1
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Gousseva E, Towers Tompkins FK, Seymour JM, Parker LG, Clarke CJ, Palgrave RG, Bennett RA, Grau-Crespo R, Lovelock KRJ. Anion-Dependent Strength Scale of Interactions in Ionic Liquids from X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics, and Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:5030-5043. [PMID: 38727250 PMCID: PMC11129296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Using a combination of experiments and calculations, we have gained new insights into the nature of anion-cation interactions in ionic liquids (ILs). An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)-derived anion-dependent electrostatic interaction strength scale, determined using XPS core-level binding energies for IL cations, is presented here for 39 different anions, with at least 18 new anions included. Linear correlations of experimental XPS core-level binding energies for IL cations with (a) calculated core binding energies (ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations were used to generate high-quality model IL structures followed by single-point density functional theory (DFT) to obtain calculated core binding energies), (b) experimental XPS core-level binding energies for IL anions, and (c) other anion-dependent interaction strength scales led to three main conclusions. First, the effect of different anions on the cation can be related to ground-state interactions. Second, the variations of anion-dependent interactions with the identity of the anion are best rationalized in terms of electrostatic interactions and not occupied valence state/unoccupied valence state interactions or polarizability-driven interactions. Therefore, the XPS-derived anion-dependent interaction strength scale can be explained using a simple electrostatic model based on electrostatic site potentials. Third, anion-probe interactions, irrespective of the identity of the probe, are primarily electrostatic, meaning that our electrostatic interaction strength scale captures some inherent, intrinsic property of anions independent of the probe used to measure the interaction strength scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jake M. Seymour
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Lewis G. Parker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Coby J. Clarke
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Robert G. Palgrave
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Roger A. Bennett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
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2
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Khan T, Das N, Negi KS, Bhowmik S, Sen P. Understanding the intricacy of protein in hydrated deep eutectic solvent: Solvation dynamics, conformational fluctuation dynamics, and stability. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127100. [PMID: 37778586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are potential biocatalytic media due to their easy preparation, fine-tuneability, biocompatibility, and most importantly, due to their ability to keep protein stable and active. However, there are many unanswered questions and gaps in our knowledge about how proteins behave in these alternate media. Herein, we investigated solvation dynamics, conformational fluctuation dynamics, and stability of human serum albumin (HSA) in 0.5 Acetamide/0.3 Urea/0.2 Sorbitol (0.5Ac/0.3Ur/0.2Sor) DES of varying concentrations to understand the intricacy of protein behaviour in DES. Our result revealed a gradual decrease in the side-chain flexibility and thermal stability of HSA beyond 30 % DES. On the other hand, the associated water dynamics around domain-I of HSA decelerate only marginally with increasing DES content, although viscosity rises considerably. We propose that even though macroscopic solvent properties are altered, a protein feels only an aqueous type of environment in the presence of DES. This is probably the first experimental study to delineate the role of the associated water structure of the enzyme for maintaining its stability inside DES. Although considerable effort is necessary to generalize such claims, it might serve as the basis for understanding why proteins remain stable and active in DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, UP, India
| | - Nilimesh Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, UP, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh Negi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, UP, India
| | - Suman Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, UP, India
| | - Pratik Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, UP, India.
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3
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Urzúa JI, Valenzuela ML, Cavieres J, Inestrosa-Izurieta MJ. Ionic liquid mixtures as energy storage materials: a preliminary and comparative study based on thermal storage density. RSC Adv 2023; 13:19412-19419. [PMID: 37383686 PMCID: PMC10293934 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02901h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifteen equimolar binary mixtures are synthesized and thermophysically evaluated in this study. These mixtures are derived from six ionic liquids (ILs) based on methylimidazolium and 2,3-dimethylimidazolium cations with butyl chains. The objective is to compare and elucidate the impact of small structural changes on the thermal properties. The preliminary results are compared to previously obtained results with mixtures containing longer eight-carbon chains. The study demonstrates that certain mixtures exhibit an increase in their heat capacity. Additionally, due to their higher densities, these mixtures achieve a thermal storage density equivalent to that of mixtures with longer chains. Moreover, their thermal storage density surpasses that of some conventional materials commonly used for energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio I Urzúa
- Centro de Materiales para la Transición y Sostenibilidad Energética, Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear Ruta 68, km 20, Pudahuel Santiago Chile
| | - María Luisa Valenzuela
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Grupo de Investigación en Energía y Procesos Sustentables Av. El Llano Subercaseaux 2801 Santiago Chile
| | - Jenifer Cavieres
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María Av. Vicuña Mackenna 3939, San Joaquín Santiago Chile
| | - María José Inestrosa-Izurieta
- Centro de Materiales para la Transición y Sostenibilidad Energética, Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear Ruta 68, km 20, Pudahuel Santiago Chile
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4
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Cena N, Blanski RL, Quintana AS, Knoerzer KG, Boatz JA, Redeker ND, Alabada CD, Marcischak JC, Ghiassi KB. New Room Temperature Ionic Liquids Prepared from an Old Phosphine: Using Branching and Diastereomeric Mixtures to Inherently Benefit Physical Properties. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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5
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Gousseva E, Midgley SD, Seymour JM, Seidel R, Grau-Crespo R, Lovelock KRJ. Understanding X-ray Photoelectron Spectra of Ionic Liquids: Experiments and Simulations of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Thiocyanate. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10500-10509. [PMID: 36455069 PMCID: PMC9761679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a combined experimental and computational approach to probe the electronic structure and atomic environment of an ionic liquid, based on core level binding energies. The 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate [C4C1Im][SCN] ionic liquid was studied using ab initio molecular dynamics, and results were compared against previously published and new experimental X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data. The long-held assumption that initial-state effects in XPS dominate the measured binding energies is proven correct, which validates the established premise that the ground state electronic structure of the ionic liquid can be inferred directly from XPS measurements. A regression model based upon site electrostatic potentials and intramolecular bond lengths is shown to account accurately for variations in core-level binding energies within the ionic liquid, demonstrating the important effect of long-range interactions on the core levels and throwing into question the validity of traditional single ion pair ionic liquid calculations for interpreting XPS data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott D. Midgley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, ReadingRG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Jake M. Seymour
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, ReadingRG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), Berlin14109, Germany
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6
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Langtry AE, Thompson KB, Redeker ND, Quintana AS, Bui DL, Greeson KT, Cena N, Marcischak JC, M. J. Moore L, Ghiassi KB. Fluorinated phosphonium salts and ionic liquids prepared via thiol-ene click chemistry: a physical and thermal property study. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Das N, Khan T, Subba N, Sen P. Correlating Bromelain's activity with its structure and active-site dynamics and the medium's physical properties in a hydrated deep eutectic solvent. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9337-9346. [PMID: 33885064 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00046b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are emerging as new media of choice for biocatalysis due to their environmentally friendly nature, fine-tunability, and potential biocompatibility. This work deciphers the behaviour of bromelain in a ternary DES composed of acetamide, urea, and sorbitol at mole fractions of 0.5, 0.3, and 0.2, respectively (0.5Ac/0.3Ur/0.2Sor), with various degrees of hydration. Bromelain is an essential industrial proteolytic enzyme, and the chosen DES is non-ionic and liquid at room temperature. This provides us with a unique opportunity to contemplate protein behaviour in a non-ionic DES for the very first time. Our results infer that at a low DES concentration (up to 30% V/V DES), bromelain adopts a more compact structural conformation, whereas at higher DES concentrations, it becomes somewhat elongated. The microsecond conformational fluctuation time around the active site of bromelain gradually increases with increasing DES concentration, especially beyond 30% V/V. Interestingly, bromelain retains most of its enzymatic activity in the DES, and at some concentrations, the activity is even higher compared with its native state. Furthermore, we correlate the activity of bromelain with its structure, its active-site dynamics, and the physical properties of the medium. Our results demonstrate that the compact structural conformation and flexibility of the active site of bromelain favour its proteolytic activity. Similarly, a medium with increased polarity and decreased viscosity is favourable for its activity. The presented physical insights into how enzymatic activity depends on the protein structure and dynamics and the physical properties of the medium might provide useful guidelines for the rational design of DESs as biocatalytic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilimesh Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur - 208 016, UP, India.
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8
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Morales-Ugarte JE, Santini CC, Bouchet R, Benayad A. New Interpretation of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Imidazolium Ionic Liquid Electrolytes Based on Ionic Transport Analyses. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7625-7635. [PMID: 32790393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We reported a new perspective on the correlation between the electronic structure of an ionic liquid (IL)-based electrolyte probed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the transport properties analyzed by impedance spectroscopy. We highlighted the core level chemical shifts of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium (bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) (C1C6ImTFSI), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (C1C6ImFSI), and 1-hexyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (C1C1C6ImTFSI) laden with LiTFSI salt and vinylene carbonate (VC) or fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) with regard to the transport properties of cations and anions. We pointed out based on detailed binding energy shift analyses a clear effect of the anion on the local organization of Li+ ions. The significant peak shift in the case of C1C6ImTFSI laden with LiTFSI corroborates the formation of [Li(TFSI)2]- complexes. On the contrary, the lower amplitude of the binding energy shift of C1C6ImFSI for both anion- and cation-related peaks indicates that the electronic distribution around the cation and the anion is not affected when the LiTFSI salt is added, which plays a strong role in the ion dynamics (lower viscosity) of the electrolyte. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) result supports the preponderant role of imidazolium ionic liquid based on FSI anion to form an electrolyte less prone to form ionic complexes. The methylation of the imidazolium cation contributes to the reduction of the interaction between the C1C1C6Im cation and TFSI anion, while additives VC and FEC contribute to the change of the alkyl configuration in C1C6Im cation, leading to the modification of the macroscopic properties of the ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Morales-Ugarte
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA-LITEN, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 1130 rue de La Piscine, 38402 St. Martin d'Hères, France
| | - C C Santini
- Université Lyon, CNRS-UMR 5265, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - R Bouchet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 1130 rue de La Piscine, 38402 St. Martin d'Hères, France
| | - A Benayad
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA-LITEN, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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9
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Men S, Licence P, Luo H, Dai S. Tuning the Cation-Anion Interactions by Methylation of the Pyridinium Cation: An X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Picolinium Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:6657-6663. [PMID: 32639150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to investigate the impact of methylation on the electronic environment of pyridinium cations. Because of the electron-donating effect of the methyl group, there is a significant increase in electron density on the cationic nitrogen. The shift of the N 1s binding energy is inversely proportional to the anion basicity. The methylation position on the electronic environment of the cationic nitrogen is investigated. The N 1s binding energy follows the trend: 1-octylpyridinium > 1-octyl-3-picolinium > 1-octyl-4-picolinium > 1-octyl-2-picolinium, which is in good agreement with the cation acidity. The increase in the inductive effect subsequently weakens the cation-anion interactions through charge transfer from the anion to the cation, causing a subtle change in the electronic environment of the anion. Such an effect is noticeably reflected in the Br 3d binding energy. It shows that the Br 3d5/2 binding energy of 1-octyl-2-picolinium bromide is 0.2 eV lower than that of 1-octylpyridinium bromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Men
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, P. R. China.,Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Peter Licence
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Huimin Luo
- Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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10
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Men S, Licence P, Do-Thanh CL, Luo H, Dai S. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of piperidinium ionic liquids: a comparison to the charge delocalised pyridinium analogues. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11976-11983. [PMID: 32420557 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01454k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, nine piperidinium-based ionic liquids are analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effect of alkyl substituent length and the nature of the anion on the electronic environment of the cation are investigated. The electronic environment of the hetero carbon and the cationic nitrogen is compared between two structurally similar cations, 1-octyl-1-methylpiperidinium ([C8C1Pip]+) versus 1-octylpyridinium ([C8Py]+). Due to the charge delocalisation, the hetero carbon component within [C8Py]+ is more positively charged, which exhibits much higher binding energy; whilst the cationic nitrogen component is in the similar electronic environment. The impact of the charge delocalisation on the electronic environment of the anion is also compared between [C8C1Pip]+ and [C8Py]+. It is found that for the more basic anion, the cation can significantly affect the electronic environment of the anion; for the less basic anion, such an effect concentrates on the component bearing more negative point charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Men
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, 110159, P. R. China. and Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, 37830, USA.
| | - Peter Licence
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Chi-Linh Do-Thanh
- Department of Chemistry, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA
| | - Huimin Luo
- Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, 37830, USA
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, 37830, USA.
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11
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Shaban M, Eid A, Farag R, Negm N, Fadda A, Migahed M. Novel trimeric cationic pyrdinium surfactants as bi-functional corrosion inhibitors and antiscalants for API 5L X70 carbon steel against oilfield formation water. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Men S, Jin Y, Licence P. Probing the impact of the N3-substituted alkyl chain on the electronic environment of the cation and the anion for 1,3-dialkylimidazolium ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:17394-17400. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02325f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
XPS is used to probe the impact of the N3-substituted alkyl chain on the electronic environment of the cation and the anion by comparing two types of imidazolium cations, 1-alkyl-3-butylimidazolium and 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Men
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Shenyang Ligong University
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
| | - Yujuan Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Peter Licence
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Nottingham Nottingham
- UK
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