1
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Van Holsbeeck K, Elsocht M, Ballet S. Propargylamine Amino Acids as Constrained Nε-Substituted Lysine Mimetics. Org Lett 2023; 25:130-133. [PMID: 36546856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, alkylated propargylamines are reported as constrained lysine mimetics and constructed in a single step using a copper(I)-catalyzed A3-coupling reaction. Using multiple secondary amines, the reaction allowed the generation of a structurally diverse set of N-Fmoc protected amino acid derivatives. In addition, the A3-reaction was applied on solid phase via the assembly of short model tripeptides. Moreover, the internal alkyne moiety allowed further functionalization toward novel 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazole-based amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Van Holsbeeck
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Mathias Elsocht
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
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2
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Maas MN, Hintzen JCJ, Mecinović J. Probing lysine posttranslational modifications by unnatural amino acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7216-7231. [PMID: 35678513 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00708h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications, typically small chemical tags attached on amino acids following protein biosynthesis, have a profound effect on protein structure and function. Numerous chemically and structurally diverse posttranslational modifications, including methylation, acetylation, hydroxylation, and ubiquitination, have been identified and characterised on lysine residues in proteins. In this feature article, we focus on chemical tools that rely on the site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into peptides and proteins to probe posttranslational modifications of lysine. We highlight that simple amino acid mimics enable detailed mechanistic and functional assignment of enzymes that install and remove such modifications, and proteins that specifically recognise lysine posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn N Maas
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark.
| | - Jordi C J Hintzen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark.
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark.
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3
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Philippova AN, Vorobyeva DV, Vasilyeva TP, Mailyan AK, Gribanov PS, Osipov SN. Synthesis of α-CF3-substituted γ,δ-didehydro lysine derivatives. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Hintzen JCJ, Merx J, Maas MN, Langens SGHA, White PB, Boltje TJ, Mecinović J. Amide-derived lysine analogues as substrates and inhibitors of histone lysine methyltransferases and acetyltransferases. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:173-181. [PMID: 34877957 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02191e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Histone lysine methyltransferases and acetyltransferases are two classes of epigenetic enzymes that play pivotal roles in human gene regulation. Although they both recognise and posttranslationally modify lysine residues in histone proteins, their difference in histone peptide-based substrates and inhibitors remains to be firmly established. Here, we have synthesised lysine mimics that posses an amide bond linker in the side chain, incorporated them into histone H3 tail peptides, and examined synthetic histone peptides as substrates and inhibitors for human lysine methyltransferases and acetyltransferases. This work demonstrates that histone lysine methyltransferases G9a and GLP do catalyse methylation of the most similar lysine mimic, whereas they typically do not tolerate more sterically demanding side chains. In contrast, histone lysine acetyltransferases GCN5 and PCAF do not catalyse acetylation of the same panel of lysine analogues. Our results also identify potent H3-based inhibitors of GLP methyltransferase, providing a basis for development of peptidomimetics for targeting KMT enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi C J Hintzen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark.
| | - Jona Merx
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marijn N Maas
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark.
| | - Sabine G H A Langens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul B White
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark.
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5
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Hintzen JCJ, Luo Y, Porzberg MRB, White PB, Jian J, Proietti G, Mecinović J. γ-Difluorolysine as a 19F NMR probe for histone lysine methyltransferases and acetyltransferases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6788-6791. [PMID: 34137401 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02589a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Histone lysine methylation and acetylation are important posttranslational modifications that regulate gene expression in humans. Due to the interplay of these two modifications, new chemical methods to study lysine posttranslational modifications are highly desired. Here, we report the use of γ-difluorolysine as a lysine mimic and 19F NMR probe for examinations of histone methylation and acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi C J Hintzen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark.
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark. and College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Miriam R B Porzberg
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark.
| | - Paul B White
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Jian
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark.
| | - Giordano Proietti
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark.
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark.
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6
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Proietti G, Wang Y, Punzo C, Mecinović J. Substrate Scope for Human Histone Lysine Acetyltransferase KAT8. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020846. [PMID: 33467728 PMCID: PMC7830570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedically important histone lysine acetyltransferase KAT8 catalyses the acetyl coenzyme A-dependent acetylation of lysine on histone and other proteins. Here, we explore the ability of human KAT8 to catalyse the acetylation of histone H4 peptides possessing lysine and its analogues at position 16 (H4K16). Our synthetic and enzymatic studies on chemically and structurally diverse lysine mimics demonstrate that KAT8 also has a capacity to acetylate selected lysine analogues that possess subtle changes on the side chain and main chain. Overall, this work highlights that KAT8 has a broader substrate scope beyond natural lysine, and contributes to the design of new chemical probes targeting KAT8 and other members of the histone lysine acetyltransferase (KAT) family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano Proietti
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark; (G.P.); (C.P.)
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Yali Wang
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Chiara Punzo
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark; (G.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark; (G.P.); (C.P.)
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
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7
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Maas MN, Hintzen JCJ, Porzberg MRB, Mecinović J. Trimethyllysine: From Carnitine Biosynthesis to Epigenetics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9451. [PMID: 33322546 PMCID: PMC7764450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethyllysine is an important post-translationally modified amino acid with functions in the carnitine biosynthesis and regulation of key epigenetic processes. Protein lysine methyltransferases and demethylases dynamically control protein lysine methylation, with each state of methylation changing the biophysical properties of lysine and the subsequent effect on protein function, in particular histone proteins and their central role in epigenetics. Epigenetic reader domain proteins can distinguish between different lysine methylation states and initiate downstream cellular processes upon recognition. Dysregulation of protein methylation is linked to various diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and genetic disorders. In this review, we cover biomolecular studies on the role of trimethyllysine in carnitine biosynthesis, different enzymatic reactions involved in the synthesis and removal of trimethyllysine, trimethyllysine recognition by reader proteins, and the role of trimethyllysine on the nucleosome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark; (M.N.M.); (J.C.J.H.); (M.R.B.P.)
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8
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Al Temimi AHK, Merx J, van Noortwijk CJ, Proietti G, Buijs R, White PB, Rutjes FPJT, Boltje TJ, Mecinović J. Fine-tuning of lysine side chain modulates the activity of histone lysine methyltransferases. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21574. [PMID: 33299050 PMCID: PMC7726145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) play an important role in epigenetic gene regulation and have emerged as promising targets for drug discovery. However, the scope and limitation of KMT catalysis on substrates possessing substituted lysine side chains remain insufficiently explored. Here, we identify new unnatural lysine analogues as substrates for human methyltransferases SETD7, SETD8, G9a and GLP. Two synthetic amino acids that possess a subtle modification on the lysine side chain, namely oxygen at the γ position (KO, oxalysine) and nitrogen at the γ position (KN, azalysine) were incorporated into histone peptides and tested as KMTs substrates. Our results demonstrate that these lysine analogues are mono-, di-, and trimethylated to a different extent by trimethyltransferases G9a and GLP. In contrast to monomethyltransferase SETD7, SETD8 exhibits high specificity for both lysine analogues. These findings are important to understand the substrate scope of KMTs and to develop new chemical probes for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas H K Al Temimi
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jona Merx
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian J van Noortwijk
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giordano Proietti
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Romano Buijs
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul B White
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark.
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9
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Chopra A, Cho WC, Willmore WG, Biggar KK. Hypoxia-Inducible Lysine Methyltransferases: G9a and GLP Hypoxic Regulation, Non-histone Substrate Modification, and Pathological Relevance. Front Genet 2020; 11:579636. [PMID: 33088284 PMCID: PMC7495024 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.579636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen sensing is inherent among most animal lifeforms and is critical for organism survival. Oxygen sensing mechanisms collectively trigger cellular and physiological responses that enable adaption to a reduction in ideal oxygen levels. The major mechanism by which oxygen-responsive changes in the transcriptome occur are mediated through the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. Upon reduced oxygen conditions, HIF activates hypoxia-responsive gene expression programs. However, under normal oxygen conditions, the activity of HIF is regularly suppressed by cellular oxygen sensors; prolyl-4 and asparaginyl hydroxylases. Recently, these oxygen sensors have also been found to suppress the function of two lysine methyltransferases, G9a and G9a-like protein (GLP). In this manner, the methyltransferase activity of G9a and GLP are hypoxia-inducible and thus present a new avenue of low-oxygen signaling. Furthermore, G9a and GLP elicit lysine methylation on a wide variety of non-histone proteins, many of which are known to be regulated by hypoxia. In this article we aim to review the effects of oxygen on G9a and GLP function, non-histone methylation events inflicted by these methyltransferases, and the clinical relevance of these enzymes in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Chopra
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - William G Willmore
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle K Biggar
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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10
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Proietti G, Wang Y, Rainone G, Mecinović J. Effect of lysine side chain length on histone lysine acetyltransferase catalysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13046. [PMID: 32747680 PMCID: PMC7400623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone lysine acetyltransferase (KAT)-catalyzed acetylation of lysine residues in histone tails plays a key role in regulating gene expression in eukaryotes. Here, we examined the role of lysine side chain length in the catalytic activity of human KATs by incorporating shorter and longer lysine analogs into synthetic histone H3 and H4 peptides. The enzymatic activity of MOF, PCAF and GCN5 acetyltransferases towards histone peptides bearing lysine analogs was evaluated using MALDI-TOF MS assays. Our results demonstrate that human KAT enzymes have an ability to catalyze an efficient acetylation of longer lysine analogs, whereas shorter lysine analogs are not substrates for KATs. Kinetics analyses showed that lysine is a superior KAT substrate to its analogs with altered chain length, implying that lysine has an optimal chain length for KAT-catalyzed acetylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano Proietti
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark.,Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yali Wang
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Blood Transfusion, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Giorgio Rainone
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark. .,Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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