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Xavier IPL, Lemos LL, de Melo EC, Campos ET, de Souza BL, Faustino LA, Galante D, de Oliveira PFM. Mechanochemical hydroquinone regeneration promotes gold salt reduction in sub-stoichiometric conditions of the reducing agent. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11436-11444. [PMID: 38567569 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05609k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Bottom-up mechanochemical synthesis (BUMS) has been demonstrated to be an efficient approach for the preparation of metal nanoparticles (NPs), protected by surface agents or anchored on solid supports. However, there are limitations, such as precise size and morphological control, due to a lack of knowledge about the mechanically induced processes of NP formation under milling. In this article, we further investigate the BUMS of AuNPs. Using SiO2 as a solid support, we studied the effect of typical reducing agents, namely NaBH4, L-ascorbic acid, and hydroquinone (HQ), on the conversion of a AuIII source. XANES showed that HQ is the strongest reducing agent under our experimental conditions, leading to the quantitative conversion of gold salt in a few minutes. Interestingly, even when HQ was used in sub-stoichiometric amounts, AuIII could be reduced to ratios higher than 85% after two minutes of milling. Investigations into the byproducts by 1H NMR and GC-FID/MS enabled the identification HQ regeneration and the formation of its derivatives. We mainly focused on benzoquinone (BQ), which is the product of the oxidation of HQ as it reduces the gold salt. We could demonstrate that HQ is regenerated from BQ exclusively under milling and acidic conditions. The regenerated HQ and other HQ-chlorinated molecules could then reduce gold-oxidized species, leading to higher conversions and economy of reactants. Our study highlights the intriguing and complex mechanisms of mechanochemical systems, in addition to fostering the atom and energy economy side of mechanochemical means to produce metal nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael P L Xavier
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo - Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo - SP, Brazil.
| | - Laura L Lemos
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo - Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo - SP, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo C de Melo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo - Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo - SP, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo T Campos
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo - Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo - SP, Brazil.
| | - Breno L de Souza
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo - Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo - SP, Brazil.
| | - Leandro A Faustino
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo - Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo - SP, Brazil.
| | - Douglas Galante
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas - SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo F M de Oliveira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo - Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo - SP, Brazil.
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2
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Deák A, Szabó PT, Bednaříková V, Cihlář J, Demeter A, Remešová M, Colacino E, Čelko L. The first solid-state route to luminescent Au(I)-glutathionate and its pH-controlled transformation into ultrasmall oligomeric Au 10-12(SG) 10-12 nanoclusters for application in cancer radiotheraphy. Front Chem 2023; 11:1178225. [PMID: 37342159 PMCID: PMC10277803 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1178225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There is still a need for synthetic approaches that are much faster, easier to scale up, more robust and efficient for generating gold(I)-thiolates that can be easily converted into gold-thiolate nanoclusters. Mechanochemical methods can offer significantly reduced reaction times, increased yields and straightforward recovery of the product, compared to the solution-based reactions. For the first time, a new simple, rapid and efficient mechanochemical redox method in a ball-mill was developed to produce the highly luminescent, pH-responsive Au(I)-glutathionate, [Au(SG)]n. The efficient productivity of the mechanochemical redox reaction afforded orange luminescent [Au(SG)]n in isolable amounts (mg scale), usually not achieved by more conventional methods in solution. Then, ultrasmall oligomeric Au10-12(SG)10-12 nanoclusters were prepared by pH-triggered dissociation of [Au(SG)]n. The pH-stimulated dissociation of the Au(I)-glutathionate complex provides a time-efficient synthesis of oligomeric Au10-12(SG)10-12 nanoclusters, it avoids high-temperature heating or the addition of harmful reducing agent (e.g., carbon monoxide). Therefore, we present herein a new and eco-friendly methodology to access oligomeric glutathione-based gold nanoclusters, already finding applications in biomedical field as efficient radiosensitizers in cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Deák
- Supramolecular Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál T. Szabó
- Centre for Structure Study, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vendula Bednaříková
- High-Performance Materials and Coatings for Industry Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Cihlář
- High-Performance Materials and Coatings for Industry Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Attila Demeter
- Renewable Energy Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michaela Remešová
- High-Performance Materials and Coatings for Industry Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Ladislav Čelko
- High-Performance Materials and Coatings for Industry Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
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3
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Richard AJ, Ferguson M, Fiss BG, Titi HM, Valdez J, Provatas N, Friščić T, Moores A. In situ study of Au nanoparticle formation in a mechanochemical-aging-based method. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2776-2784. [PMID: 37205288 PMCID: PMC10187004 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00759b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
As we strive to perform chemical transformations in a more sustainable fashion, enabling solid-state reactions through mechanochemistry has emerged as a highly successful approach. Due to the wide-ranging applications of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), mechanochemical strategies have already been employed for their synthesis. However, the underlying processes surrounding gold salt reduction, nucleation and growth of AuNPs in the solid state are yet to be understood. Here, we present a mechanically activated aging synthesis of AuNPs, through a solid-state Turkevich reaction. Solid reactants are only briefly exposed to input of mechanical energy before being aged statically over a period of six weeks at different temperatures. This system offers an excellent opportunity for an in situ analysis of both reduction and nanoparticle formation processes. During the aging period, the reaction was monitored using a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, to gain meaningful insights into the mechanisms of solid-state formation of gold nanoparticles. The acquired data allowed for the establishment of the first kinetic model for solid-state nanoparticle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J Richard
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montréal Québec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Michael Ferguson
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montréal Québec H3A 0B8 Canada
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Blaine G Fiss
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montréal Québec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Hatem M Titi
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montréal Québec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Jesus Valdez
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montréal Québec H3A 0B8 Canada
- Facility for Electron Microscopy Research, McGill University 3640 University Street Montréal Québec H3A0C7 Canada
| | - Nikolas Provatas
- Department of Physics, McGill University 3600 University Street Montréal Québec H3A 2T8 Canada
- McGill High Performance Computing Centre, École de Technologie Supérieure (ETS) 1100 Notre Dame Street West Montréal Québec H3C 1K3 Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montréal Québec H3A 0B8 Canada
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Audrey Moores
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montréal Québec H3A 0B8 Canada
- Department of Materials Engineering, McGill University 3610 University Street Montréal Québec H3A 0C5 Canada
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Ferguson M, Richard AJ, Valdez J, Fiss BG, Titi HM, Provatas N, Friščić T, Moores A. Direct observation by high resolution transmission electron microscopy of gold(III) particle transformation during aging reduction reaction. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:278-288. [PMID: 36218357 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00126h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We use a gold nanoparticle synthesis as a model system to study the morphological and compositional changes in gold(III) precursor particles, while reduction is taking place during aging after mechanical activation. Scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with a high-angle annular dark field detector revealed the nanoscale changes in particle morphology, while electron energy loss spectroscopy mapped the changes in the chemical landscape during the reduction process. Tracking a specific region of interest on the sample grid allowed for comparisons to be made of the same particles across a two day monitoring period. High-angle annular dark field images permitted the visualization of particle size reduction of the gold salt while electron energy loss spectroscopy captured the surprising mobility of the lighter chlorine and sodium ions in a solid matrix during the reduction process. This system offers unique insight into precursor particle reactivity in the solid phase, which is relevant for many mechanochemical and aging-based reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ferguson
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Austin J Richard
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Jesus Valdez
- Facility for Electron Microscopy Research, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Blaine G Fiss
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Hatem M Titi
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Nikolas Provatas
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 University Street, Montréal, Québec H3A 2T8, Canada.,McGill High Performance Computing Centre, École de Technologie Supérieure (ETS), 1100 Notre Dame Street West, Montréal, Québec H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Audrey Moores
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada. .,Department of Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
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da Silva RTP, Córdoba De Torresi SI, de Oliveira PFM. Mechanochemical Strategies for the Preparation of SiO2-Supported AgAu Nanoalloy Catalysts. Front Chem 2022; 10:836597. [PMID: 35186886 PMCID: PMC8847606 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.836597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver-gold nanoalloys were prepared from their metal salts precursors through bottom-up mechanochemical synthesis, using one-pot or galvanic replacement reaction strategies. The nanostructures were prepared over amorphous SiO2 as an inert supporting material, facilitating their stabilization without the use of any stabilizing agent. The nanomaterials were extensively characterized, confirming the formation of the bimetallic nanostructures. The nanoalloys were tested as catalysts in the hydrogenation of 2-nitroaniline and exhibited up to 4-fold the rate constant and up to 37% increased conversion compared to the respective single metal nanoparticles. Our approach is advantageous to produce nanoparticles with clean surfaces with available catalytic sites, directly in the solid-state and in an environmentally friendly manner.
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Shape-Dependent Catalytic Activity of Gold and Bimetallic Nanoparticles in the Reduction of Methylene Blue by Sodium Borohydride. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the catalytic activity of different gold and bimetallic nanoparticle solutions towards the reduction of methylene blue by sodium borohydride as a model reaction is investigated. By utilizing differently shaped gold nanoparticles, i.e., spheres, cubes, prisms and rods as well as bimetallic gold–palladium and gold–platinum core-shell nanorods, we evaluate the effect of the catalyst surface area as available gold surface area, the shape of the nanoparticles and the impact of added secondary metals in case of bimetallic nanorods. We track the reaction by UV/Vis measurements in the range of 190–850 nm every 60 s. It is assumed that the gold nanoparticles do not only act as a unit transferring electrons from sodium borohydride towards methylene blue but can promote the electron transfer upon plasmonic excitation. By testing different particle shapes, we could indeed demonstrate an effect of the particle shape by excluding the impact of surface area and/or surface ligands. All nanoparticle solutions showed a higher methylene blue turnover than their reference, whereby gold nanoprisms exhibited 100% turnover as no further methylene blue absorption peak was detected. The reaction rate constant k was also determined and revealed overall quicker reactions when gold or bimetallic nanoparticles were added as a catalyst, and again these were highest for nanoprisms. Furthermore, when comparing gold and bimetallic nanorods, it could be shown that through the addition of the catalytically active second metal platinum or palladium, the dye turnover was accelerated and degradation rate constants were higher compared to those of pure gold nanorods. The results explore the catalytic activity of nanoparticles, and assist in exploring further catalytic applications.
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Montes-García V, Squillaci MA, Diez-Castellnou M, Ong QK, Stellacci F, Samorì P. Chemical sensing with Au and Ag nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1269-1304. [PMID: 33290474 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01112f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) are ideal scaffolds for the fabrication of sensing devices because of their high surface-to-volume ratio combined with their unique optical and electrical properties which are extremely sensitive to changes in the environment. Such characteristics guarantee high sensitivity in sensing processes. Metal NPs can be decorated with ad hoc molecular building blocks which can act as receptors of specific analytes. By pursuing this strategy, and by taking full advantage of the specificity of supramolecular recognition events, highly selective sensing devices can be fabricated. Besides, noble metal NPs can also be a pivotal element for the fabrication of chemical nose/tongue sensors to target complex mixtures of analytes. This review highlights the most enlightening strategies developed during the last decade, towards the fabrication of chemical sensors with either optical or electrical readout combining high sensitivity and selectivity, along with fast response and full reversibility, with special attention to approaches that enable efficient environmental and health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Montes-García
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Fiss BG, Richard AJ, Douglas G, Kojic M, Friščić T, Moores A. Mechanochemical methods for the transfer of electrons and exchange of ions: inorganic reactivity from nanoparticles to organometallics. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8279-8318. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00918k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For inorganic metathesis and reduction reactivity, mechanochemistry is demonstrating great promise towards both nanoparticles and organometallics syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine G. Fiss
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Austin J. Richard
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Georgia Douglas
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Monika Kojic
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Audrey Moores
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
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Reddy KP, Meerakrishna RS, Shanmugam P, Satpati B, Murugadoss A. Rapid gram-scale synthesis of Au/chitosan nanoparticles catalysts using solid mortar grinding. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04255b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the abundant functional groups present in the chitosan polymer, high density catalytic tiny gold particles with greater dispersion can be anchored on the chitosan powder using simple mortar and pestle.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Paul Reddy
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Chennai-600025
- India
| | - R. S. Meerakrishna
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Division
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
- Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI)
- Chennai-600020
- India
| | - P. Shanmugam
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Division
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
- Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI)
- Chennai-600020
- India
| | - Biswarup Satpati
- Surface Physics and Material Science Division
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
- Kolkata-700064
- India
| | - A. Murugadoss
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Chennai-600025
- India
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de Oliveira PFM, Michalchuk AAL, Marquardt J, Feiler T, Prinz C, Torresi RM, Camargo PHC, Emmerling F. Investigating the role of reducing agents on mechanosynthesis of Au nanoparticles. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00826e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The influence of reducing agents on the mechanochemical synthesis of Au nanoparticles differ significantly from analogous solution syntheses. Environmentally benign mechanochemical syntheses of metal nanoparticles therefore require dedicated studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo F. M. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
| | | | - Julien Marquardt
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Torvid Feiler
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Carsten Prinz
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Roberto M. Torresi
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Pedro H. C. Camargo
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
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de Oliveira PFM, Michalchuk AAL, Buzanich AG, Bienert R, Torresi RM, Camargo PHC, Emmerling F. Tandem X-ray absorption spectroscopy and scattering for in situ time-resolved monitoring of gold nanoparticle mechanosynthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10329-10332. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03862h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A new tandem approach combines XRD and XANES for time-resolved in situ monitoring of the mechanochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo F. M. de Oliveira
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
| | | | | | - Ralf Bienert
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- Berlin
- Germany
| | | | - Pedro H. C. Camargo
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
- Department of Chemistry
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