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Askari MJ, Kallick JD, McCrory CCL. Selective Reduction of Aqueous Nitrate to Ammonium with an Electropolymerized Chromium Molecular Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7439-7455. [PMID: 38465608 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) is a common nitrogen-containing contaminant in agricultural, industrial, and low-level nuclear wastewater that causes significant environmental damage. In this work, we report a bioinspired Cr-based molecular catalyst incorporated into a redox polymer that selectively and efficiently reduces aqueous NO3- to ammonium (NH4+), a desirable value-added fertilizer component and industrial precursor, at rates of ∼0.36 mmol NH4+ mgcat-1 h-1 with >90% Faradaic efficiency for NH4+. The NO3- reduction reaction occurs through a cascade catalysis mechanism involving the stepwise reduction of NO3- to NH4+ via observed NO2- and NH2OH intermediates. To our knowledge, this is one of the first examples of a molecular catalyst, homogeneous or heterogenized, that is reported to reduce aqueous NO3- to NH4+ with rates and Faradaic efficiencies comparable to those of state-of-the-art solid-state electrocatalysts. This work highlights a promising and previously unexplored area of electrocatalyst research using polymer-catalyst composites containing complexes with oxophilic transition metal active sites for electrochemical nitrate remediation with nutrient recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko J Askari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jeremy D Kallick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Charles C L McCrory
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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2
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An L, Narouz MR, Smith PT, De La Torre P, Chang CJ. Supramolecular Enhancement of Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction Catalyzed by Cobalt Porphyrin Organic Cages for Ammonia Electrosynthesis in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305719. [PMID: 37466386 PMCID: PMC10528061 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical nitrate (NO3 - ) reduction reaction (NO3 RR) to ammonia (NH3 ) represents a sustainable approach for denitrification to balance global nitrogen cycles and an alternative to traditional thermal Haber-Bosch processes. Here, we present a supramolecular strategy for promoting NH3 production in water from NO3 RR by integrating two-dimensional (2D) molecular cobalt porphyrin (CoTPP) units into a three-dimensional (3D) porous organic cage architecture. The porphyrin box CoPB-C8 enhances electrochemical active site exposure, facilitates substrate-catalyst interactions, and improves catalyst stability, leading to turnover numbers and frequencies for NH3 production exceeding 200,000 and 56 s-1 , respectively. These values represent a 15-fold increase in NO3 RR activity and 200-mV improvement in overpotential for the 3D CoPB-C8 box structure compared to its 2D CoTPP counterpart. Synthetic tuning of peripheral alkyl substituents highlights the importance of supramolecular porosity and cavity size on electrochemical NO3 RR activity. These findings establish the incorporation of 2D molecular units into 3D confined space microenvironments as an effective supramolecular design strategy for enhancing electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun An
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
| | - Mina R Narouz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
| | - Peter T Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
| | - Patricia De La Torre
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
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3
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Mondal A, Reddy KP, Som S, Chopra D, Kundu S. Nitrate and Nitrite Reductions at Copper(II) Sites: Role of Noncovalent Interactions from Second-Coordination-Sphere. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20337-20345. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditesh Mondal
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISERTVM), Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Kiran P. Reddy
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISERTVM), Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Shubham Som
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal (IISERB), Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal (IISERB), Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Subrata Kundu
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISERTVM), Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
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4
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Partovi S, Xiong Z, Kulesa KM, Smith JM. Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Oxyanions with a Redox-Active Cobalt Macrocycle Complex. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9034-9039. [PMID: 35666148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cobalt complex, [Co(CR)Br2]+, where CR is the redox-active macrocycle 2,12-dimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo-[11.3.1]-heptadeca-1(17),2,11,13,15-pentaene, has been investigated for the electrocatalytic reduction of aqueous NO2- and NO3-. At neutral pH, the bromide ligands are hydrolyzed, providing [Co(CR)(OH2)(OH)]2+ as the major species in aqueous solution. In the presence of nitrite, [Co(CR)(NO2)2]+ is formed as the major species in solution and is a precursor to the electrocatalytic reduction of NO2-, which is selectively converted to ammonium with high Faradaic efficiency. There is evidence for both homogeneous and heterogeneous electrocatalysis. Although similar NO3- binding is not observed, electrocatalytic reduction to ammonium also occurs, albeit with a lower Faradaic efficiency. In this case, NO2- is generated as an intermediate product of NO3- reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheyda Partovi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ziqing Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Krista M Kulesa
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jeremy M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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5
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Ghosh M, Ibrar M, Smith JM. Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate by in situ generated cobalt nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4783-4786. [PMID: 35343539 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00853j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cobalt pyridinophane complex [Co(HN4)Cl2]+ (HN4 = 3,7-diaza-1,5(2,6)-dipyridinacyclooctaphane) is converted under catalytic conditions to an electrode-adsorbed species. Aqueous Co2+ solutions similarly deposit a species under these conditions. Surface characterization reveals the formation of Co nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are active in the electrocatalytic redution of aqueous nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47401, USA.
| | - Maha Ibrar
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47401, USA.
| | - Jeremy M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47401, USA.
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6
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Lei F, Li K, Yang M, Yu J, Xu M, Zhang Y, Xie J, Hao P, Cui G, Tang B. Electrochemical reduction of nitrate on silver surface and the in situ Raman spectroscopy study. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00489e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electroreduction of nitrate to other essential fertilizer is becoming a crucial manner toward nitrate contamination treatment. In this report, Ag nanocrystals catalyst on quasi-cavity architecture of ZnO nanowalls has been...
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Beagan DM, Cabelof AC, Pepin R, Pink M, Carta V, Caulton KG. An Integrated View of Nitrogen Oxyanion Deoxygenation in Solution Chemistry and Electrospray Ion Production. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17241-17248. [PMID: 34705459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increasing interest in chemistry involving nitrogen oxyanions, largely due to the environmental hazards associated with increased concentrations of these anions leading to eutrophication and aquatic "dead zones". Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a suite of MNOx complexes (M = Co, Zn: x = 2, 3). Reductive deoxygenation of cobalt bis(nitrite) complexes with bis(boryl)pyrazine is faster for cobalt than previously reported nickel, and pendant O-bound nitrito ligand is still readily deoxygenated, despite potential implication of an isonitrosyl primary product. Deoxygenation of zinc oxyanion complexes is also facile, despite zinc being unable to stabilize a nitrosyl ligand, with liberation of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide, indicating N-N bond formation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is effective for discriminating the types of nitrogen in these molecules. ESI mass spectrometry of a suite of M(NOx)y (x = 2, 3 and y = 1, 2) shows that the primary form of ionization is loss of an oxyanion ligand, which can be alleviated via the addition of tetrabutylammonium (TBA) as a nonintuitive cation pair for the neutral oxyanion complexes. We have shown these complexes to be subject to deoxygenation, and there is evidence for nitrogen oxyanion reduction in several cases in the ESI plume. The attractive force between cation and neutral is explored experimentally and computationally and attributed to hydrogen bonding of the nitrogen oxyanion ligands with ammonium α-CH2 protons. One example of ESI-induced reductive dimerization is mimicked by bulk solution synthesis, and that product is characterized by X-ray diffraction to contain two Co(NO)2+ groups linked by a highly conjugated diazapolyene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Beagan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Alyssa C Cabelof
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Robert Pepin
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Veronica Carta
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kenneth G Caulton
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Jia Y, Ji YG, Xue Q, Li FM, Zhao GT, Jin PJ, Li SN, Chen Y. Efficient Nitrate-to-Ammonia Electroreduction at Cobalt Phosphide Nanoshuttles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:45521-45527. [PMID: 34541852 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The nitrate electroreduction reaction (NO3--ERR) is an efficient and green approach for nitrate remediation, which requires a highly active and selective electrocatalyst. In this work, porous and amorphous cobalt phosphide nanoshuttles (CoP PANSs) are successfully synthesized by using Mg2+ ion-doped calcium carbonate nanoshuttles (Mg-CaCO3 NSs) as the initial reaction precursor via precipitation transformation and a high-temperature phosphidation strategy. Various physical characterizations show that CoP PANSs have porous architecture, amorphous crystal structure, and big surface area. Electrochemical measurements reveal for the first time that CoP PANSs have outstanding electroactivity for NO3--ERR in a neutral electrolyte. At an applied potential of -0.5 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode, CoP PANSs can achieve a high Faraday efficiency (94.24 ± 2.8%) and high yield rate (19.28 ± 0.53 mg h-1 mgcat-1) for ammonia production, which exceeds most reported values at various electrocatalysts for NO3--ERR. Thus, the present result indicates that cobalt phosphide nanomaterials have promising application for NO3--ERR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jia
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Yi-Gang Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofuction Molecule, Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing 210013, China
| | - Qi Xue
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Fu-Min Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Guang-Tao Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Pu-Jun Jin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Shu-Ni Li
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
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9
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Sahana T, Mondal A, Anju BS, Kundu S. Metal-free Transformations of Nitrogen-Oxyanions to Ammonia via Oxoammonium Salt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20661-20665. [PMID: 34057773 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transformations of nitrogen-oxyanions (NOx - ) to ammonia impart pivotal roles in sustainable biogeochemical processes. While metal-mediated reductions of NOx - are relatively well known, this report illustrates proton-assisted transformations of NOx - anions in the presence of electron-rich aromatics such as 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (TMB-H, 1 a) leading to the formation of diaryl oxoammonium salt [(TMB)2 N+ =O][NO3 - ] (2 a) via the intermediacy of nitrosonium cation (NO+ ). Detailed characterizations including UV/Vis, multinuclear NMR, FT-IR, HRMS, X-ray analyses on a set of closely related metastable diaryl oxoammonium [Ar2 N+ =O] species disclose unambiguous structural and spectroscopic signatures. Oxoammonium salt 2 a exhibits 2 e- oxidative reactivity in the presence of oxidizable substrates such as benzylamine, thiol, and ferrocene. Intriguingly, reaction of 2 a with water affords ammonia. Perhaps of broader significance, this work reveals a new metal-free route germane to the conversion of NOx to NH3 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Sahana
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Aditesh Mondal
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Balakrishnan S Anju
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Subrata Kundu
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
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10
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Sahana T, Mondal A, Anju BS, Kundu S. Metal‐free Transformations of Nitrogen‐Oxyanions to Ammonia via Oxoammonium Salt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Sahana
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) Thiruvananthapuram 695551 India
| | - Aditesh Mondal
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) Thiruvananthapuram 695551 India
| | - Balakrishnan S. Anju
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) Thiruvananthapuram 695551 India
| | - Subrata Kundu
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) Thiruvananthapuram 695551 India
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Beagan DM, Cabelof AC, Caulton KG. Back donation, intramolecular electron transfer and N-O bond scission targeting nitrogen oxyanion reduction: how can a metal complex assist? Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2149-2157. [PMID: 33491695 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03430d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A density functional theory exploration studies a range of ancillary coordinated ligands accompanying nitrogen oxyanions with the goal of promoting back donation towards varied nitrogen oxidation states. Evaluation of a suite of Ru and Rh metal complexes reveals minimum back donation to the κ1-nitrogen oxyanion ligand, even upon one-electron reduction. This reveals some surprising consequences of reduction, including redox activity at pyridine and nitrogen oxyanion dissociation. Bidentate nitrate was therefore considered, where ancillary ligands enforce geometries that maximize M-NOx orbital overlap. This strategy is successful and leads to full electron transfer in several cases to form a pyramidal radical NO32- ligand. The impact of ancillary ligand on degree of nitrate reduction is probed by comparing the powerful o-donor tris-carbene borate (TCB) to a milder donor, tris-pyrazolyl borate (Tp). This reveals that with the milder Tp donor, nitrate reduction is only seen upon addition of a Lewis base. Protonation of neutral and anionic (TCB)Ru(κ2-NO3) at both terminal and internal oxygens reveals exergonic N-O bond cleavage for the reduced species, with one electron coming from Ru, yielding a RuIII hydroxide product. Comparison of H+ to Na+ electrophile shows weaker progress towards N-O bond scission. Finally, calculations on (TCB)Fe(κ2-NO3) and [(TCB)Fe(κ2-NO3)]- show that electron transfer to nitrate is possible even with an earth abundant 3d metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Beagan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47401, USA.
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