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Chen Q, Wei S, Zhu R, Du J, Xie J, Huang H, Zhu J, Guo Z. Mechanochemical reduction of clay minerals to porous silicon nanoflakes for high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14297-14300. [PMID: 37965753 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04403c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchically porous silicon nanoflakes were synthesized from natural talc via a mechanochemical reduction method, which showed great potential in the scalable production of silicon nanoflakes due to the abundant precursor and facile strategy. The unique layered structure and chemical composition of talc enabled the formation of two-dimensional nanostructured silicon without any additional templates. As lithium-ion battery anodes, the silicon nanoflakes showed excellent electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingze Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shoushu Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runliang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jieyang Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiming Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianxi Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhengxiao Guo
- Department of Chemistry and HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Wu Q, Zhu Y, Duan H, Zhu L, Zhang Y, Xu H, Egun IL, He H. Nano-Silicon@Exfoliated Graphite/Pyrolytic Polyaniline Composite of a High-Performance Cathode for Lithium Storage. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1584. [PMID: 36837214 PMCID: PMC9967963 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a Si@EG composite was prepared by liquid phase mixing and the elevated temperature solid phase method, while polyaniline was synthesized by the in situ chemical polymerization of aniline monomer to coat the surface of nano-silicon and exfoliated graphite composites (Si@EG). Pyrolytic polyaniline (p-PANI) coating prevents the agglomeration of silicon nanoparticles, forming a good conductive network that effectively alleviates the volume expansion effect of silicon electrodes. SEM, TEM, XRD, Raman, TGA and BET were used to observe the morphology and analyze the structure of the samples. The electrochemical properties of the materials were tested by the constant current charge discharge and cyclic voltammetry (CV) methods. The results show that Si@EG@p-PANI not only inhibits the agglomeration between silicon nanoparticles and forms a good conductive network but also uses the outermost layer of p-PANI carbon coating to effectively alleviate the volume expansion of silicon nanoparticles during cycling. Si@EG@p-PANI had a high initial specific capacity of 1491 mAh g-1 and still maintains 752 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g-1, which shows that it possesses excellent electrochemical stability and reversibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yinghong Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Haojie Duan
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Hongqiang Xu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Ishioma Laurene Egun
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Haiyong He
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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Chen W, Liao Y, Chen K, Zeng R, Wan M, Guo Y, Peng J, Meng J, Xue L, Zhang W. Stable and High-Rate silicon anode enabled by artificial Poly(acrylonitrile)–Sulfur interface engineering for advanced Lithium-ion batteries. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.117093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sun W, Xu L, Zhu A. Preparation and electrochemical performance of nanocarbon-isolated nano-sheet silicon lithium-ion battery anode material. J Solid State Electrochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-022-05275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Zhang F, Zhu W, Li T, Yuan Y, Yin J, Jiang J, Yang L. Advances of Synthesis Methods for Porous Silicon-Based Anode Materials. Front Chem 2022; 10:889563. [PMID: 35548675 PMCID: PMC9081600 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.889563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon (Si)-based anode materials have been the promising candidates to replace commercial graphite, however, there are challenges in the practical applications of Si-based anode materials, including large volume expansion during Li+ insertion/deinsertion and low intrinsic conductivity. To address these problems existed for applications, nanostructured silicon materials, especially Si-based materials with three-dimensional (3D) porous structures have received extensive attention due to their unique advantages in accommodating volume expansion, transportation of lithium-ions, and convenient processing. In this review, we mainly summarize different synthesis methods of porous Si-based materials, including template-etching methods and self-assembly methods. Analysis of the strengths and shortages of the different methods is also provided. The morphology evolution and electrochemical effects of the porous structures on Si-based anodes of different methods are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petrochemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petrochemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petrochemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petrochemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petrochemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Jiang Yin, ; Lishan Yang,
| | - Jianhong Jiang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Water Treatment Process and Equipment, China Machinery International Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Lishan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petrochemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Jiang Yin, ; Lishan Yang,
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6
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Engineering surface amphiphilicity of polymer nanostructures. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chen J, Guo X, Gao M, Wang J, Sun S, Xue K, Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhang J. Self-supporting dual-confined porous Si@c-ZIF@carbon nanofibers for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10580-10583. [PMID: 34558580 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04172j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dual-confined porous Si@c-ZIF@carbon nanofibers (Si@c-ZIF@CNFs) are fabricated that possess excellent antioxidant capacity, high surface area and abundant pores, which enhances conductivity, relieves volume expansion and facilitates electrolyte penetration during cycling. When evaluated as self-supporting anodes for lithium-ion batteries, the Si@c-ZIF@CNFs exhibit excellent cycling and rate performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
| | - Xingmei Guo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
| | - Mingyue Gao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
| | - Shangqing Sun
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
| | - Kai Xue
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
| | - Shuya Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
| | - Yuanjun Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
| | - Junhao Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
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Jiang M, Chen J, Ma Y, Luo W, Yang J. Electrostatic Interactions Leading to Hierarchical Interpenetrating Electroconductive Networks in Silicon Anodes for Fast Lithium Storage. Chemistry 2021; 27:9320-9327. [PMID: 33855743 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the frequency of combining MXene, which has unique properties such as metal-level conductivity and large specific surface area, with silicon to achieve excellent electrochemical performance has increased considerably. There is no doubt that the introduction of MXene can improve the conductivity of silicon and the cycling stability of electrodes after elaborate structure design. However, most exhaustive contacts can only improve the electrode conductivity on the plane. Herein, a MXene@Si/CNTs (HIEN-MSC) composite with hierarchical interpenetrating electroconductive networks has been synthesized by electrostatic self-assembly. In this process, the CNTs are first combined with silicon nanoparticles and then assembled with MXene nanosheets. Inserting CNTs into silicon nanoparticles can not only reduce the latter's agglomeration, but also immobilizes them on the three-dimensional conductive framework composed of CNTs and MXene nanosheets. Therefore, the HIEN-MSC electrode shows superior rate performance (high reversible capacity of 280 mA h-1 even tested at 10 A g-1 ), cycling stability (stable reversible capacity of 547 mA h g-1 after 200 cycles at 1 A g-1 ) and applicability (a high reversible capacity of 101 mA h g-1 after 50 cycles when assembled with NCM622 into a full cell). These results may provide new insights for other electrodes with excellent rate performance and long-cycle stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Junliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Wei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jianping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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Ge M, Cao C, Biesold GM, Sewell CD, Hao SM, Huang J, Zhang W, Lai Y, Lin Z. Recent Advances in Silicon-Based Electrodes: From Fundamental Research toward Practical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004577. [PMID: 33686697 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for higher-energy-density batteries driven by advancements in electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and portable electronic devices necessitates the development of alternative anode materials with a specific capacity beyond that of traditional graphite anodes. Here, the state-of-the-art developments made in the rational design of Si-based electrodes and their progression toward practical application are presented. First, a comprehensive overview of fundamental electrochemistry and selected critical challenges is given, including their large volume expansion, unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) growth, low initial Coulombic efficiency, low areal capacity, and safety issues. Second, the principles of potential solutions including nanoarchitectured construction, surface/interface engineering, novel binder and electrolyte design, and designing the whole electrode for stability are discussed in detail. Third, applications for Si-based anodes beyond LIBs are highlighted, specifically noting their promise in configurations of Li-S batteries and all-solid-state batteries. Fourth, the electrochemical reaction process, structural evolution, and degradation mechanisms are systematically investigated by advanced in situ and operando characterizations. Finally, the future trends and perspectives with an emphasis on commercialization of Si-based electrodes are provided. Si-based anode materials will be key in helping keep up with the demands for higher energy density in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzheng Ge
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile & Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Cao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile & Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Gill M Biesold
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Christopher D Sewell
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Shu-Meng Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jianying Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst (NERC-CFC), College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile & Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Yuekun Lai
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst (NERC-CFC), College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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Kahsay BA, Wang FM, Hailu AG, Wang XC, Yuwono RA, Su CH. Synthesis, characteristics, and electrochemical performance of N,N-(p-phenylene)bismaleamate and its fluorosubstitution compound on organic anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Wang F, Chen S, Song C, Zhao B, Du H, Fang M. Solvent-Induced Growth of Free-Standing 2D Si Nanosheets. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2005426. [PMID: 33205580 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2D Si nanomaterials draw great interest owing to their fascinating properties and potential applications in electronic devices, catalysts, and energy storage and conversion devices. However, high-quality and large-scale synthesis of Si nanosheets remains a big challenge, despite the limited reports on their preparations via chemical exfoliation of layered Zintl silicide, magnesiothermic reduction of layered silicon oxide, and chemical vapor deposition. In this work, a facile, solution method to produce free-standing Si nanosheets in high yields and low cost, based on the reaction of commercial magnesium powder with trichlorosilane and tripropylamine in dichloromethane under mild conditions, is reported. The prepared Si nanosheets have an average thickness of ≈2 nm and show photoluminescence. Experiments demonstrate that the key to the formation of Si nanosheets is the use of dichloromethane as a solvent. This method can be used to prepare Si nanosheets in large scale for various potential applications and possibly Si crystals with specific crystal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Changsheng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Baoxun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Hongbin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Min Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
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12
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Nulu A, Nulu V, Sohn KY. Si/SiO
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Nanoparticles Embedded in a Conductive and Durable Carbon Nanoflake Matrix as an Efficient Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arunakumari Nulu
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering Center for Nano Manufacturing Inje University 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae Gyeongnam-do 50834 Korea
| | - Venugopal Nulu
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering Center for Nano Manufacturing Inje University 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae Gyeongnam-do 50834 Korea
| | - Keun Y. Sohn
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering Center for Nano Manufacturing Inje University 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae Gyeongnam-do 50834 Korea
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