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Chen W, Wang Z, Tian M, Hong G, Wu Y, Sui M, Chen M, An J, Song F, Peng X. Integration of TADF Photosensitizer as “Electron Pump” and BSA as “Electron Reservoir” for Boosting Type I Photodynamic Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:8130-8140. [PMID: 37001012 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Type I photosensitization provides an effective solution to the problem of unsatisfactory photodynamic therapeutic (PDT) effects caused by the tumor hypoxia. The challenge in the development of Type I mode is to boost the photosensitizer's own electron transfer capacity. Herein, we found that the use of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to encapsulate a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) photosensitizer PS can significantly promote the Type I PDT process to generate a mass of superoxide anions (O2•-). This Type I photosensitization opened a new strategy by employing BSA as "electron reservoir" and TADF photosensitizer as "electron pump". We integrated these roles of BSA and PS in one system by preparing nanophotosensitizer PS@BSA. The Type I PDT performance was demonstrated with tumor cells under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, PS@BSA took full advantage of the tumor-targeting role of BSA and achieved efficient PDT for tumor-bearing mice in the in vivo experiments. This work provides an effective route to improve the PDT efficiency of hypoxic tumors.
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2
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Bonelli J, Ortega-Forte E, Rovira A, Bosch M, Torres O, Cuscó C, Rocas J, Ruiz J, Marchán V. Improving Photodynamic Therapy Anticancer Activity of a Mitochondria-Targeted Coumarin Photosensitizer Using a Polyurethane-Polyurea Hybrid Nanocarrier. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2900-2913. [PMID: 35695426 PMCID: PMC9277592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Integration of photosensitizers (PSs) within nanoscale delivery systems offers great potential for overcoming some of the "Achiles' heels" of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, we have encapsulated a mitochondria-targeted coumarin PS into amphoteric polyurethane-polyurea hybrid nanocapsules (NCs) with the aim of developing novel nanoPDT agents. The synthesis of coumarin-loaded NCs involved the nanoemulsification of a suitable prepolymer in the presence of a PS without needing external surfactants, and the resulting small nanoparticles showed improved photostability compared with the free compound. Nanoencapsulation reduced dark cytotoxicity of the coumarin PS and significantly improved in vitro photoactivity with red light toward cancer cells, which resulted in higher phototherapeutic indexes compared to free PS. Importantly, this nanoformulation impaired tumoral growth of clinically relevant three-dimensional multicellular tumor spheroids. Mitochondrial photodamage along with reactive oxygen species (ROS) photogeneration was found to trigger autophagy and apoptotic cell death of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Bonelli
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció
de Química Orgànica, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat
de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona
(UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nanobiotechnological
Polymers Division, Ecopol Tech, S.L., El Foix Business Park, Indústria
7, L’Arboç del Penedès, 43720 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Enrique Ortega-Forte
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Murcia, Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Anna Rovira
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció
de Química Orgànica, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat
de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona
(UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Bosch
- Unitat
de Microscòpia Òptica Avançada, Centres Científics
i Tecnològics (CCiTUB), Universitat
de Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Torres
- Nanobiotechnological
Polymers Division, Ecopol Tech, S.L., El Foix Business Park, Indústria
7, L’Arboç del Penedès, 43720 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristina Cuscó
- Nanobiotechnological
Polymers Division, Ecopol Tech, S.L., El Foix Business Park, Indústria
7, L’Arboç del Penedès, 43720 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josep Rocas
- Nanobiotechnological
Polymers Division, Ecopol Tech, S.L., El Foix Business Park, Indústria
7, L’Arboç del Penedès, 43720 Tarragona, Spain
| | - José Ruiz
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Murcia, Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Marchán
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció
de Química Orgànica, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat
de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona
(UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Liu Q, Yang M, Meng X, Han X, Nazare M, Xu Y, Hu HY, Zhang Q. Donor manipulation for constructing a pH sensing thermally activated delayed fluorescent probe to detect alkaliphiles. Talanta 2022; 246:123493. [PMID: 35489098 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
pH homeostasis is essential for alkaliphiles, given their widespread use in biotechnological applications. However, quantitative monitoring of alkaline pH in alkaliphiles remains challenging. Here, we synthesized for the first time, a thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) pH probe: NI-D-OH. Our probe exhibits a good linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and pH in the neutral to alkaline range (pH 7.0-8.6), as well as long-lived TADF emission. We further show that NI-D-OH can be used to monitor intracellular pH in living organisms, and evaluate the effect of Na+ on the pH homeostasis, demonstrating the potential for alkaline pH monitoring and time-resolved fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Miao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiangchuan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaowan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Marc Nazare
- Medicinal Chemistry, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie Berlin, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Youjun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Hai-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Qingyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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4
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Fang F, Zhu L, Li M, Song Y, Sun M, Zhao D, Zhang J. Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Material: An Emerging Class of Metal-Free Luminophores for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102970. [PMID: 34705318 PMCID: PMC8693050 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of simple, efficient, and biocompatible organic luminescent molecules is of great significance to the clinical transformation of biomaterials. In recent years, purely organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials with an extremely small single-triplet energy gap (ΔEST ) have been considered as the most promising new-generation electroluminescence emitters, which is an enormous breakthrough in organic optoelectronics. By merits of the unique photophysical properties, high structure flexibility, and reduced health risks, such metal-free TADF luminophores have attracted tremendous attention in biomedical fields, including conventional fluorescence imaging, time-resolved imaging and sensing, and photodynamic therapy. However, there is currently no systematic summary of the TADF materials for biomedical applications, which is presented in this review. Besides a brief introduction of the major developments of TADF material, the typical TADF mechanisms and fundamental principles on design strategies of TADF molecules and nanomaterials are subsequently described. Importantly, a specific emphasis is placed on the discussion of TADF materials for various biomedical applications. Finally, the authors make a forecast of the remaining challenges and future developments. This review provides insightful perspectives and clear prospects towards the rapid development of TADF materials in biomedicine, which will be highly valuable to exploit new luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life SciencesBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life SciencesBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life SciencesBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Yueyue Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life SciencesBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Meng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life SciencesBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Dongxu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life SciencesBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life SciencesBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081P. R. China
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Chen M, Song J, Zhu J, Hong G, An J, Feng E, Peng X, Song F. A Dual-Nanozyme-Catalyzed Cascade Reactor for Enhanced Photodynamic Oncotherapy against Tumor Hypoxia. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101049. [PMID: 34494723 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is a typical characteristic of tumor microenvironment (TME), which seriously compromises the therapeutic effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT). The development of nanozymes with oxygen-generation ability is a promising strategy to overcome the oxygen-dependent of PDT but remained a great challenge. Herein, a dual-nanozymes based cascade reactor HAMF is proposed to alleviate tumor hypoxia for enhanced PDT. The hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSNs) are constructed as an excellent nanocarrier to load ultra-small gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and manganese dioxide (MnO2 ) shell via in situ reduction method, and further coordination with an efficient photosensitizer 4-DCF-MPYM (4-FM), a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) fluorescein derivative. With the response to TME, MnO2 can catalyze endogenous H2 O2 into O2 and subsequently accelerating glucose oxidation by Au NPs to produce additional H2 O2 , which is reversely used as the substrate for MnO2 -catalyzed reaction, thereby constantly producing singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) for enhanced PDT upon light irradiation. This work proposed a cascade reactor based on dual-nanozyme to relieve tumor hypoxia for effective tumor suppression, which may enrich the application of multi-nanozymes in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Jitao Song
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
| | - Jialong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Gaobo Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Jing An
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Erting Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Fengling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
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6
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Nguyen VN, Kumar A, Lee MH, Yoon J. Recent advances in biomedical applications of organic fluorescence materials with reduced singlet–triplet energy gaps. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Qi S, Kim S, Nguyen VN, Kim Y, Niu G, Kim G, Kim SJ, Park S, Yoon J. Highly Efficient Aggregation-Induced Red-Emissive Organic Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials with Prolonged Fluorescence Lifetime for Time-Resolved Luminescence Bioimaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:51293-51301. [PMID: 33156606 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials are emerging as potential candidates for time-resolved fluorescence imaging in biological systems. However, the development of purely organic TADF materials with bright aggregated-state emissions in the red/near-infrared (NIR) region remains challenging. Here, we report three donor-acceptor-type TADF molecules as promising candidates for time-resolved fluorescence imaging, which are engineered by direct connection of electron-donating moieties (phenoxazine or phenothiazine) and an electron-acceptor 1,8-naphthalimide (NI). Theoretically and experimentally, we elucidate that three TADF materials possessed remarkably small ΔEST to promote the occurrence of reverse intersystem crossing (RISC). Moreover, they all exhibit aggregation-induced red emissions and long delayed fluorescence lifetimes without the influence of molecular oxygen. More importantly, these long-lived and biocompatible TADF materials, especially the phenoxazine-substituted NI fluorophores, show great potential for high-contrast fluorescence lifetime imaging in living cells. This study provides further a molecular design strategy for purely organic TADF materials and expands the versatile biological application of long-lived fluorescence research in time-resolved luminescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Qi
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Van-Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Youngmee Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Guangle Niu
- Center of Bio and Micro/Nano Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Gyoungmi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungnam Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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8
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Avellanal‐Zaballa E, Prieto‐Castañeda A, García‐Garrido F, Agarrabeitia AR, Rebollar E, Bañuelos J, García‐Moreno I, Ortiz MJ. Red/NIR Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence from Aza‐BODIPYs. Chemistry 2020; 26:16080-16088. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Esther Rebollar
- Dpto, de Sistemas de Baja Dimensionalidad, Superficies y Materia Condensada Instituto Química-Física “Rocasolano”, IQFR-CSIC Serrano 119 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Jorge Bañuelos
- Dpto. Química Física Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) Aptdo 644 48080 Bilbao Spain
| | - Inmaculada García‐Moreno
- Dpto, de Sistemas de Baja Dimensionalidad, Superficies y Materia Condensada Instituto Química-Física “Rocasolano”, IQFR-CSIC Serrano 119 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - María J. Ortiz
- Dpto. Química Orgánica Universidad Complutense Ciudad Universitaria s/n 28006 Madrid Spain
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9
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Wu Y, Zhao Y, Zhou P, Zheng D, Wang H, Tang S, Tian J, Yang S, Deng W, Han K, Song F. Enhancing Intersystem Crossing to Achieve Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence in a Water-Soluble Fluorescein Derivative with a Flexible Propenyl Group. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5692-5698. [PMID: 32568552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is a challenge to rationally design an organic molecule with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) due to the intrinsically spin-forbidden transition. Meanwhile, those reported TADF organic molecules have difficulty to be directly applied in the field of biological and medical imaging because they usually have no water solubility. Here, a water-soluble TADF organic molecule DCF-BXJ was developed by introducing a flexible propenyl group into the commercial traditional fluorophore DCF (2,7-dichlorofluorescein). The flexible group provides nonradiative rotational motion, which causes an efficient energy level cross between the S1 state and the T2 state of DCF-BXJ. Results of transient absorption spectra and theoretical calculations supported that nonradiative rotational motion of the flexible group can enhance intersystem crossing (ISC) and bring out TADF. This work provides a new mechanism explanation for TADF existing in organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Wu
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanliang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Panwang Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Daoyuan Zheng
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shanliang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, High-tech District, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jiarui Tian
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Songqiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Weiqiao Deng
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Keli Han
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Fengling Song
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, High-tech District, Dalian 116024, China
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10
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Wei R, Zhang L, Xu S, Zhang Q, Qi Y, Hu HY. A single component self-assembled thermally activated delayed fluorescence nanoprobe. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2550-2553. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09957c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel versatile thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) nanoprobe, AI-Cz-NP, was constructed by self-assembly of a single-component amphiphilic monomer for potential applications in confocal imaging and time-resolved fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Leilei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Shengnan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Qingyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Yongxiu Qi
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences
- Taian
- China
| | - Hai-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Beijing
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