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Ye L, Qi S, Cheng T, Jiang Y, Feng Z, Wang M, Liu Y, Dai L, Wang L, He Z. Vanadium Redox Flow Battery: Review and Perspective of 3D Electrodes. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18852-18869. [PMID: 38993077 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) has garnered significant attention due to its potential for facilitating the cost-effective utilization of renewable energy and large-scale power storage. However, the limited electrochemical activity of the electrode in vanadium redox reactions poses a challenge in achieving a high-performance VRFB. Consequently, there is a pressing need to assess advancements in electrodes to inspire innovative approaches for enhancing electrode structure and composition. This work categorizes three-dimensional (3D) electrodes derived from materials such as foam, biomass, and electrospun fibers. By employing a flexible electrode design and compositional functionalization, high-speed mass transfer channels and abundant active sites for vanadium redox reactions can be created. Furthermore, the incorporation of 3D electrocatalysts into the electrodes is discussed, including metal-based, carbon-based, and composite materials. The strong interaction and ordered arrangement of these nanocomposites have an influence on the uniformity and stability of the surface charge distribution, thereby enhancing the electrochemical performance of the composite electrodes. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of VRFB are explored through advancements in 3D electrodes, 3D electrocatalysts, and mechanisms. It is hoped that this review will inspire the development of methodology and concept of 3D electrodes in VRFB, so as to promote the future development of scientific energy storage and conversion technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Shaotian Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Tukang Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Yingqiao Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Zemin Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Mingyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yongguang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Lei Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Zhangxing He
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
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Liao H, Gao Y, Wang L, Cheng S, Liu D, Du H, Lin L. Chemical Doping and O-Functionalization of Carbon-Based Electrode to Improve Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400705. [PMID: 38818626 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) holds promise for large-scale energy storage applications, despite its lower energy and power densities compared to advanced secondary batteries available today. Carbon materials are considered suitable catalyst electrodes for improving many aspects of the VRFB. However, pristine graphite structures in carbon materials are catalytically inert and require modification to activate their catalytic activity. Among the various strategies developed so far, O-functionalization and chemical doping of carbon materials are considered some of the most promising pathways to regulate their electronic structures. Building on the catalytic mechanisms involved in the VRFB, this concise review discusses recent advancements in the O-functionalization and chemical doping of carbon materials. Furthermore, it explores how these materials can be tailored and highlights future directions for developing more promising VRFBs to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxi Liao
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441000, Hubei, China
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University and Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University and Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University and Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Shuyu Cheng
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University and Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Dezheng Liu
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441000, Hubei, China
| | - Hongfang Du
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University and Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Liangxu Lin
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University and Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, 350117, China
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Deng Q, Zhou W, Wang H, Fu N, Wu X, Wu Y. Aspergillus Niger Derived Wrinkle-Like Carbon as Superior Electrode for Advanced Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300640. [PMID: 37088735 PMCID: PMC10288236 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The scarcity of high electrocatalysis composite electrode materials has long been suppressing the redox reaction of V(II)/V(III) and V(IV)/V(V) couples in high performance vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). Herein, through ingeniously regulating the growth of Aspergillus Niger, a wrinkle-like carbon (WLC) material that possesses edge-rich carbon, abundant heteroatoms, and nature wrinkle-like structure is obtained, which is subsequently successfully introduced and uniform dispersed on the surface of carbon fiber of graphite felt (GF). This composite electrode presents a lower overpotential and higher charge transfer ability, as the codoped multiheteroatoms increase the electrocatalysis activity and the wrinkled structure affords more abundant reaction area for vanadium ions in the electrolyte when compared with the pristine GF electrode, which is also supported by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Hence, the assembled battery using WLC electrodes achieves a high energy efficiency of 74.5% for 300 cycles at a high current density of 200 mA cm-2 , as well as the highest current density of 450 mA cm-2 . The WLC material not only uncovers huge potential in promoting the application of VRFBs, but also offers referential solution to synthesis microorganism-based high-performance electrode in other energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and NanotechnologyCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in MolecularInstitute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Beijing100190P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource of ChinaHunan Academy of ForestryChangshaHunan410018P. R. China
| | - Wei‐Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource of ChinaHunan Academy of ForestryChangshaHunan410018P. R. China
| | - Hong‐Rui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaHunan410128P. R. China
| | - Na Fu
- Hunan Province Yinfeng New Energy Co., Ltd.ChangshaHunan410014P. R. China
| | - Xiong‐Wei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaHunan410128P. R. China
- Hunan Province Yinfeng New Energy Co., Ltd.ChangshaHunan410014P. R. China
- College of Electrical and Information EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Ping Wu
- School of Energy and EnvironmentSoutheast UniversityNanjing211189P. R. China
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Fu S, Xie X, Huangyang X, Yang L, Zeng X, Ma Q, Wu X, Xiao M, Wu Y. Ameliorating Phosphonic-Based Nonflammable Electrolytes Towards Safe and Stable Lithium Metal Batteries. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104106. [PMID: 37241847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
High-energy-density lithium metal batteries with high safety and stability are urgently needed. Designing the novel nonflammable electrolytes possessing superior interface compatibility and stability is critical to achieve the stable cycling of battery. Herein, the functional additive dimethyl allyl-phosphate and fluoroethylene carbonate were introduced to triethyl phosphate electrolytes to stabilize the deposition of metallic lithium and accommodate the electrode-electrolyte interface. In comparison with traditional carbonate electrolyte, the designed electrolyte shows high thermostability and inflaming retarding characteristics. Meanwhile, the Li||Li symmetrical batteries with designed phosphonic-based electrolytes exhibit a superior cycling stability of 700 h at the condition of 0.2 mA cm-2, 0.2 mAh cm-2. Additionally, the smooth- and dense-deposited morphology was observed on an cycled Li anode surface, demonstrating that the designed electrolytes show better interface compatibility with metallic lithium anodes. The Li||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 and Li||LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 batteries paired with phosphonic-based electrolytes show better cycling stability after 200 and 450 cycles at the rate of 0.2 C, respectively. Our work provides a new way to ameliorate nonflammable electrolytes in advanced energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Fu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xuanzhi Xie
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiaoyi Huangyang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Longxi Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xianxiang Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Henan International Joint lof Rare Earth Composite Materials, Henan University of Engineering, College of Materials Engineering, Zhengzhou 451191, China
| | - Xiongwei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mingtao Xiao
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yuping Wu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Sharma P, Shahi VK. Fabricating a Partially Fluorinated Hybrid Cation-Exchange Membrane for Long Durable Performance of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:9171-9181. [PMID: 36763339 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The long-term durability of vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) depends on the stability and performance of the membrane separator. We have architected a hybrid membrane by uniform dispersion of MIL-101(Cr) (Cr-MOF) in a partially fluorinated polymer grafted with sulfonic acid groups (PHP@AMPSCr-MOF(1.0)). The single cell VRFB performance of the PHP@AMPSCr-MOF(1.0) membrane was studied in comparison with the Cr-MOF incorporated Nafion membrane (NafionCr-MOF(1.0)) and showed an excellent result with 97.5% Coulombic efficiency (CE) at 150 mA/cm2 without any significant deterioration in the charge-discharge process for 1500 cycles (over 650 h). Meanwhile, the CE value of the NafionCr-MOF membrane (94.5%) deteriorated after 800 cycles (about 360 h) under similar conditions. The high VRFB performance of the PHP@AMPSCr-MOF(1.0) membrane has been attributed to the synergized properties and good interactions between Cr-MOF and partially fluorinated polymer matrix responsible for the creation of hydrophilic proton-conducting channels to achieve high selectivity. Furthermore, the cost-effective polymer and thus membranes may open new windows for practical applications in other energy devices such as fuel cells, electrolysis, and water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerana Sharma
- Electro-Membrane Processes Laboratory, Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vinod K Shahi
- Electro-Membrane Processes Laboratory, Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Ling W, Wu X, Mo F. 3D Carbon Nanonetwork Coated Composite Electrode with Multi-Heteroatom Doping for High-Rate Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:5269. [PMID: 36501663 PMCID: PMC9738268 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advantages of benign mechanical property, electrochemical stability, and low cost, graphite fibers (GFs) have been widely used as electrodes for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). However, GFs usually possess inferior electrochemical activity and ion diffusion kinetics for electrode reaction, vastly limiting their application in VRFBs. Here, a 3D carbon nanonetwork coated GFs with multi-heteroatom doping was constructed for application in VRFBs via low temperature polymerization between linear polymer monomer and phytic acid, and subsequent carbonization (900 °C) on the GFs (GF@PCNs-900). Benefiting from the 3D structural features and multi-heteroatom doping (O, N and P), the composite electrode displayed sufficient diffusion of vanadium ions, rapid electron conduction, and highly enhanced electrochemical activity of reactive site on the electrodes. As a result, the GF@PCNs-900 delivered a high discharge capacity of 21 Ah L-1 and energy efficiency of above 70% with extraordinary stability during 200 cycles at 200 mA cm-2. Even at a huge current density of 400 mA cm-2, the GF@PCNs-900 still maintained a discharge capacity of 5.0 Ah L-1, indicating an excellent rate of performance for VRFBs. Such design strategy opens up a clear view for further development of energy storage field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ling
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiongwei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Funian Mo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
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Li B, Wang Y, Chi Q, Yuan Z, Liu B, Zhang Z. Direct synthesis of imines from nitro compounds and biomass-derived carbonyl compounds over nitrogen-doped carbon material supported Ni nanoparticles. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05632d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A kind of nitrogen-doped carbon material and MgO co-supported Ni nanoparticle catalyst has been developed and demonstrates high activity, selectivity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of Hubei
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Yanxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of Hubei
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Quan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of Hubei
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Ziliang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of Hubei
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Bing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of Hubei
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Zehui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of Hubei
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
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Li Q, Bai A, Xue Z, Zheng Y, Sun H. Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene composite electrode with high electrocatalytic activity for vanadium redox flow battery application. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Ling W, Wang P, Chen Z, Wang H, Wang J, Ji Z, Fei J, Ma Z, He N, Huang Y. Nanostructure Design Strategies for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Panpan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Zhenyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Jinbo Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Ning He
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
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Zhang L, Yue J, Deng Q, Ling W, Zhou CJ, Zeng XX, Zhou C, Wu XW, Wu Y. Preparation of a porous graphite felt electrode for advance vanadium redox flow batteries. RSC Adv 2020; 10:13374-13378. [PMID: 35493023 PMCID: PMC9051378 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00666a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid mass transfer and great electrochemical activity have become the critical points for designing electrodes in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). In this research, we show a porous graphite felt (GF@P) electrode to improve the electrochemical properties of VRFBs. The generation of pores on graphite felt electrodes is based on etching effects of iron to carbon. The voltage and energy efficiencies of VRFB based on the GF@P electrode can reach 72.6% and 70.7% at a current density of 200 mA cm-2, respectively, which are 8.3% and 7.9% better than that of untreated GF@U (graphite felt). Further, the VRFBs based on GF@P electrodes possess supreme stability after over 500 charge-discharge cycles at 200 mA cm-2. The high-efficiency approach reported in this study offers a new strategy for designing high-performance electrode materials applied in VRFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology Yueyang Hunan 414006 China .,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha Hunan 410128 China
| | - Junpei Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy ofSciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
| | - Qi Deng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha Hunan 410128 China
| | - Wei Ling
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha Hunan 410128 China
| | - Chun-Jiao Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha Hunan 410128 China
| | - Xian-Xiang Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha Hunan 410128 China
| | - Congshan Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology Yueyang Hunan 414006 China
| | - Xiong-Wei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha Hunan 410128 China
| | - YuPing Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha Hunan 410128 China .,College of Energy and Institute for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing Jiangsu 211816 China
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