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Fleming CL, Benitez-Martin C, Bernson E, Xu Y, Kristenson L, Inghardt T, Lundbäck T, Thorén FB, Grøtli M, Andréasson J. All-photonic kinase inhibitors: light-controlled release-and-report inhibition. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6897-6905. [PMID: 38725520 PMCID: PMC11077529 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00390j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Light-responsive molecular tools targeting kinases affords one the opportunity to study the underlying cellular function of selected kinases. In efforts to externally control lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) activity, the development of release-and-report LCK inhibitors is described, in which (i) the release of the active kinase inhibitor can be controlled externally with light; and (ii) fluorescence is employed to report both the release and binding of the active kinase inhibitor. This introduces an unprecedented all-photonic method for users to both control and monitor real-time inhibitory activity. A functional cellular assay demonstrated light-mediated LCK inhibition in natural killer cells. The use of coumarin-derived caging groups resulted in rapid cellular uptake and non-specific intracellular localisation, while a BODIPY-derived caging group predominately localised in the cellular membrane. This concept of release-and-report inhibitors has the potential to be extended to other biorelevant targets where both spatiotemporal control in a cellular setting and a reporting mechanism would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Physical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology SE-41296 Göteborg Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Box 462 SE-40530 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Carlos Benitez-Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Physical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology SE-41296 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Elin Bernson
- TIMM Laboratory at Sahlgrenska Centre for Cancer Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg SE-41296 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Yongjin Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Box 462 SE-40530 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Linnea Kristenson
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Centre for Cancer Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg SE-41296 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Tord Inghardt
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca SE-43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca SE-43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Fredrik B Thorén
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Centre for Cancer Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg SE-41296 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Morten Grøtli
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Box 462 SE-40530 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Joakim Andréasson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Physical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology SE-41296 Göteborg Sweden
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2
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Wei H, Xie M, Chen M, Jiang Q, Wang T, Xing P. Shedding light on cellular dynamics: the progress in developing photoactivated fluorophores. Analyst 2024; 149:689-699. [PMID: 38180167 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01994b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Photoactivated fluorophores (PAFs) are highly effective imaging tools that exhibit a removal of caging groups upon light excitation, resulting in the restoration of their bright fluorescence. This unique property allows for precise control over the spatiotemporal aspects of small molecule substances, making them indispensable for studying protein labeling and small molecule signaling within live cells. In this comprehensive review, we explore the historical background of this field and emphasize recent advancements based on various reaction mechanisms. Additionally, we discuss the structures and applications of the PAFs. We firmly believe that the development of more novel PAFs will provide powerful tools to dynamically investigate cells and expand the applications of these techniques into new domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Mingli Xie
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Qinhong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Tenghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Panfei Xing
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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3
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Tsai CY, Chen PH, Chen AL, Wang TSA. Spatiotemporal Investigation of Intercellular Heterogeneity via Multiple Photocaged Probes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301067. [PMID: 37382047 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular heterogeneity occurs widely under both normal physiological environments and abnormal disease-causing conditions. Several attempts to couple spatiotemporal information to cell states in a microenvironment were performed to decipher the cause and effect of heterogeneity. Furthermore, spatiotemporal manipulation can be achieved with the use of photocaged/photoactivatable molecules. Here, we provide a platform to spatiotemporally analyze differential protein expression in neighboring cells by multiple photocaged probes coupled with homemade photomasks. We successfully established intercellular heterogeneity (photoactivable ROS trigger) and mapped the targets (directly ROS-affected cells) and bystanders (surrounding cells), which were further characterized by total proteomic and cysteinomic analysis. Different protein profiles were shown between bystanders and target cells in both total proteome and cysteinome. Our strategy should expand the toolkit of spatiotemporal mapping for elucidating intercellular heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University and Center for, Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Po-Hsun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University and Center for, Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Ai-Lin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University and Center for, Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Tsung-Shing Andrew Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University and Center for, Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
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4
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Iglesias-Artola JM, Nadler A. The Road to Quantitative Lipid Biochemistry in Living Cells. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:810-820. [PMID: 36943016 PMCID: PMC10077588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusTraditional cell biological techniques are not readily suitable for studying lipid signaling events because genetic perturbations are much slower than the interconversion of lipids in complex metabolic networks. For this reason, novel chemical biological approaches have been developed. One approach is to chemically modify a lipid with a so-called "caging group" that renders it inactive, but this cage can be removed photochemically inside cells to release the bioactive molecule. These caged compounds offer unique advantages for studying the kinetics of cellular biochemistry and have been extensively used in the past. However, a limitation of conventional caged compounds is their ability to diffuse freely inside the cell, which does not permit localized activation below optical precision. This poses a challenge for studying lipid signaling as lipid function inside cells is tightly linked to their parent membrane. An ideal lipid probe should, therefore, be restricted to a single organelle membrane or preferentially to a single leaflet. We first demonstrated the plasma-membrane-specific photorelease of fatty acids by employing sulfonated caging groups. Using these caged fatty acid probes we demonstrated that lipid localization determines signaling outcome. Generalizing this approach, we designed a so-called "click cage" that can be coupled to lipids and offers the possibility to attach organelle targeting groups via click chemistry. Using this strategy, we have synthesized plasma membrane, lysosomal, mitochondria, and endoplasmic-reticulum-targeted lipids that can be used to dissect organelle-specific signaling events. To reduce the synthetic effort associated with generating caged compounds, we designed a coumarin triflate reagent that allows the direct functionalization of phosphate- or carboxylate-containing compounds. With this novel reagent, we synthesized a small library of photocaged G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands to study the underlying lipid signaling dynamics. Most recently, we have focused on quantifying the kinetics of lipid signaling for different diacylglycerol (DAG) species using plasma-membrane-targeted caged DAGs. Using this approach, we quantitatively measured lipid-protein affinities and lipid transbilayer dynamics in living cells. After analyzing DAGs with different acyl chain length and saturation degree, we discovered that affinities can vary by up to an order of magnitude. This finding clearly shows that cells are able to distinguish between individual DAG species, thereby demonstrating that lipid diversity matters in cellular signal processing. Although the recent advances have yielded valuable tools to study lipid signaling, challenges remain on specifically targeting the different leaflets of organelle membranes. Furthermore, it is necessary to simplify the experimental approaches required for parametrizing and corroborating quantitative kinetic models of lipid signaling. In the future, we envision that the application of leaflet-specific caged lipids to model membrane systems will be of crucial importance for understanding lipid asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Iglesias-Artola
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - André Nadler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, Dresden 01307, Germany
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5
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Red‐Shifted Water‐Soluble BODIPY Photocages for Visualisation and Controllable Cellular Delivery of Signaling Lipids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205855. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Purcell SC, Zhang MH, Honigfort DJ, Ng HJC, Michalak AL, Godula K. Cell surface photoengineering enables modeling of glycocalyx shedding dynamics. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6626-6635. [PMID: 35756522 PMCID: PMC9172368 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00524g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular glycocalyx, composed of membrane associated glycoproteins and glycolipids, is a complex and dynamic interface that facilitates interactions between cells and their environment. The glycocalyx composition is continuously changing through biosynthesis of new glycoconjugates and membrane turnover. Various glycocalyx components, such as mucins, can also be rapidly shed from the cell surface in response to acute events, such as pathogenic threat. Mucins, which are large extended glycoproteins, deliver important protective functions against infection by creating a physical barrier at the cell surface and by capturing and clearing pathogens through shedding. Evaluating these mucin functions may provide better understanding of early stages of pathogenesis; however, tools to tailor the composition and dynamics of the glycocalyx with precision are still limited. Here, we report a chemical cell surface engineering strategy to model the shedding behavior of mucins with spatial and temporal control. We generated synthetic mucin mimetic glycopolymers terminated with a photolabile membrane anchor, which could be introduced into the membranes of living cells and, subsequently, released upon exposure to UV light. By tuning the molecular density of the artificial glycocalyx we evaluated lectin crosslinking and its effect on shedding, showing that lectins can stabilize the glycocalyx and limit release of the mucin mimetics from the cell surface. Our findings indicate that endogenous and pathogen-associated lectins, which are known to interact with the host-cell glycocalyx, may alter mucin shedding dynamics and influence the protective properties of the mucosal barrier. More broadly, we present a method which enables photoengineering of the glycocalyx and can be used to facilitate the study of glycocalyx dynamics in other biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Purcell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Michelle H Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Daniel J Honigfort
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Hans Jefferson C Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Austen L Michalak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Kamil Godula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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7
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Long MJC, Assari M, Aye Y. Hiding in Plain Sight: The Issue of Hidden Variables. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1285-1292. [PMID: 35603432 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we discuss "hidden variables", which are typically introduced during an experiment as a consequence of the application of two independent variables together to create a stimulus. With increased sophistication in modern chemical biology tools and related precision interrogation techniques, hidden variables have become integral to many chemical biologists' routine experiments. For instance, they can appear in the use of light-activatable chemical probes (e.g., μMap, T-REX), or stimulus-induced enzyme activation (e.g., APEX). Unfortunately, control experiments assess only how independent variables affect measured outcomes and not the multiple differences between the two independent variables and the twain. We outline ways to account for potential hidden variables in experimental design and data interpretation as a means to aid developers of new methods, particularly those involving light-driven techniques, chemical activation, or biorthogonal chemistries, to better incorporate well-controlled procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J. C. Long
- NCCR Chemical Biology and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1110 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mahdi Assari
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- NCCR Chemical Biology and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yimon Aye
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- NCCR Chemical Biology and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Poryvai A, Galkin M, Shvadchak V, Slanina T. Red‐Shifted Water‐Soluble BODIPY Photocages for Visualisation and Controllable Cellular Delivery of Signaling Lipids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Poryvai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Czech Academy of Sciences: Ustav organicke chemie a biochemie Akademie ved Ceske republiky Redox Photochemistry CZECH REPUBLIC
| | - Maksym Galkin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Czech Academy of Sciences: Ustav organicke chemie a biochemie Akademie ved Ceske republiky Chemical Biology CZECH REPUBLIC
| | - Volodymyr Shvadchak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Czech Academy of Sciences: Ustav organicke chemie a biochemie Akademie ved Ceske republiky Chemical biology CZECH REPUBLIC
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Czech Academy of Sciences: Ustav organicke chemie a biochemie Akademie ved Ceske republiky Redox Photochemistry Flemingovo nám. 2 16000 Prague CZECH REPUBLIC
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9
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Precise spatiotemporal control of voltage-gated sodium channels by photocaged saxitoxin. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4171. [PMID: 34234116 PMCID: PMC8263607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the pharmacologic blockade of voltage-gated sodium ion channels (NaVs) by a synthetic saxitoxin derivative affixed to a photocleavable protecting group. We demonstrate that a functionalized saxitoxin (STX-eac) enables exquisite spatiotemporal control of NaVs to interrupt action potentials in dissociated neurons and nerve fiber bundles. The photo-uncaged inhibitor (STX-ea) is a nanomolar potent, reversible binder of NaVs. We use STX-eac to reveal differential susceptibility of myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the corpus callosum to NaV-dependent alterations in action potential propagation, with unmyelinated axons preferentially showing reduced action potential fidelity under conditions of partial NaV block. These results validate STX-eac as a high precision tool for robust photocontrol of neuronal excitability and action potential generation.
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10
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Farley S, Laguerre A, Schultz C. Caged lipids for subcellular manipulation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 65:42-48. [PMID: 34119744 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present recently developed strategies to manipulate lipid levels in live cells by light. We focus on photoremovable protecting groups that lead to subcellular restricted localization and activation and discuss alternative techniques. We emphasize the development of organelle targeting of caged lipids and discuss recent advances in chromatic orthogonality of caging groups for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scotland Farley
- Dept. Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aurélien Laguerre
- Dept. Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Dept. Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA.
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11
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Gaur P, Galkin M, Hauke S, Redkin R, Barnes C, Shvadchak VV, Yushchenko DA. Reversible spatial and temporal control of lipid signaling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10646-10649. [PMID: 32857092 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04146g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we introduce versatile molecular tools that enable specific delivery and visualization of photoswitchable lipids at cellular membranes, namely at the plasma membrane and internal membranes. These molecules were prepared by tethering ortho-nitrobenzyl-based fluorescent cages with a signaling lipid bearing an azobenzene photoswitch. They permit two sequential photocontrolled reactions, which are uncaging of a lipid analogue and then its repeated activation and deactivation. We used these molecules to activate GPR40 receptor transiently expressed in HeLa cells and demonstrated downstream modulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gaur
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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12
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Nakad EA, Chaud J, Morville C, Bolze F, Specht A. Monitoring of uncaging processes by designing photolytical reactions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1122-1133. [PMID: 32756690 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00169d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of photolabile protecting groups (PPGs) has been growing in emphasis for decades, and nowadays they enable cutting-edge results in numerous fields ranging from organic synthesis to neurosciences. PPGs are chemical entities that can be conjugated to a biomolecule to hide its biological activity, forming a stable so called "caged compound". This conjugate can be simply cleaved by light and therefore, the functionality of the biomolecule is restored with the formation of a PPG by-product. However, there is a sizeable need for PPGs that are able to quantify the "uncaging" process. In this review, we will discuss several strategies leading to an acute quantification of the uncaging events by fluorescence. In particular, we will focus on how molecular engineering of PPG could open new opportunities by providing easy access to photoactivation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Abou Nakad
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - J Chaud
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Morville
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - F Bolze
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - A Specht
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
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