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Wu P, Dharmadhikari B, Patra P, Xiong X. Rotaxane nanomachines in future molecular electronics. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3418-3461. [PMID: 36134345 PMCID: PMC9400518 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00057a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As the electronics industry is integrating more and more new molecules to utilize them in logic circuits and memories to achieve ultra-high efficiency and device density, many organic structures emerged as promising candidates either in conjunction with or as an alternative to conventional semiconducting materials such as but not limited to silicon. Owing to rotaxane's mechanically interlocked molecular structure consisting of a dumbbell-shaped molecule threaded through a macrocycle, they could be excellent nanomachines in molecular switches and memory applications. As a nanomachine, the macrocycle of rotaxane can move reversibly between two stations along its axis under external stimuli, resulting in two stable molecular configurations known as "ON" and "OFF" states of the controllable switch with distinct resistance. There are excellent reports on rotaxane's structure, properties, and function relationship and its application to molecular electronics (Ogino, et al., 1984; Wu, et al., 1991; Bissell, et al., 1994; Collier, et al., 1999; Pease, et al., 2001; Chen, et al., 2003; Green, et al., 2007; Jia, et al., 2016). This comprehensive review summarizes [2]rotaxane and its application to molecular electronics. This review sorts the major research work into a multi-level pyramid structure and presents the challenges of [2]rotaxane's application to molecular electronics at three levels in developing molecular circuits and systems. First, we investigate [2]rotaxane's electrical characteristics with different driving methods and discuss the design considerations and roles based on voltage-driven [2]rotaxane switches that promise the best performance and compatibility with existing solid-state circuits. Second, we examine the solutions for integrating [2]rotaxane molecules into circuits and the limitations learned from these devices keep [2]rotaxane active as a molecular switch. Finally, applying a sandwiched crossbar structure and architecture to [2]rotaxane circuits reduces the fabrication difficulty and extends the possibility of reprogrammable [2]rotaxane arrays, especially at a system level, which eventually promotes the further realization of [2]rotaxane circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiao Wu
- Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, University of Bridgeport Bridgeport CT USA
| | - Bhushan Dharmadhikari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Technology, Minnesota State University Mankato MN USA
| | - Prabir Patra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of Bridgeport Bridgeport CT USA
| | - Xingguo Xiong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Bridgeport Bridgeport CT USA
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Chen L, Sheng X, Li G, Huang F. Mechanically interlocked polymers based on rotaxanes. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7046-7065. [PMID: 35852571 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nature of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) has continued to encourage researchers to design and construct a variety of high-performance materials. Introducing mechanically interlocked structures into polymers has led to novel polymeric materials, called mechanically interlocked polymers (MIPs). Rotaxane-based MIPs are an important class, where the mechanically interlocked characteristic retains a high degree of structural freedom and mobility of their components, such as the rotation and sliding motions of rotaxane units. Therefore, these MIP materials are known to possess a unique set of properties, including mechanical robustness, adaptability and responsiveness, which endow them with potential applications in many emerging fields, such as protective materials, intelligent actuators, and mechanisorption. In this review, we outline the synthetic strategies, structure-property relationships, and application explorations of various polyrotaxanes, including linear polyrotaxanes, polyrotaxane networks, and rotaxane dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xinru Sheng
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Guangfeng Li
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. .,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China.
| | - Feihe Huang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. .,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China. .,Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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Kwan CS, Ho WKW, Chen Y, Cai Z, Leung KCF. Synthesis of Functional Building Blocks for Type III-B Rotaxane Dendrimer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223909. [PMID: 34833208 PMCID: PMC8622516 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Second-generation type III-B rotaxane dendrons, equipped with succinimide and acetylene functional groups, were synthesized successfully and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. A cell viability study of a dendron with a normal cell line of L929 fibroblast cells revealed no obvious cytotoxicity at a range of 5 to 100 μM. The nontoxic properties of the sophisticated rotaxane dendron building blocks provided a choice of bio-compatible macromolecular machines that could be potentially developed into polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chak-Shing Kwan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (C.-S.K.); (Y.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Watson K.-W. Ho
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Yanyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (C.-S.K.); (Y.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (C.-S.K.); (Y.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (C.-S.K.); (Y.C.); (Z.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
During recent decades, the blossoming of the field of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), i.e., molecules containing mechanical or topological bonds such as rotaxanes, catenanes, and knots, has been reported in the literature. Taking advantage of the rapid development of diverse synthetic strategies, the precise control of both the architectures and topologies of MIMs has become realizable, which thus enables the construction of MIMs with specially desired functions. By mimicking biomolecular machines, a variety of MIM-based artificial molecular machines such as molecular shuttles, molecular muscles, molecular motors, and molecular assemblers have been constructed and operated by relying on the unique interlocked structures and controllable intramolecular movements. Two pioneers in this field, J. Fraser Stoddart and Jean-Pierre Sauvage, were awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, thereby marking a golden age of MIMs. Along with the burgeoning of MIMs, the engineering of mechanical bonds into macromolecular scaffolds such as polymers or dendrimers has become an attractive topic since the targeted novel mechanically bonded macromolecules would feature interesting processable and mechanical properties, making them excellent candidates for practical applications such as device fabrication or smart materials. In particular, rotaxane dendrimers, attributed to the combination of the advantageous features of both rotaxanes (controllable dynamic motions) and dendrimers (nanoscale highly branched architectures), have evolved as versatile platforms for extensive applications such as gene delivery, light harvesting, and molecular nanoreactors. However, compared with the widely investigated polyrotaxanes and polycatenanes, in-depth investigations on rotaxane dendrimers have rarely been explored mainly because of the synthetic challenge that makes the preparation of diverse rotaxane dendrimers, especially high-generation ones, extremely difficult. During recent years, through the rational design and synthesis of organometallic rotaxane units as key building blocks, the employment of a controllable divergent approach led to the successful synthesis of a variety of rotaxane dendrimers with precise arrangements of rotaxane units as well as stimuli-responsive sites and functional groups. More importantly, on the basis of the synthetic accessibility to diverse rotaxane dendrimers, rotaxane dendrimers have been proven to hold great promise for extensive applications in diverse fields such as light harvesting, photocatalysis, and soft actuators. In this Account, we summarize our expedition in rotaxane dendrimers, including addressing the synthetic challenges, investigating their stimuli-responsive properties, expanding their potential applications, and inventing higher-order daisy chain dendrimers. We believe that this Account will inspire scientists from various disciplines to explore these appealing and versatile higher-order mechanically bonded macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Qing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes & Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes & Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes & Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes & Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
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Chan SM, Tang FK, Lam CY, Kwan CS, Hau SCK, Leung KCF. π-Stacking Stopper-Macrocycle Stabilized Dynamically Interlocked [2]Rotaxanes. Molecules 2021; 26:4704. [PMID: 34361858 PMCID: PMC8347712 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of mechanically interlocked molecules is valuable due to their unique topologies. With π-stacking intercomponent interaction, e.g., phenanthroline and anthracene, novel [2]rotaxanes have been synthesized by dynamic imine clipping reaction. Their X-ray crystal structures indicate the π-stackings between the anthracene moiety (stopper) on the thread and the (hetero)aromatic rings at the macrocycle of the rotaxanes. Moreover, the length of glycol chains affects the extra π-stacking intercomponent interactions between the phenyl groups and the dimethoxy phenyl groups on the thread. Dynamic combinatorial library has shown at best 84% distribution of anthracene-threaded phenanthroline-based rotaxane, coinciding with the crystallography in that the additional π-stacking intercomponent interactions could increase the thermodynamic stability and selectivity of the rotaxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Ming Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Fung-Kit Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Ching-Yau Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Chak-Shing Kwan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Sam C. K. Hau
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
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Citrate-Coated Magnetic Polyethyleneimine Composites for Plasmid DNA Delivery into Glioblastoma. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142228. [PMID: 34300986 PMCID: PMC8309231 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several ternary composites that are based on branched polyethyleneimine (bPEI 25 kDa, polydispersity 2.5, 0.1 or 0.2 ng), citrate-coated ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (citrate-NPs, 8-10 nm, 0.1, 1.0, or 2.5 µg), and reporter circular plasmid DNA pEGFP-C1 or pRL-CMV (pDNA 0.5 µg) were studied for optimization of the best composite for transfection into glioblastoma U87MG or U138MG cells. The efficiency in terms of citrate-NP and plasmid DNA gene delivery with the ternary composites could be altered by tuning the bPEI/citrate-NP ratios in the polymer composites, which were characterized by Prussian blue staining, in vitro magnetic resonance imaging as well as green fluorescence protein and luciferase expression. Among the composites prepared, 0.2 ng bPEI/0.5 μg pDNA/1.0 µg citrate-NP ternary composite possessed the best cellular uptake efficiency. Composite comprising 0.1 ng bPEI/0.5 μg pDNA/0.1 μg citrate-NP gave the optimal efficiency for the cellular uptake of the two plasmid DNAs to the nucleus. The best working bPEI concentration range should not exceed 0.2 ng/well to achieve a relatively low cytotoxicity.
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Wang T, Cai Z, Chen Y, Lee WK, Kwan CS, Li M, Chan ASC, Chen ZF, Cheung AKL, Leung KCF. MALDI-MS Imaging Analysis of Noninflammatory Type III Rotaxane Dendrimers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2488-2494. [PMID: 32813518 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rotaxane dendrimers with hyperbranched macromolecular interlocked structures and size modulation capacity demonstrate drug binding and release ability upon external stimuli. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) can offer the high-throughput screening of endogenous/exogenous compounds. Herein, we reported a novel method to display the in situ spatial distribution of label-free monodispersed type III rotaxane dendrimers (RDs) G1 (first generation, size ∼1.5 nm) and G2 (second generation, size ∼5 nm) that were explored as potential drug vehicles in spleen tissue by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-MSI). Experimental results indicated that the trans-2-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methyl-2-propenylidene]malononitrile (DCTB) matrix exhibited the best performance for monodispersed type III RDs G1 and G2. The optimized method was successfully applied to map the in vivo spatial distribution of type III RDs G1 and G2 in the spleen from intraperitoneally injected mice. The MALDI-MSI images revealed that RDs G1 and G2 were relatively stable in the spleen within 24 h after administration. It was found that the identified type III RDs G1 and G2 penetrated through the tunica serosa and were predominantly localized in red pulp regions of spleens. They were also mapped in a marginal zone of spleens simultaneously. There was almost no toxicity of type III RDs G1 and G2 to mice spleens from the H&E results. Furthermore, the type III RDs did not induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or THP-1 monocytes. The MSI analysis not only demonstrated its ability to image select rotaxane dendrimers in a rapid and efficient manner but also provided tremendous assistance on the applications of the further treatment of cancerous tissue as safe drug carriers. Furthermore, the new strategy demonstrated in this study could be applied on other label-free mechanically interlocked molecules, molecular machines, and macromolecules, which opened a new path to evaluate the toxicological and pharmacokinetic characteristics of these novel materials at the suborgan level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wang Ka Lee
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chak-Shing Kwan
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Albert S C Chan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Lee & Man Technology Company Ltd., 8 Huanshi Avenue, Nansha, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Allen Ka Loon Cheung
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Chak‐Shing Kwan
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Ken Cham‐Fai Leung
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
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Zhou HY, Zong QS, Han Y, Chen CF. Recent advances in higher order rotaxane architectures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9916-9936. [PMID: 32638726 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03057k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite dramatic advances in the template-directed synthesis of archetypal [2]rotaxanes, higher order rotaxanes with multiple molecular components (rings or dumbbells) are relatively daunting subjects owing to their synthetic challenges. With unique interlocked architectures, higher order rotaxanes have found applications in artificial molecular machines. In this feature article, we will focus on the recent advances in higher order rotaxanes with well-defined structures. Different types of rotaxane architectures will be described, and their synthetic approaches will be highlighted. Moreover, the stimuli-responsive molecular motion with increasing complexity in these diverse architectures will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Ye Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian-Shou Zong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Ying Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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