUGAL
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Chen Y, Lei Y, Tong L, Li H. Stabilization of Dynamic Covalent Architectures by Multivalence. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202102910. [PMID: 34591343 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The formation of imine bond is reversible. This feature has been taken advantage of by chemists for accomplishing high yielding self-assembly. On the other hand, it also jeopardizes the intrinsic stability of these self-assembled products. However, some recent discoveries demonstrate that some of these imine bond containing molecules could be rather stable or kinetically inert. A deep investigation indicated that such enhanced stability results from, at least partially, multivalence. Such results also inspire chemists to use imine condensation for self-assembly in water, a solvent that is considered not compatible with imine bond for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Lu Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
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Xu YY, Liu HK, Wang ZK, Song B, Zhang DW, Wang H, Li Z, Li X, Li ZT. Olive-Shaped Organic Cages: Synthesis and Remarkable Promotion of Hydrazone Condensation through Encapsulation in Water. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3943-3951. [PMID: 33599126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two organic cages have been prepared in situ in water through the 2 + 3 hydrazone coupling of two pyridinium-derived trialdehydes and oxalohydrazide. The highly water-soluble cages encapsulate and solubilize linear neutral molecules. Such encapsulation has been applied for the promotion of both two- or three-component hydrazone condensation in water. For two-component reactions, the yields of the resulting monohydrazones are increased from 5-10 to 90-96%. For three-component reactions of hydrazinecarbohydrazide with 11 aromatic aldehydes, in the presence of the organic cages, the bihydrazone products can be produced in 88-96% yields. In contrast, without the promotion of the organic cages, 9 of the reactions do not afford the corresponding dihydrazone product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hong-Kun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ze-Kun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
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Lei Y, Chen Q, Liu P, Wang L, Wang H, Li B, Lu X, Chen Z, Pan Y, Huang F, Li H. Molecular Cages Self‐Assembled by Imine Condensation in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4705-4711. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Peiren Liu
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Lingxiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hongye Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bingda Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Instrumentation and Service Centre for Molecular Sciences Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Instrumentation and Service Centre for Molecular Sciences Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Feihe Huang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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Lei Y, Chen Q, Liu P, Wang L, Wang H, Li B, Lu X, Chen Z, Pan Y, Huang F, Li H. Molecular Cages Self‐Assembled by Imine Condensation in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Peiren Liu
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Lingxiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hongye Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bingda Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Instrumentation and Service Centre for Molecular Sciences Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Instrumentation and Service Centre for Molecular Sciences Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Feihe Huang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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8
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Jiao T, Wu G, Zhang Y, Shen L, Lei Y, Wang C, Fahrenbach AC, Li H. Self‐Assembly in Water with N‐Substituted Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18350-18367. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Jiao
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Libo Shen
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Cai‐Yun Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | | | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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