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Ng XY, Fong KW, Kiew LV, Chung PY, Liew YK, Delsuc N, Zulkefeli M, Low ML. Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes as emerging photosensitisers for antibacterial photodynamic therapy. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 250:112425. [PMID: 37977020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has recently emerged as a potential valuable alternative to treat microbial infections. In PDT, singlet oxygen is generated in the presence of photosensitisers and oxygen under light irradiation of a specific wavelength, causing cytotoxic damage to bacteria. This review highlights different generations of photosensitisers and the common characteristics of ideal photosensitisers. It also focuses on the emergence of ruthenium and more specifically on Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes as metal-based photosensitisers used in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Their photochemical and photophysical properties as well as structures are discussed while relating them to their phototoxicity. The use of Ru(II) complexes with recent advancements such as nanoformulations, combinatory therapy and photothermal therapy to improve on previous shortcomings of the complexes are outlined. Future perspectives of these complexes used in two-photon PDT, photoacoustic imaging and sonotherapy are also discussed. This review covers the literature published from 2017 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ying Ng
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kar Wai Fong
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lik Voon Kiew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pooi Yin Chung
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yun Khoon Liew
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nicolas Delsuc
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieur, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mohd Zulkefeli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - May Lee Low
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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2
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Xu X, Qiu K, Tian Z, Aryal C, Rowan F, Chen R, Sun Y, Diao J. Probing the dynamic crosstalk of lysosomes and mitochondria with structured illumination microscopy. Trends Analyt Chem 2023; 169:117370. [PMID: 37928815 PMCID: PMC10621629 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a super-resolution technology for imaging living cells and has been used for studying the dynamics of lysosomes and mitochondria. Recently, new probes and analyzing methods have been developed for SIM imaging, enabling the quantitative analysis of these subcellular structures and their interactions. This review provides an overview of the working principle and advances of SIM, as well as the organelle-targeting principles and types of fluorescence probes, including small molecules, metal complexes, nanoparticles, and fluorescent proteins. Additionally, quantitative methods based on organelle morphology and distribution are outlined. Finally, the review provides an outlook on the current challenges and future directions for improving the combination of SIM imaging and image analysis to further advance the study of organelles. We hope that this review will be useful for researchers working in the field of organelle research and help to facilitate the development of SIM imaging and analysis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqiong Xu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kangqiang Qiu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Zhiqi Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Chinta Aryal
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Fiona Rowan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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3
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Patra SA, Sahu G, Das S, Dinda R. Recent Advances in Mitochondria-Localized Luminescent Ruthenium(II) Metallodrugs as Anticancer Agents. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300397. [PMID: 37772783 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Presently, the most effective way to transport drugs specifically to mitochondria inside the cells is of pharmacophoric interest, as mitochondria are recognized as one of the most important targets for new drug design in cancer diagnosis. To date, there are many reviews covering the photophysical, photochemical, and anticancer properties of ruthenium(II) based metallodrugs owing to their high interest in biological applications. There are, however, no reviews specifically covering the mitochondria-localized luminescent Ru(II) complexes and their subsequent mitochondria-mediated anticancer activities. Therefore, this review describes the physicochemical basis for the mitochondrial accumulation of ruthenium complexes, their synthetic strategies to localize and monitor the mitochondria in living cells, and their related underlying anticancer results. Finally, we review the related areas from previous works describing the mitochondria-localized ruthenium complexes for the treatment of cancer-related diseases. Along with this, we also deliberate the perspectives and future directions for emerging more bifunctional Ru(II) complexes that can target, image, and kill tumors more efficiently in comparison with the existing mitochondria-targeted cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushree Aradhana Patra
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Gurunath Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Sanchita Das
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Rupam Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
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4
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Combination of light and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes: Recent advances in the development of new anticancer drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Pete S, Roy N, Kar B, Paira P. Construction of homo and heteronuclear Ru(II), Ir(III) and Re(I) complexes for target specific cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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6
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Wu Y, Li S, Chen Y, He W, Guo Z. Recent advances in noble metal complex based photodynamic therapy. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5085-5106. [PMID: 35655575 PMCID: PMC9093168 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05478c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes light-activated photosensitizers (PSs) to generate toxic species for therapeutics. It has become an emerging solution for cancer treatment because of its specific spatiotemporal selectivity and minimal invasiveness. Noble metal (Ru, Ir and Pt) complexes are of increasing interest as photosensitizers for their excellent photophysical, photochemical, and photobiological properties. In this review, we highlight recent advancements in the development of noble metal complex photosensitizers for PDT during the last 5 years. We will summarize the design strategies of noble metal complexes for efficient and precise PDT, including increasing the light penetration depth, reducing the oxygen-dependent nature and improving target ability. Finally, we summarize recent efforts for the development of noble-based PSs and discuss the limitations of such PSs in clinical application and future perspectives in this field, such as the combination of PDT with other treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shumeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yuncong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- Nanchuang (Jiangsu) Institute of Chemistry and Health Nanjing 210000 China
| | - Weijiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- Nanchuang (Jiangsu) Institute of Chemistry and Health Nanjing 210000 China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- Nanchuang (Jiangsu) Institute of Chemistry and Health Nanjing 210000 China
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8
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Pham TC, Nguyen VN, Choi Y, Lee S, Yoon J. Recent Strategies to Develop Innovative Photosensitizers for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13454-13619. [PMID: 34582186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 172.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a robust strategy to design photosensitizers (PSs) for various species. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemical-based treatment approach that involves the use of light combined with a light-activated chemical, referred to as a PS. Attractively, PDT is one of the alternatives to conventional cancer treatment due to its noninvasive nature, high cure rates, and low side effects. PSs play an important factor in photoinduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Although the concept of photosensitizer-based photodynamic therapy has been widely adopted for clinical trials and bioimaging, until now, to our surprise, there has been no relevant review article on rational designs of organic PSs for PDT. Furthermore, most of published review articles in PDT focused on nanomaterials and nanotechnology based on traditional PSs. Therefore, this review aimed at reporting recent strategies to develop innovative organic photosensitizers for enhanced photodynamic therapy, with each example described in detail instead of providing only a general overview, as is typically done in previous reviews of PDT, to provide intuitive, vivid, and specific insights to the readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Chung Pham
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Van-Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yeonghwan Choi
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Songyi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.,Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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9
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Mo J, Mai Le NP, Priefer R. Evaluating the mechanisms of action and subcellular localization of ruthenium(II)-based photosensitizers. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113770. [PMID: 34403979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The identification of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of cancer is progressing rapidly. Due to their favorable photophysical and photochemical properties, Ru(II)-based photosensitizers have absorption in the visible spectrum, can be irradiated via one- and two-photon excitation within the PDT window, and yield potent oxygen-dependent and/or oxygen-independent photobiological activities. Herein, we present a current overview of the mechanisms of action and subcellular localization of Ru(II)-based photosensitizers in the treatment of cancer. These photosensitizers are highlighted from a medicinal chemistry and chemical biology perspective. However, although this field is burgeoning, challenges and limitations remain in the photosensitization strategies and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Mo
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ngoc Phuong Mai Le
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronny Priefer
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Hao L, Zhong YM, Tan CP, Mao ZW. Acidity-responsive phosphorescent metal complexes for cancer imaging and theranostic applications. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Ke L, Wei F, Liao X, Rees TW, Kuang S, Liu Z, Chen Y, Ji L, Chao H. Nano-assembly of ruthenium(II) photosensitizers for endogenous glutathione depletion and enhanced two-photon photodynamic therapy. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:7590-7599. [PMID: 33884385 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00773d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising noninvasive cancer treatment. PDT in the clinic faces several hurdles due to the unique tumor environment, a feature of which is high levels of glutathione (GSH). An excess amount of GSH consumes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by photosensitizers (PSs), reducing PDT efficiency. Herein, nano-photosensitizers (RuS1 NPs and RuS2 NPs) are reported. These consist of ruthenium complexes joined by disulfide bonds forming GSH sensitive polymer nanoparticles. The NPs achieve enhanced uptake compared to their constituent monomers. Inside cancer cells, high levels of GSH break the S-S bonds releasing PS molecules in the cell. The level of GSH is also then reduced leading to excellent PDT activity. Furthermore, RuS2 NPs functionalized with tumor targeting hyaluronic acid (HA@RuS2 NPs) assessed in vivo were highly effective with minimal side effects. To the best of our knowledge, RuS NPs are the first metal complex-based nano-assembled photosensitizers which exhibit enhanced specificity and consume endogenous GSH simultaneously, thus achieving excellent two-photon PDT efficiency in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Ke
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Fangmian Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Xinxing Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Thomas W Rees
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Shi Kuang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Zhou Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Yin X, Luo LL, Li H, Lai XY, Wang X, Liu YT. Theoretical insights on type I/II photoreactions of potential Zn(II) polypyridyl photosensitizers for two-photon photodynamic therapy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 242:118771. [PMID: 32795953 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Large two-photon absorption cross-sections are vital to photosensitizers (PSs) in TP-PDT, which can be used to develop in-depth treatment for diseased cells and minimize the harm to surrounding cells. Here, we conduct a study about photophysical properties of one Ru(II) polypyridyl complex and two designed Zn(II) polypyridyl complexes by means of DFT and TD-DFT methods. The main results are as follows: firstly, the two-photon absorption spectrum of two designed complexes Zn-OMe and Zn-OCOOCH3 are all within the phototherapeutic window (550-900 nm). Secondly, large SOC values and small energy gaps ΔES-T of these complexes guarantee the efficiency of ISC process. Thirdly, their T1 energy is greater than that required for generating 1O2 (0.98 eV) via Type II photoreaction. In addition, the calculated results of vertical electron affinities (VEA) and vertical ionization potentials (VIP) show that these complexes are able to form superoxide ions O2(-) via Type I photoreaction. Specifically, both of two designed Zn-centric complexes have larger TPA cross-sections than that of Ru-centric complex. In a word, we are pleased to report two potential photosensitizers with excellent performance and reasonable price for Type I/II photoreactions. We expect our study will offer some theoretical guidance and help in TP-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yin
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Li-Long Luo
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Hui Li
- Lanzhou University of Technology, State key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Nonferrous Metals, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Lai
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Ying-Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
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Sudhindra P, Ajay Sharma S, Roy N, Moharana P, Paira P. Recent advances in cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and mechanism of action of ruthenium metallodrugs: A review. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Tsubone TM, Martins WK, Franco MSF, Silva MN, Itri R, Baptista MS. Cellular compartments challenged by membrane photo-oxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 697:108665. [PMID: 33159891 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The lipid composition impacts directly on the structure and function of the cytoplasmic as well as organelle membranes. Depending on the type of membrane, specific lipids are required to accommodate, intercalate, or pack membrane proteins to the proper functioning of the cells/organelles. Rather than being only a physical barrier that separates the inner from the outer spaces, membranes are responsible for many biochemical events such as cell-to-cell communication, protein-lipid interaction, intracellular signaling, and energy storage. Photochemical reactions occur naturally in many biological membranes and are responsible for diverse processes such as photosynthesis and vision/phototaxis. However, excessive exposure to light in the presence of absorbing molecules produces excited states and other oxidant species that may cause cell aging/death, mutations and innumerable diseases including cancer. At the same time, targeting key compartments of diseased cells with light can be a promising strategy to treat many diseases in a clinical procedure called Photodynamic Therapy. Here we analyze the relationships between membrane alterations induced by photo-oxidation and the biochemical responses in mammalian cells. We specifically address the impact of photosensitization reactions in membranes of different organelles such as mitochondria, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane, and the subsequent responses of eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcia S F Franco
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rosangela Itri
- Department of Applied Physics, Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauricio S Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Karges J, Chao H, Gasser G. Critical discussion of the applications of metal complexes for 2-photon photodynamic therapy. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 25:1035-1050. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Zhao Z, Qiu K, Liu J, Hao X, Wang J. Two-photon photodynamic ablation of tumour cells using an RGD peptide-conjugated ruthenium(ii) photosensitiser. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12542-12545. [PMID: 32940288 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04943c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An RGD-peptide conjugated ruthenium(ii) complex has been developed, which functions as a two-photon absorption (TPA) photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent for ablating tumours by selectively targeting the mitochondria of integrin αvβ3-rich tumour cells. This approach offers a new and effective design and application for tumour-targeting metallo-anticancer drugs via two-photon PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhuo Zhao
- Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Liew HS, Mai CW, Zulkefeli M, Madheswaran T, Kiew LV, Delsuc N, Low ML. Recent Emergence of Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes as Photosensitisers for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:E4176. [PMID: 32932573 PMCID: PMC7571230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is emerging as a significant complementary or alternative approach for cancer treatment. PDT drugs act as photosensitisers, which upon using appropriate wavelength light and in the presence of molecular oxygen, can lead to cell death. Herein, we reviewed the general characteristics of the different generation of photosensitisers. We also outlined the emergence of rhenium (Re) and more specifically, Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes as a new generation of metal-based photosensitisers for photodynamic therapy that are of great interest in multidisciplinary research. The photophysical properties and structures of Re(I) complexes discussed in this review are summarised to determine basic features and similarities among the structures that are important for their phototoxic activity and future investigations. We further examined the in vitro and in vivo efficacies of the Re(I) complexes that have been synthesised for anticancer purposes. We also discussed Re(I) complexes in conjunction with the advancement of two-photon PDT, drug combination study, nanomedicine, and photothermal therapy to overcome the limitation of such complexes, which generally absorb short wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shan Liew
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (T.M.)
| | - Mohd Zulkefeli
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (T.M.)
| | - Thiagarajan Madheswaran
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (T.M.)
| | - Lik Voon Kiew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Nicolas Delsuc
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - May Lee Low
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (T.M.)
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Liu HY, Zhang SQ, Cui MC, Gao LH, Zhao H, Wang KZ. pH-Sensitive Near-IR Emitting Dinuclear Ruthenium Complex for Recognition, Two-Photon Luminescent Imaging, and Subcellular Localization of Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5420-5427. [PMID: 35021715 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A dinuclear Ru(II) complex of [(bpy)2Ru(Hdip)Ru(H2bip)](ClO4)4 {bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine, Hdip is 2-(2,6-di(pyridin-2-yl)-pyridin-4-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f]-[1,10]phenanthroline, and H2bip is 2,6-bis(imidazole-2-yl)-pyridine} was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Spectrophotometric pH titrations in aqueous buffer and in vitro cell experiments indicated the response ability of the complex to pH fluctuations in the physiological pH range (6.0-8.0). The complex was found to be capable of differentiating live HeLa cells from healthy HEK293 cells by selectively accumulating in lysosomes of the HeLa cells. The low cytotoxicity (IC50 > 100 μM), a large Stokes shift (∼200 nm), strong near-IR emission at ∼700 nm, a relatively long excited state lifetime, high photostability, and solubility make this complex considerably promising in real-time tracking and visualization of lysosomes in live cells. More interestingly, the tumor cell-specific two-photon luminescent imaging properties also endow this Ru complex with potential for applications in high-resolution tumor imaging and luminescence-guided tumor resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Si-Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Meng-Chao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Li-Hua Gao
- School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Key Laboratory of Cosmetic (Beijing Technology and Business University), China National Light Industry, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Key Laboratory of Cosmetic (Beijing Technology and Business University), China National Light Industry, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ke-Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Zhang ZJ, Wang KP, Mo JG, Xiong L, Wen Y. Photodynamic therapy regulates fate of cancer stem cells through reactive oxygen species. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:562-584. [PMID: 32843914 PMCID: PMC7415247 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i7.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective and promising cancer treatment. PDT directly generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) through photochemical reactions. This oxygen-dependent exogenous ROS has anti-cancer stem cell (CSC) effect. In addition, PDT may also increase ROS production by altering metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress, or potential of mitochondrial membrane. It is known that the half-life of ROS in PDT is short, with high reactivity and limited diffusion distance. Therefore, the main targeting position of PDT is often the subcellular localization of photosensitizers, which is helpful for us to explain how PDT affects CSC characteristics, including differentiation, self-renewal, apoptosis, autophagy, and immunogenicity. Broadly speaking, excess ROS will damage the redox system and cause oxidative damage to molecules such as DNA, change mitochondrial permeability, activate unfolded protein response, autophagy, and CSC resting state. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism by which ROS affect CSCs is beneficial to improve the efficiency of PDT and prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis. In this article, we review the effects of two types of photochemical reactions on PDT, the metabolic processes, and the biological effects of ROS in different subcellular locations on CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kun-Peng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing-Gang Mo
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China.
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Wang K, Xiang Y, Pan W, Wang H, Li N, Tang B. Dual-targeted photothermal agents for enhanced cancer therapy. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8055-8072. [PMID: 34123080 PMCID: PMC8163445 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03173a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photothermal therapy, in which light is converted into heat and triggers local hyperthermia to ablate tumors, presents an inherently specific and noninvasive treatment for tumor tissues. In this area, the development of efficient photothermal agents (PTAs) has always been a central topic. Although many efforts have been made on the investigation of novel molecular architectures and photothermal materials over the past decades, PTAs can cause severe damage to normal tissues because of the poor tumor aggregate ability and high irradiation density. Recently, dual-targeted photothermal agents (DTPTAs) provide an attractive strategy to overcome these problems and enhance cancer therapy. DTPTAs are functionalized with two classes of targeting units, including tumor environment targeting sites, tumor targeting sites and organelle targeting sites. In this perspective, typical targeted ligands and representative examples of photothermal therapeutic agents with dual-targeted properties are systematically summarized and recent advances using DTPTAs in tumor therapy are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiye Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Yanan Xiang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Wei Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
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de Almeida A, Bonsignore R. Fluorescent metal-based complexes as cancer probes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Tang LH, Cheng ML, Qian Z, Jia AQ, Zhang QF. Heteroleptic ruthenium(II) 2,2′-bipyridine complexes incorporating substituted pyrazol-1-yl-pyridazine ancillaries. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2019-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Condensation of 3,6-dichloropyridazine or 3,6-dichloro-4,5-dimethyl- pyridazine with 3-methyl-1H-pyrazole or 4-methyl-1H-pyrazole with the assistance of sodium metal in tetrahydrofuran at reflux afforded three 3,6-bis(pyrazolyl)- pyridazine-type ligands: 3,6-bis(3-methylpyrazolyl)pyridazine (L1), 3,6-bis(4-methyl- pyrazolyl)pyridazine (L2) and 4,5-dimethyl-3,6-bis(4-methylpyrazolyl)pyridazine (L3). Reactions of cis-[RuCl2(bpy)2] · 2H2O (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) and L1, L2 or L3 in the presence of NH4PF6 produced the heteroleptic cationic ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(L1)(bpy)2](PF6)2 (1), [Ru(L2)(bpy)2](PF6)2 (2) and [Ru(L3)(bpy)2](PF6)2 (3), respectively. The three complexes have been characterized by UV/Vis and luminescence spectroscopy. The crystal structures of 1 · EtOH, 2 · EtOH and 3 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Tang
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry , Anhui University of Technology , Ma’anshan, Anhui 243002 , P.R. China
| | - Mao-Ling Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry , Anhui University of Technology , Ma’anshan, Anhui 243002 , P.R. China
| | - Zhe Qian
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry , Anhui University of Technology , Ma’anshan, Anhui 243002 , P.R. China
| | - Ai-Quan Jia
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry , Anhui University of Technology , Ma’anshan, Anhui 243002 , P.R. China
| | - Qian-Feng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry , Anhui University of Technology , Ma’anshan, Anhui 243002 , P.R. China
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