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Guo F, Zhu J, Fan X. Dual role tertiary amines in photocatalytic cyclizations: towards sustainable syntheses of 1,3-dinitrogen heterocycles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:10164-10167. [PMID: 39189808 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03666b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
A novel photocatalytic cascade has been engineered for the transformation of diketimines into 1,3-dinitrogen heterocycles, ingeniously repurposing methylamine a typically utilized sacrificial additive as a dual-function reagent, serving simultaneously as an electron donor and a methyl source. This innovation champions atom economy and underscores a commitment to sustainable chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhu Guo
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junli Zhu
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinyuan Fan
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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2
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Guan Y, Chang K, Su Y, Xu X, Xu X. Frustrated Lewis Pair-Type Reactivity of Intermolecular Rare-Earth Aryloxide and N-Heterocyclic Carbene/Olefin Combinations. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400190. [PMID: 38451014 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
This work reports the cooperative reactivity of rare-earth aryloxide complexes with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) or N-heterocyclic olefin (NHO), showcasing their synergistic effect on the activation of H2 and diverse organic substrates. Reactions of RE(OAr)3 (RE=La, Sm, and Y; Ar=2,6-tBu2-C6H3) with unsaturated NHC ItBu (:C[N(R)CH]2, R=tBu) isolated abnormally bound RE metal NHC complexes RE/aNHC. In contrast, no metal-NHO adducts were formed when RE(OAr)3 were treated with NHO (R2C=C[N(R)C(R)]2, R=CH3). Both RE/aNHC and RE/NHO Lewis pairs enabled cooperative H2 activation. Furthermore, RE(OAr)3 were found to catalyze the hydrogenation of the exocyclic C=C double bond of NHO under mild conditions. Moreover, treatment of the La/aNHC complex with benzaldehyde produced a La/C4 1,2-addition product. The La/NHO Lewis pair could react with (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane and α, β-conjugated imine, affording an isocyanotrimethylsilyl lanthanum amide complex and a La/C 1,4-addition product, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Guan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kejian Chang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Su
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, P. R. China
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3
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Guan Y, Xu X, Xu X. Double Bond Cleavage in Small Molecules Using a Geminal Sc/P Lewis Pair. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14782-14789. [PMID: 37643351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have proven capable of cleaving the H-H σ-bond and binding a variety of unsaturated small molecules. In contrast, examples of FLP-mediated complete rupture of double-bonded substrates remain scarce. Herein, we present a geminal Sc/P Lewis pair, i.e., (ArO)2ScN(tBu)PPh2 (Ar = 2,6-tBu2-C6H3), that exhibits typical FLP-type 1,2-addition reactivity toward CO2. Notably, it enables the complete cleavage of a series of double bonds, such as the N═N bond in azobenzene or pyridazine, the N═O bond in nitrosobenzene, and the N═S and S═O bonds in N-sulfinylaniline, to yield the corresponding metallacyclic products. Moreover, the first rare-earth metal sulfur monoxide adduct could be obtained through the bond cleavage of PhNSO, demonstrating the capability of rare-earth metal complexes to capture reactive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Guan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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Becker C, Schwabedissen J, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Frustrated Lewis pair chemistry of hydride sponges. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6547-6564. [PMID: 35319060 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00585a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An improved synthesis for 1,8-bis(dimethylboranyl)naphthalene (1, hydride sponge) was developed avoiding the use of tin(IV) reagents. The related 1,2-bis(dimethylboranyl)benzene (2) was prepared. 1 combined with 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (3, proton sponge) is a Frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) that forms adducts [1-EHn-1][3-H] with the protic compounds EHn = H2O, NH3, H2S, PH3, H2Se, HCN. Their structures show the chelation of the deprotonated substrates, except for CN- (binds to one B atom of 1). The mechanisms of formation of [1-EHn-1][3-H] were explored by NMR spectroscopy. Similar reactions took places for the FLP system 2 + 3, but the adducts [2-EHn-1][3-H] are less stable; only the PH3 adduct was isolated and AsH3 forms a chelated adduct [2-NC(CD3)AsH2][3-H]. FLP 1 + 3 does not react with molecular hydrogen, but the formal adduct [1-H][3-H] was isolated via salt metathesis from K[1-H] and [3-H]Cl; it is stable towards water, atmospheric oxygen and up to 100 °C; its thermal decomposition proceeds without formation of H2. The stabilities of both, the mixture 1 + 3 + H2 and the formal adduct [1-H][3-H], allow concluding that hydrogen activation of FLP 1 + 3 is kinetically prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Becker
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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5
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Guan Y, Chang K, Sun Q, Xu X. Progress in Rare-Earth Metal-Based Lewis Pair Chemistry. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202112008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Su Y, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Luo Y, Xu X. Rare-Earth Aryloxide/Ylide-Functionalized Phosphine Frustrated Lewis Pairs for the Polymerization of 4-Vinylpyridine and Its Derivatives. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Su
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Hongyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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8
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Paparo A, Nguyen ALP, Silvia JS, Spaniol TP, Maron L, Cummins CC, Okuda J. Dihydrogen cleavage by a dimetalloxycarbene-borane frustrated Lewis pair. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:10692-10695. [PMID: 34313284 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02273c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A frustrated Lewis pair of dititanoxycarbene [(Ti(N[tBu]Ar)3)2(μ-CO2)] (Ar = 3,5-Me2C6H3) and B(C6F5)3 cleaved dihydrogen under ambient conditions to give the zwitterionic formate [(Ti(N[tBu]Ar)3)2(μ-OCHO-ηO:ηO')(B(C6F5)3)] and the hydrido borate [Ti(N[tBu]Ar)3][HB(C6F5)3].
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Paparo
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Anh L P Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23 and Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jared S Silvia
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thomas P Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Christopher C Cummins
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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Chang K, Del Rosal I, Zheng X, Maron L, Xu X. Hydrosilylative reduction of carbon dioxide by a homoleptic lanthanum aryloxide catalyst with high activity and selectivity. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7804-7809. [PMID: 34100492 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01074c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient tandem hydrosilylation of CO2, which uses a combination of a simple, homoleptic lanthanum aryloxide and B(C6F5)3, was performed. Use of a less sterically hindered silane led to an exclusive reduction of CO2 to CH4, with a turnover frequency of up to 6000 h-1 at room temperature. The catalytic system is robust, and 19 400 turnovers could be achieved with 0.005 mol% loading of lanthanum. The reaction outcome depended highly on the nature of the silane reductant used. Selective production of the formaldehyde equivalent, i.e., bis(silyl)acetal, without over-reduction, was observed when a sterically bulky silane was used. The reaction mechanism was elucidated by stoichiometric reactions and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejian Chang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Iker Del Rosal
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Xizhou Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.
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Zhou Y, Jiang S, Xu X. Isospecific Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate by Intramolecular
Rare‐Earth
Metal Based Lewis Pairs†. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Shengjie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
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11
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Delaude L. The Chemistry of Azolium‐Carboxylate Zwitterions and Related Compounds: a Survey of the Years 2009–2020. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Delaude
- Laboratory of CatalysisMolSys Research UnitInstitut de Chimie Organique (B6a)Université de Liège Allée du six Août 13 4000 Liège Belgium
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Kejian Chang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
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13
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Recent Advances in Rare Earth Complexes Containing N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Applications in Polymerization. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are ubiquitous ancillary ligands employed in metal-catalyzed homogeneous reactions and polymerization reactions. Of significance is the use of NHCs as the supporting ligand in second- and third-generation Grubbs catalysts for their application in olefin metathesis and ring-opening metathesis polymerization. While the applications of transition metal catalysts ligated with NHCs in polymerization chemistry are well-documented, the use of analogous rare earth (Ln = Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) catalysts in this area remains under-developed, despite the unique role of rare earth elements in regio- and stereo-specific (co)polymerization reactions. By using hetero-atom-tethered chelating NHCs and, more recently, the employment of other structurally related NHCs, NHC-ligated Ln complexes have proven to be promising and fruitful catalysts for selective polymerization reactions. This review summarizes the recent developments in the coordination chemistry of Ln complexes containing NHCs and their catalytic performance in polymerization.
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