1
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Schütt F, Valencia AM, Cocchi C. First-Principle Characterization of Structural, Electronic, and Optical Properties of Tin-Halide Monomers. Chemphyschem 2024:e202300983. [PMID: 38872489 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The growing interest in tin-halide semiconductors for photovoltaic applications demands in-depth knowledge of the fundamental properties of their constituents, starting from the smallest monomers entering the initial stages of formation. In this first-principles work based on time-dependent density-functional theory, we investigate the structural, electronic, and optical properties of tin-halide molecules SnXn 2-n, withn = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ${n = 1,2,3,4}$ and X=Cl, Br, I, simulating these compounds in vacuo as well as in an implicit solvent. We find that structural properties are very sensitive to the halogen species while the charge distribution is also affected by stoichiometry. The ionicity of the Sn-X bond is confirmed by the Bader charge analysis albeit charge displacement plots point to more complex metal-halide coordination. Particular focus is posed on the neutral molecules SnX2, for which electronic and optical properties are discussed in detail. Band gaps and absorption onset decrease with increasing size of the halogen species, and despite general common features, each molecule displays peculiar optical signatures. Our results are elaborated in the context of experimental and theoretical literature, including the more widely studied lead-halide analogs, aiming to contribute with microscopic insight to a better understanding of tin-halide perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freerk Schütt
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institute of Physics, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ana M Valencia
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institute of Physics, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institute of Physics, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Baykov SV, Katlenok EA, Baykova SO, Semenov AV, Bokach NA, Boyarskiy VP. Conformation-Associated C··· dz2-Pt II Tetrel Bonding: The Case of Cyclometallated Platinum(II) Complex with 4-Cyanopyridyl Urea Ligand. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4052. [PMID: 38612862 PMCID: PMC11012616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleophilic addition of 3-(4-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-1,1-dimethylurea (1) to cis-[Pt(CNXyl)2Cl2] (2) gave a new cyclometallated compound 3. It was characterized by NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 195Pt) and high-resolution mass spectrometry, as well as crystallized to obtain two crystalline forms (3 and 3·2MeCN), whose structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. In the crystalline structure of 3, two conformers (3A and 3B) were identified, while the structure 3·2MeCN had only one conformer 3A. The conformers differed by orientation of the N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl moiety relative to the metallacycle plane. In both crystals 3 and 3·2MeCN, the molecules of the Pt(II) complex are associated into supramolecular dimers, either {3A}2 or {3B}2, via stacking interactions between the planes of two metal centers, which are additionally supported by hydrogen bonding. The theoretical consideration, utilizing a number of computational approaches, demonstrates that the C···dz2(Pt) interaction makes a significant contribution in the total stacking forces in the geometrically optimized dimer [3A]2 and reveals the dz2(Pt)→π*(PyCN) charge transfer (CT). The presence of such CT process allowed for marking the C···Pt contact as a new example of a rare studied phenomenon, namely, tetrel bonding, in which the metal site acts as a Lewis base (an acceptor of noncovalent interaction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Baykov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (E.A.K.); (A.V.S.); (V.P.B.)
| | | | | | | | - Nadezhda A. Bokach
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (E.A.K.); (A.V.S.); (V.P.B.)
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3
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Cappelletti D, Falcinelli S, Pirani F. The dawn of hydrogen and halogen bonds and their crucial role in collisional processes probing long-range intermolecular interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7971-7987. [PMID: 38411471 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05871a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
This perspective review focuses on the results of an internally consistent study developed in the Perugia laboratory, centered on the fundamental interaction components that, at large intermolecular distances, determine the formation of weak intermolecular hydrogen (HB) and halogen (XB) bonds. This investigation exploits old and novel molecular beam scattering experiments involving several gaseous prototypical systems. In particular, we focus on the kinetic energy dependence of the total (elastic + inelastic) integral cross-sections. Of particular interest is the measure of quantum interference patterns in the energy dependence of cross-sections of targeted systems and their shift compared to that of known reference systems. We interpreted these findings as interaction energy stabilization components, such as charge transfer, σ-hole, and polar flattening, that emerge at intermediate separation distance ranges and selectively manifest for specific geometries of collision complexes. Another significant observable we discuss is the absolute value of the cross-section and its dependence on permanent multipole moments of the collisional partners. Specifically, we show how the spontaneous orientation of rotationally cold and polar molecules, due to the electric field gradient associated with the interaction between permanent multipole moments, can significantly modify the magnitude of the total cross-section, even at high values of the impact parameter. We are confident that the present results can help extend the force field formulation to various interacting systems and carry out molecular dynamics simulations under conditions of application interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cappelletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Stefano Falcinelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via G. Duranti 93, 06215 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fernando Pirani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via G. Duranti 93, 06215 Perugia, Italy
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4
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Smirnov AS, Katlenok EA, Mikherdov AS, Kryukova MA, Bokach NA, Kukushkin VY. Halogen Bonding Involving Isomeric Isocyanide/Nitrile Groups. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13324. [PMID: 37686131 PMCID: PMC10487382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-1,4-diisocyanobenzene (1), 1,4-diisocyanobenzene (2), and 1,4-dicyanobenzene (3) were co-crystallized with 1,3,5-triiodotrifluorobenzene (1,3,5-FIB) to give three cocrystals, 1·1,3,5-FIB, 2·2(1,3,5-FIB), and 3·2(1,3,5-FIB), which were studied by X-ray diffraction. A common feature of the three structures is the presence of I···Cisocyanide or I···Nnitrile halogen bonds (HaBs), which occurs between an iodine σ-hole and the isocyanide C-(or the nitrile N-) atom. The diisocyanide and dinitrile cocrystals 2·2(1,3,5-FIB) and 3·2(1,3,5-FIB) are isostructural, thus providing a basis for accurate comparison of the two types of noncovalent linkages of C≡N/N≡C groups in the composition of structurally similar entities and in one crystal environment. The bonding situation was studied by a set of theoretical methods. Diisocyanides are more nucleophilic than the dinitrile and they exhibit stronger binding to 1,3,5-FIB. In all structures, the HaBs are mostly determined by the electrostatic interactions, but the dispersion and induction components also provide a noticeable contribution and make the HaBs attractive. Charge transfer has a small contribution (<5%) to the HaB and it is higher for the diisocyanide than for the dinitrile systems. At the same time, diisocyanide and dinitrile structures exhibit typical electron-donor and π-acceptor properties in relation to the HaB donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey S. Smirnov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.A.K.); (A.S.M.); (M.A.K.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Eugene A. Katlenok
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.A.K.); (A.S.M.); (M.A.K.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Alexander S. Mikherdov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.A.K.); (A.S.M.); (M.A.K.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Mariya A. Kryukova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.A.K.); (A.S.M.); (M.A.K.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Nadezhda A. Bokach
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.A.K.); (A.S.M.); (M.A.K.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Vadim Yu. Kukushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.A.K.); (A.S.M.); (M.A.K.); (N.A.B.)
- Laboratory of Crystal Engineering of Functional Materials, South Ural State University, 76, Lenin Av., 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
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5
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Palazzetti F, Cappelletti D, Coletti C, Falcinelli S, Pirani F. Molecular beam scattering experiments on noble gas-propylene oxide: Total integral cross sections and potential energy surfaces of He- and Ne-C 3H 6O. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:234301. [PMID: 34937350 DOI: 10.1063/5.0073737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions of He and Ne with propylene oxide have been investigated with the molecular beam technique by measuring the total (elastic + inelastic) integral cross section as a function of collision velocity. Starting from the analysis of these experimental data, potential energy surfaces, formulated as a function of the separation distance and orientation of propylene oxide with respect to the interacting partners, have been built: The average depth of potential wells (located at intermediate separation distances) has been characterized by analyzing the observed "glory" quantum effects, and the strength of long-range attractions has been obtained from the magnitude and the velocity dependence of the smooth component of measured cross sections. The surfaces, tested and improved against new ab initio calculations of minima interaction energies at the complete basis set level of theory, are defined in the full space of relative configurations. This represents a crucial condition to provide force fields useful to carry out, in general, important molecular property simulations and to evaluate, in the present case, the spectroscopic features and the dynamical selectivity of weakly bound complexes formed by propylene oxide, a prototype chiral species, during collisions in interstellar clouds and winds, in the space and planetary atmospheres. The adopted formulation of the interaction can be readily extended to similar systems, involving heavier noble gases or diatomic molecules (H2, O2, and N2) as well as to propylene oxide dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Palazzetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie - Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - David Cappelletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie - Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Coletti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Falcinelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fernando Pirani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie - Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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6
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Molecular beam scattering experiments probing the interaction of Cl2 with simple molecules (D2, O2, D2O, ND3). Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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8
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Bhattarai S, Sutradhar D, Chandra AK. Tuning of halogen-bond strength: Comparative role of basicity and strength of σ-hole. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Wang R, Wang Z, Yu X, Li Q. Synergistic and Diminutive Effects between Regium and Aerogen Bonds. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2426-2431. [PMID: 32889745 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aerogen bond is formed in complexes of HCN-XeF2 O and C2 H4 -XeF2 O. The lone pair on the N atom of HCN is a better electron donor in the aerogen bond than the π electron on the C=C bond of C2 H4 . The coinage substitution strengthens the aerogen bond in MCN-XeF2 O (M=Cu, Ag, and Au) and its enhancing effect becomes larger in the Au<Cu<Ag pattern. The aerogen bond is further enhanced by the regium bond in C2 H2 -MCN-XeF2 O and C2 H4 -MCN-XeF2 O, but is weakened by the regium bond in MCN-C2 H4 -XeF2 O and C2 (CN)4 -MCN-XeF2 O. Simultaneously, the regium bond is also strengthened or weakened in these triads. The synergistic and diminutive effects between regium and aerogen bonds have been explained by means of charge transfer and electrostatic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijing Wang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Xuefang Yu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Qingzhong Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
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10
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Nunzi F, Pannacci G, Tarantelli F, Belpassi L, Cappelletti D, Falcinelli S, Pirani F. Leading Interaction Components in the Structure and Reactivity of Noble Gases Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102367. [PMID: 32443725 PMCID: PMC7287633 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature, strength, range and role of the bonds in adducts of noble gas atoms with both neutral and ionic partners have been investigated by exploiting a fine-tuned integrated phenomenological–theoretical approach. The identification of the leading interaction components in the noble gases adducts and their modeling allows the encompassing of the transitions from pure noncovalent to covalent bound aggregates and to rationalize the anomalous behavior (deviations from noncovalent type interaction) pointed out in peculiar cases. Selected adducts affected by a weak chemical bond, as those promoting the formation of the intermolecular halogen bond, are also properly rationalized. The behavior of noble gas atoms excited in their long-life metastable states, showing a strongly enhanced reactivity, has been also enclosed in the present investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nunzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy; (G.P.); (F.T.); (D.C.)
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.N.); (F.P.)
| | - Giacomo Pannacci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy; (G.P.); (F.T.); (D.C.)
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy; (G.P.); (F.T.); (D.C.)
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - David Cappelletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy; (G.P.); (F.T.); (D.C.)
| | - Stefano Falcinelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via G. Duranti 93, 06215 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Fernando Pirani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy; (G.P.); (F.T.); (D.C.)
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.N.); (F.P.)
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11
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Ciancaleoni G, Belpassi L. Disentanglement of orthogonal hydrogen and halogen bonds via natural orbital for chemical valence: A charge displacement analysis. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1185-1193. [PMID: 32011001 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As known, the electron density of covalently bound halogen atoms is anisotropically distributed, making them potentially able to establish many weak interactions, acting at the same time as halogen bond donors and hydrogen bond acceptors. Indeed, there are many examples in which the halogen and hydrogen bond coexist in the same structure and, if a correct bond analysis is required, their separation is mandatory. Here, the advantages and limitations of coupling the charge displacement analysis with natural orbital for chemical valence method (NOCV-CD) to separately analyze orthogonal weak interactions are shown, for both symmetric and asymmetric adducts. The methodology gives optimal results with intermolecular adducts but, in the presence of an organometallic complex, also intramolecular interactions can be correctly analyzed. Beyond the methodological aspects, it is shown that correctly separate and quantify the interactions can give interesting chemical insights about the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G. Natta"-CNR (CNR-SCITEC), c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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12
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Borocci S, Grandinetti F, Sanna N, Antoniotti P, Nunzi F. Complexes of helium with neutral molecules: Progress toward a quantitative scale of bonding character. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1000-1011. [PMID: 31960984 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The complexes of helium with nearly 30 neutral molecules (M) were investigated by various techniques of bonding analysis and symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT). The main investigated function was the local electron energy density H(r), analyzed, in particular, so to estimate the degree of polarization (DoP) of He in the various He(M). As we showed recently (Borocci et al., J. Comput. Chem., 2019, 40, 2318-2328), the DoP is a quantitative index that is generally informative about the role of polarization (induction plus charge transfer [CT]) and dispersion in noncovalent noble gas complexes. As further evidence in this regard, we presently ascertained quantitative correlations between the DoP(He) of the He(M) and indices based on the electron density ρ(r), including the molecular electrostatic potential at the HeM bond critical point, as well as the percentage contributions of induction and dispersion to the SAPT binding energies. Based also on the explicit evaluation of the CT, accomplished through the study of the charge-displacement function, we derived a quantitative scale that ranks the He(M) according to their dispersive, inductive, and CT bonding character. Our taken approach could be conceivably extended to other types of noncovalent complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Borocci
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università della Tuscia, L.go dell'Università, s.n.c., Viterbo, Italy.,Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici del CNR, Monterotondo, RM Italy
| | - Felice Grandinetti
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università della Tuscia, L.go dell'Università, s.n.c., Viterbo, Italy.,Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici del CNR, Monterotondo, RM Italy
| | - Nico Sanna
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università della Tuscia, L.go dell'Università, s.n.c., Viterbo, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Nunzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie (DCBB), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Perugia, Italy
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13
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Ciancaleoni G, Nunzi F, Belpassi L. Charge Displacement Analysis-A Tool to Theoretically Characterize the Charge Transfer Contribution of Halogen Bonds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020300. [PMID: 31940866 PMCID: PMC7024339 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical bonding analysis is of prime importance for the deep understanding of the various chemical interactions, covalent or not. Among the various methods that have been developed in the last decades, the analysis of the Charge Displacement function (CD) demonstrated to be useful to reveal the charge transfer effects in many contexts, from weak hydrogen bonds, to the characterization of σ hole interactions, as halogen, chalcogen and pnictogen bonding or even in the decomposition of the metal-ligand bond. Quite often, the CD analysis has also been coupled with experimental techniques, in order to give a complete description of the system under study. In this review, we focus on the use of CD analysis on halogen bonded systems, describing the most relevant literature examples about gas phase and condensed phase systems. Chemical insights will be drawn about the nature of halogen bond, its cooperativity and its influence on metal-ligand bond components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-221-9351
| | - Francesca Nunzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” del CNR (SCITEC-CNR), via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” del CNR (SCITEC-CNR), via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;
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14
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D'Amore L, Belpassi L, Klein JEMN, Swart M. Spin-resolved charge displacement analysis as an intuitive tool for the evaluation of cPCET and HAT scenarios. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12146-12149. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04995f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The spin-resolved version of the charge displacement function is introduced as an intuitive tool for differentiating between hydrogen-atom transfer and concerted proton-coupled electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo D'Amore
- IQCC and Dept. Chem
- Universitat de Girona
- Campus Montilivi
- 17003 Girona
- Spain
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche del CNR (SCITEC-CNR) c/o Università degli Studi di Perugia
- Via Elce di Sotto 8
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - Johannes E. M. N. Klein
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
| | - Marcel Swart
- IQCC and Dept. Chem
- Universitat de Girona
- Campus Montilivi
- 17003 Girona
- Spain
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Nunzi F, Di Erasmo B, Tarantelli F, Cappelletti D, Pirani F. The Halogen-Bond Nature in Noble Gas-Dihalogen Complexes from Scattering Experiments and Ab Initio Calculations. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234274. [PMID: 31771210 PMCID: PMC6930525 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to clarify the nature of the halogen bond (XB), we considered the prototype noble gas–dihalogen molecule (Ng–X2) systems, focusing on the nature, range, and strength of the interaction. We exploited data gained from molecular beam scattering experiments with the measure of interference effects to obtain a suitable formulation of the interaction potential, with the support of high-level ab initio calculations, and charge displacement analysis. The essential interaction components involved in the Ng–X2 adducts were characterized, pointing at their critical balance in the definition of the XB. Particular emphasis is devoted to the energy stability of the orientational Ng–X2 isomers, the barrier for the X2 hindered rotation, and the influence of the X2 electronic state. The present integrated study returns reliable force fields for molecular dynamic simulations in Ng–X2 complexes that can be extended to systems with increasing complexity and whose properties depend on the selective formation of XB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nunzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.D.E.); (F.T.); (D.C.)
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.N.); (F.P.)
| | - Benedetta Di Erasmo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.D.E.); (F.T.); (D.C.)
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.D.E.); (F.T.); (D.C.)
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - David Cappelletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.D.E.); (F.T.); (D.C.)
| | - Fernando Pirani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.D.E.); (F.T.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: (F.N.); (F.P.)
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Borghesi C, Radicchi E, Belpassi L, Meggiolaro D, De Angelis F, Nunzi F. The nature of the lead-iodine bond in PbI2: A case study for the modelling of lead halide perovskites. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2019.112558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Borocci S, Grandinetti F, Sanna N, Antoniotti P, Nunzi F. Noncovalent Complexes of the Noble-Gas Atoms: Analyzing the Transition from Physical to Chemical Interactions. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:2318-2328. [PMID: 31254471 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The bonding character of the noncovalent complexes of the noble-gas (Ng) atoms ranges from nearly purely dispersive contacts to interactions featuring appreciable contributions of induction and charge transfer. In this study, we discuss a new quantitative index that seems peculiarly informative about these diverse bonding situations. This index was termed as the degree of polarization (DoP) of Ng, as it measures, in essence, the Ng polarization promoted by the binding partner. The definition of the DoP(Ng) relies on the analysis of the local electron energy density H(r), and its physical meaning was best appreciated by studying also the charge-displacement function and the molecular electrostatic potential of the investigated benchmark species, that include nearly 60 Ngs complexes of different bonding character. The DoP(Ng) appears of general applicability, and is also positively correlated with other bonding character indices. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Borocci
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università della Tuscia, L.go dell'Università, s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy.,Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici del CNR, Via Salaria, Km 29.500, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Grandinetti
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università della Tuscia, L.go dell'Università, s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy.,Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici del CNR, Via Salaria, Km 29.500, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Nico Sanna
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università della Tuscia, L.go dell'Università, s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Paola Antoniotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria, 7 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Nunzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie (DCBB), Via Elce di Sotto, 8 06123 Perugia, Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (ISTM-CNR), Via Elce di Sotto, 8 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Jiao Y, Weinhold F. What Is the Nature of Supramolecular Bonding? Comprehensive NBO/NRT Picture of Halogen and Pnicogen Bonding in RPH 2···IF/FI Complexes (R = CH 3, OH, CF 3, CN, NO 2). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112090. [PMID: 31159347 PMCID: PMC6600247 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We employ a variety of natural bond orbital (NBO) and natural resonance theory (NRT) tools to comprehensively investigate the nature of halogen and pnicogen bonding interactions in RPH2···IF/FI binary complexes (R = CH3, OH, CF3, CN, and NO2) and the tuning effects of R-substituents. Though such interactions are commonly attributed to “sigma-hole”-type electrostatic effects, we show that they exhibit profound similarities and analogies to the resonance-type 3-center, 4-electron (3c/4e) donor-acceptor interactions of hydrogen bonding, where classical-type “electrostatics” are known to play only a secondary modulating role. The general 3c/4e resonance perspective corresponds to a continuous range of interatomic A···B bond orders (bAB), spanning both the stronger “covalent” interactions of the molecular domain (say, bAB ≥ ½) and the weaker interactions (bAB ˂ ½, often misleadingly termed “noncovalent”) that underlie supramolecular complexation phenomena. We show how a unified NBO/NRT-based description of hydrogen, halogen, pnicogen, and related bonding yields an improved predictive utility and intuitive understanding of empirical trends in binding energies, structural geometry, and other measurable properties that are expected to be manifested in all such supramolecular interaction phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinchun Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.
| | - Frank Weinhold
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Cappelletti D, Cinti A, Nicoziani A, Falcinelli S, Pirani F. Molecular Beam Scattering Experiments as a Sensitive Probe of the Interaction in Bromine-Noble Gas Complexes. Front Chem 2019; 7:320. [PMID: 31157202 PMCID: PMC6534045 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports for the first time molecular beam experiments for the scattering of He, Ne, and Ar by the Br2 molecule, with the aim of probing in detail the intermolecular interaction. Measurements have been performed under the experimental condition to resolve the glory pattern, a quantum interference effect observable in the collision velocity dependence of the integral cross section. We analyzed the experimental data with a reliable potential model defined as a combination of an anisotropic van der Waals component with the additional contribution due to charge transfer and polar flattening effects related to the formation of an intermolecular halogen bond. The model involves few parameters, whose values are related to fundamental physical properties of the interacting partners, and it allows an internally consistent comparison of the stability of the gas-phase adducts formed by Br2 moiety with different noble gases as well as homologous complexes with the Cl2 molecule. The same model appears to be also easily generalized to describe the interaction of diatomic halogen molecules in the excited B(3Π) electronic state where the halogen bond contribution tends to vanish and more anisotropic van der Waals components dominate the structure of the complexes with noble gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cappelletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Cinti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Nicoziani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Falcinelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fernando Pirani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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