1
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Schneider HJ. Distinction and Quantification of Noncovalent Dispersive and Hydrophobic Effects. Molecules 2024; 29:1591. [PMID: 38611870 PMCID: PMC11013637 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The possibilities of comparing computational results of noncovalent interactions with experimental data are discussed, first with respect to intramolecular interactions. For these a variety of experimental data such as heats of formation, crystal sublimation heats, comparison with energy minimized structures, and spectroscopic data are available, but until now largely have not found widespread application. Early force field and QM/MP2 calculations have already shown that the sublimation heats of hydrocarbons can be predicted with an accuracy of ±1%. Intermolecular interactions in solution or the gas phase are always accompanied by difficult to compute entropic contributions, like all associations between molecules. Experimentally observed T∆S values contribute 10% to 80% of the total ∆G, depending on interaction mechanisms within the complexes, such as, e.g., hydrogen bonding and ion pairing. Free energies ∆G derived from equilibrium measurements in solution allow us to define binding increments ∆∆G, which are additive and transferable to a variety of supramolecular complexes. Data from more than 90 equilibrium measurements of porphyrin receptors in water indicate that small alkanes do not bind to the hydrophobic flat surfaces within a measuring limit of ∆G = ±0.5 kJ/mol, and that 20 functions bearing heteroatoms show associations by dispersive interactions with up to ∆G = 8 kJ/mol, roughly as a function of their polarizability. Aromatic systems display size-dependent affinities ∆G as a linear function of the number of π-electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jörg Schneider
- FR Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, D 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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2
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Beran GJO. Frontiers of molecular crystal structure prediction for pharmaceuticals and functional organic materials. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13290-13312. [PMID: 38033897 PMCID: PMC10685338 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03903j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliability of organic molecular crystal structure prediction has improved tremendously in recent years. Crystal structure predictions for small, mostly rigid molecules are quickly becoming routine. Structure predictions for larger, highly flexible molecules are more challenging, but their crystal structures can also now be predicted with increasing rates of success. These advances are ushering in a new era where crystal structure prediction drives the experimental discovery of new solid forms. After briefly discussing the computational methods that enable successful crystal structure prediction, this perspective presents case studies from the literature that demonstrate how state-of-the-art crystal structure prediction can transform how scientists approach problems involving the organic solid state. Applications to pharmaceuticals, porous organic materials, photomechanical crystals, organic semi-conductors, and nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography are included. Finally, efforts to improve our understanding of which predicted crystal structures can actually be produced experimentally and other outstanding challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J O Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
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3
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Hong B, Fang T, Li W, Li S. Predicting the structures and vibrational spectra of molecular crystals containing large molecules with the generalized energy-based fragmentation approach. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:044117. [PMID: 36725497 DOI: 10.1063/5.0137072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The generalized energy-based fragmentation (GEBF) approach under periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) has been developed to facilitate calculations of molecular crystals containing large molecules. The PBC-GEBF approach can help predict structures and properties of molecular crystals at different theory levels by performing molecular quantum chemistry calculations on a series of non-periodic subsystems constructed from the studied systems. A more rigorous formula of the forces on translational vectors of molecular crystals was proposed and implemented, enabling more reliable predictions of crystal structures. Our benchmark results on several typical molecular crystals show that the PBC-GEBF approach could reproduce the forces on atoms and the translational vectors and the optimized crystal structures from the corresponding conventional periodic methods. The improved PBC-GEBF approach is then applied to predict the crystal structures and vibrational spectra of two molecular crystals containing large molecules. The PBC-GEBF approach can provide a satisfactory description on the crystal structure of a molecular crystal containing 312 atoms in a unit cell at density-fitting second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory and density functional theory (DFT) levels and the infrared vibrational spectra of another molecular crystal containing 864 atoms in a unit cell at the DFT level. The PBC-GEBF approach is expected to be a promising theoretical tool for electronic structure calculations on molecular crystals containing large molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benkun Hong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Fang
- Genesys Microelectronics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 6th Floor, 11th Building, No. 3000 LongDong Road, Pu Dong District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhua Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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Pokorný V, Touš P, Štejfa V, Růžička K, Rohlíček J, Czernek J, Brus J, Červinka C. Anisotropy, segmental dynamics and polymorphism of crystalline biogenic carboxylic acids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:25904-25917. [PMID: 36260017 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03698c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids of the Krebs cycle possess invaluable biochemical significance. Still, there are severe gaps in the availability of thermodynamic and crystallographic data, as well as ambiguities prevailing in the literature on the thermodynamic characterization and polymorph ranking. Providing an unambiguous description of the structure, thermodynamics and polymorphism of their neat crystalline phases requires a complex multidisciplinary approach. This work presents results of an extensive investigation of the structural anisotropy of the thermal expansion and local dynamics within these crystals, obtained from a beneficial cooperation of NMR crystallography and ab initio calculations of non-covalent interactions. The observed structural anisotropy and spin-lattice relaxation times are traced to large spatial variations in the strength of molecular interactions in the crystal lattice, especially in the orientation of the hydrogen bonds. A completely resolved crystal structure for oxaloacetic acid is reported for the first time. Thanks to multi-instrumental calorimetric effort, this work clarifies phase behavior, determines third-law entropies of the crystals, and states definitive polymorph ranking for succinic and fumaric acids. These thermodynamic observations are then interpreted in terms of first-principles quasi-harmonic calculations of cohesive properties. A sophisticated model capturing electronic, thermal, and configurational-entropic effects on the crystal structure approaches captures the subtle Gibbs energy differences governing polymorph ranking for succinic and fumaric acids, representing another success story of computational chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Pokorný
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, CZ-162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Touš
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Vojtěch Štejfa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Květoslav Růžička
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Rohlíček
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, CZ-182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Czernek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, CZ-162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brus
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, CZ-162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ctirad Červinka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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5
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Compensation relationship in Thermodynamics of solvation and vaporization: features and applications. I. Non-hydrogen-bonded systems. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Fowles DJ, Palmer DS, Guo R, Price SL, Mitchell JBO. Toward Physics-Based Solubility Computation for Pharmaceuticals to Rival Informatics. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:3700-3709. [PMID: 33988381 PMCID: PMC8190954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
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We demonstrate that
physics-based calculations of intrinsic aqueous
solubility can rival cheminformatics-based machine learning predictions.
A proof-of-concept was developed for a physics-based approach via
a sublimation thermodynamic cycle, building upon previous work that
relied upon several thermodynamic approximations, notably the 2RT approximation, and limited conformational sampling. Here,
we apply improvements to our sublimation free-energy model with the
use of crystal phonon mode calculations to capture the contributions
of the vibrational modes of the crystal. Including these improvements
with lattice energies computed using the model-potential-based Ψmol method leads to accurate estimates of sublimation free
energy. Combining these with hydration free energies obtained from
either molecular dynamics free-energy perturbation simulations or
density functional theory calculations, solubilities comparable to
both experiment and informatics predictions are obtained. The application
to coronene, succinic acid, and the pharmaceutical desloratadine shows
how the methods must be adapted for the adoption of different conformations
in different phases. The approach has the flexibility to extend to
applications that cannot be covered by informatics methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Fowles
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland G1 1XL, U.K
| | - David S Palmer
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Sarah L Price
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - John B O Mitchell
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland KY16 9ST, U.K
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Cook C, McKinley JL, Beran GJO. Modeling the α- and β-resorcinol phase boundary via combination of density functional theory and density functional tight-binding. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:134109. [PMID: 33832233 PMCID: PMC8019358 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to predict not only what organic crystal structures might occur but also the thermodynamic conditions under which they are the most stable would be extremely useful for discovering and designing new organic materials. The present study takes a step in that direction by predicting the temperature- and pressure-dependent phase boundary between the α and β polymorphs of resorcinol using density functional theory (DFT) and the quasi-harmonic approximation. To circumvent the major computational bottleneck associated with computing a well-converged phonon density of states via the supercell approach, a recently developed approximation is employed, which combines a supercell phonon density of states from dispersion-corrected third-order density functional tight binding [DFTB3-D3(BJ)] with frequency corrections derived from a smaller B86bPBE-XDM functional DFT phonon calculation on the crystallographic unit cell. This mixed DFT/DFTB quasi-harmonic approach predicts the lattice constants and unit cell volumes to within 1%-2% at lower pressures. It predicts the thermodynamic phase boundary in almost perfect agreement with the experiment, although this excellent agreement does reflect fortuitous cancellation of errors between the enthalpy and entropy of transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Jessica L. McKinley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Gregory J. O. Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Cook C, Beran GJO. Reduced-cost supercell approach for computing accurate phonon density of states in organic crystals. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:224105. [PMID: 33317313 DOI: 10.1063/5.0032649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phonon contributions to organic crystal structures and thermochemical properties can be significant, but computing a well-converged phonon density of states with lattice dynamics and periodic density functional theory (DFT) is often computationally expensive due to the need for large supercells. Using semi-empirical methods like density functional tight binding (DFTB) instead of DFT can reduce the computational costs dramatically, albeit with noticeable reductions in accuracy. This work proposes approximating the phonon density of states via a relatively inexpensive DFTB supercell treatment of the phonon dispersion that is then corrected by shifting the individual phonon modes according to the difference between the DFT and DFTB phonon frequencies at the Γ-point. The acoustic modes are then computed at the DFT level from the elastic constants. In several small-molecule crystal test cases, this combined approach reproduces DFT thermochemistry with kJ/mol accuracy and 1-2 orders of magnitude less computational effort. Finally, this approach is applied to computing the free energy differences between the five crystal polymorphs of oxalyl dihydrazide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Gregory J O Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Ricard TC, Iyengar SS. Efficient and Accurate Approach To Estimate Hybrid Functional and Large Basis-Set Contributions to Condensed-Phase Systems and Molecule–Surface Interactions. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:4790-4812. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Ricard
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Srinivasan S. Iyengar
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Červinka C, Štejfa V. Sublimation Properties of α,ω-Diamines Revisited from First-Principles Calculations. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1184-1194. [PMID: 32243713 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sublimation enthalpies of alkane-α,ω-diamines exhibit an odd-even pattern within their homologous series. First-principles calculations coupled with the quasi-harmonic approximation for crystals and with the conformation mixing model for the ideal gas are used to explain this phenomenon from the theoretical point of view. Crystals of the odd and even alkane-α,ω-diamines distinctly differ in their packing motifs. However, first-principles calculations indicate that it is a delicate interplay of the cohesive forces, phonons, molecular vibrations and conformational equilibrium which governs the odd-even pattern of the sublimation enthalpies within the homologous series. High molecular flexibility of the alkane-α,ω-diamines predetermines higher sensitivity of the computational model to the quality of the optimized geometries and relative conformational energies. Performance of high-throughput computational methods, such as the density functional tight binding (DFTB, GFN2-xTB) and the explicitly correlated dispersion-corrected Møller-Plesset perturbative method (MP2C-F12), are benchmarked against the consistent state-of-the-art calculations of conformational energies and interaction energies, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ctirad Červinka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Štejfa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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11
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Abstract
Since the introduction of the fragment molecular orbital method 20 years ago, fragment-based approaches have occupied a small but growing niche in quantum chemistry. These methods decompose a large molecular system into subsystems small enough to be amenable to electronic structure calculations, following which the subsystem information is reassembled in order to approximate an otherwise intractable supersystem calculation. Fragmentation sidesteps the steep rise (with respect to system size) in the cost of ab initio calculations, replacing it with a distributed cost across numerous computer processors. Such methods are attractive, in part, because they are easily parallelizable and therefore readily amenable to exascale computing. As such, there has been hope that distributed computing might offer the proverbial "free lunch" in quantum chemistry, with the entrée being high-level calculations on very large systems. While fragment-based quantum chemistry can count many success stories, there also exists a seedy underbelly of rarely acknowledged problems. As these methods begin to mature, it is time to have a serious conversation about what they can and cannot be expected to accomplish in the near future. Both successes and challenges are highlighted in this Perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Červinka C, Klajmon M, Štejfa V. Cohesive Properties of Ionic Liquids Calculated from First Principles. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:5563-5578. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ctirad Červinka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Klajmon
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Štejfa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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