1
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Scheiner S. Tetrel Bonding of the Carbenium Ion Forms a Pentacoordinate Carbon Atom. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400240. [PMID: 38527952 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
As a flat trigonal species, the CR3 + carbenium ion contains a pair of deep π-holes above and below its molecular plane. In the case of CH3 + a first base will form a covalent bond with the central C, making the combined species tetrahedral. Approach of a second base to the opposite side results in a longer but rather strong noncovalent tetrel bond (TB). While CMe3 + can also form a similar asymmetric complex with a pair of bases, it also has the capacity to form a pair of nearly equivalent TBs, such that the resulting symmetric trigonal bipyramid configuration is only slightly higher in energy. When the three substituents on the central C are phenyl rings, the symmetric configuration with two TBs predominates. These tetrel bonds are quite strong, reaching up to 20 kcal/mol. Adding OPH2 or OCH substituents to the phenyl rings permits the formation of intramolecular C⋅⋅O TBs to the central C, very similar in many respects to the case where these TBs are intermolecular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 84322-0300, Logan, Utah, USA
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2
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Scheiner S, Amonov A. Types of noncovalent bonds within complexes of thiazole with CF 4 and SiF 4. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6127-6137. [PMID: 38299682 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00057a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The five-membered heteroaromatic thiazole molecule contains a number of electron-rich regions that could attract an electrophile, namely the N and S lone pairs that lie in the molecular plane, and π-system areas above the plane. The possibility of each of these sites engaging in a tetrel bond (TB) with CF4 and SiF4, as well as geometries that encompass a CH⋯F H-bond, was explored via DFT calculations. There are a number of minima that occur in the pairing of thiazole with CF4 that are very close in energy, but these complexes are weakly bound by less than 2 kcal mol-1 and the presence of a true TB is questionable. The inclusion of zero-point vibrational energies alters the energetic ordering, which is further modified when entropic effects are added. The preferred geometry would thus be sensitive to the temperature of an experiment. Replacement of CF4 by SiF4 leaves intact most of the configurations, and their tight energetic clustering, the ordering of which is again altered as the temperature rises. But there is one exception in that by far the most tightly bound complex involves a strong Si⋯N TB between SiF4 and the lone pair of the thiazole N, with an interaction energy of 30 kcal mol-1. Even accounting for its high deformation energy and entropic considerations, this structure remains as clearly the most stable at any temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA.
| | - Akhtam Amonov
- Department of Optics and Spectroscopy, Institute of Engineering Physics Samarkand State University 140104, University blv. 15, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
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3
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Wu Q, Xie X, Li Q, Scheiner S. Enhancement of tetrel bond involving tetrazole-TtR 3 (Tt = C, Si; R = H, F). Promotion of SiR 3 transfer by a triel bond. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:25895-25903. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04194d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The combination of a CR3 (R = H, F) with a tetrazole can result in a moderate carbon bond, which can be further strengthened by a triel bond. On the other hand, SiR3 group is half transferred between the two N atoms in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhuo Wu
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Xie
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhong Li
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA
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4
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Scheiner S. Maximal occupation by bases of π-hole bands surrounding linear molecules. J Comput Chem 2021; 43:319-330. [PMID: 34859910 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Linear molecules such as CO2 contain a positive π-hole ring that surrounds C on the molecule's equator. Quantum calculations examine the question as to how many bases can simultaneously bind to this ring. Linear molecules examined are TO2 , where T = C, Si, Ge, Sn; bases are NCH and NH3 . CO2 engages in the weakest of the tetrel bonds, and can bind up to three NCH and two NH3 . Unlike σ-hole tetrel bonds, Si forms the strongest tetrel bonds, with interaction energies as high as 43 kcal/mol with NH3 . But like GeO2 , SiO2 can sustain only two bases in its equatorial ring. The π-hole ring of SnO2 can engage in up to four tetrel bonds with either NCH or NH3 , even though these bonds are weaker than those with GeO2 or SiO2 . As all of these complexes cast TO2 in the role of multiple electron acceptor, the resulting negative cooperativity makes each successive bond weaker than its predecessor as bases are added, as well as reducing the magnitude of the central molecule's π-hole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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5
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Liu N, Xie X, Li Q, Scheiner S. Enhancement of the Tetrel Bond by the Effects of Substituents, Cooperativity, and Electric Field: Transition from Noncovalent to Covalent Bond. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2305-2312. [PMID: 34436816 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The T⋅⋅⋅N tetrel bond (TB) formed between TX3 OH (T=C, Si, Ge; X=H, F) and the Lewis base N≡CM (M=H, Li, Na) is studied by ab initio calculations at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level. Complexes involving TH3 OH contain a conventional TB with interaction energy less than 10 kcal/mol. This bond is substantially strengthened, approaching 35 kcal/mol and covalent character, when fluorosubstituted TF3 OH is combined with NCLi or NCNa. Along with this enhanced binding comes a near equalization of the TB T⋅⋅⋅N and the internal T-O bond lengths, and the associated structure acquires a trigonal bipyramidal shape, despite a high internal deformation energy. This structural transformation becomes more complete, and the TB is further strengthened upon adding an electron acceptor BeCl2 to the Lewis acid and a base to the NCM unit. This same TB strengthening can be accomplished also by imposition of an external electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Xiaoying Xie
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Qingzhong Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA
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6
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Ibrahim MAA, Kamel AAK, Soliman MES, Moustafa MF, El-Mageed HRA, Taha F, Mohamed LA, Moussa NAM. Effect of External Electric Field on Tetrel Bonding Interactions in (FTF 3···FH) Complexes (T = C, Si, Ge, and Sn). ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:25476-25485. [PMID: 34632205 PMCID: PMC8495869 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A quantum chemical study was accomplished on the σ-hole interactions of the barely explored group IV elements, for the first time, in the absence and presence of the positively and negatively directed external electric field (EEF). The analyses of molecular electrostatic potential addressed the occurrence of the σ-hole on all the inspected tetrel atoms, confirming their salient versatility to engage in σ-hole interactions. MP2 energetic findings disclosed the occurrence of favorable σ-hole interactions within the tetrel bonding complexes. The tetrel bonding interactions became stronger in the order of C < Si < Ge < Sn for F-T-F3···FH complexes with the largest interaction energy amounting to -19.43 kcal/mol for the optimized F-Sn-F3···FH complex under the influence of +0.020 au EEF. The interaction energy conspicuously evolved by boosting the magnitude of the positively directed EEF value and declining the negatively directed EEF one. The decomposition analysis for the interaction energies was also executed in terms of symmetry-adapted perturbation theory, illuminating the dominant electrostatic contribution to all the studied complexes' interactions except carbon-based interactions controlled by dispersion forces. The outcomes that emerged from the current work reported significantly how the direction and strength of the EEF affect the tetrel-bonding interactions, leading to further improvements in the forthcoming studies of supramolecular chemistry and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Afnan A. K. Kamel
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Molecular
Bio-computation and Drug Design Lab, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud F. Moustafa
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid
University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Botany & Microbiology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - H. R. Abd El-Mageed
- Micro-Analysis,
Environmental Research and Community Affairs Center (MAESC), Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Fouad Taha
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa A. Mohamed
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Nayra A. M. Moussa
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
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7
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Scheiner S. Dissection of the Origin of π-Holes and the Noncovalent Bonds in Which They Engage. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6514-6528. [PMID: 34310147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accompanying the rapidly growing list of σ-hole bonds has come the acknowledgment of parallel sorts of noncovalent bonds which owe their stability in large part to a deficiency of electron density in the area above the molecular plane, known as a π-hole. The origins of these π-holes are probed for a wide series of molecules, comprising halogen, chalcogen, pnicogen, tetrel, aerogen, and spodium bonds. Much like in the case of their σ-hole counterparts, formation of the internal covalent π-bond in the Lewis acid molecule pulls density toward the bond midpoint and away from its extremities. This depletion of density above the central atom is amplified by an electron-withdrawing substituent. At the same time, the amplitude of the π*-orbital is enhanced in the region of the density-depleted π-hole, facilitating a better overlap with the nucleophile's lone pair orbital and a stabilizing n → π* charge transfer. The presence of lone pairs on the central atom acts to attenuate the π-hole and shift its position somewhat, resulting in an overall weakening of the π-hole bond. There is a tendency for π-hole bonds to include a higher fraction of induction energy than σ-bonds with proportionately smaller electrostatic and dispersion components, but this distinction is less a product of the σ- or π-character and more a function of the overall bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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8
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Wang X, Li B, Li Y, Wang H, Ni Y, Wang H. The influence of monomer deformation on triel and tetrel bonds between TrR3/TR4 (Tr = Al, Ga, In; T = Si, Ge, Sn) and N-base (N-base = HCN, NH3, CN−). COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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Zierkiewicz W, Grabarz A, Michalczyk M, Scheiner S. Competition between Inter and Intramolecular Tetrel Bonds: Theoretical Studies Complemented by CSD Survey. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:924-934. [PMID: 33876515 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Crystal structures document the ability of a TF3 group (T=Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) situated on a naphthalene system to engage in an intramolecular tetrel bond (TB) with an amino group on the adjoining ring. Ab initio calculations evaluate the strength of this bond and evaluate whether it can influence the ability of the T atom to engage in a second, intermolecular TB with another nucleophile. A very strong CN- anionic base can approach the T either along the extension of a T-C or T-F bond and form a strong TB with an interaction energy approaching 100 kcal/mol, although this bond is weakened a bit by the presence of the internal T⋅⋅⋅N bond. The much less potent NCH base engages in a correspondingly longer and weaker TB, less than 10 kcal/mol. Such an intermolecular TB is weakened by the presence of the internal TB, to the point that it only occurs for the two heavier tetrel atoms Sn and Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Zierkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Grabarz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Michalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University Logan, Utah, 84322-0300, USA
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10
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Scheiner S. Relative Strengths of a Pnicogen and a Tetrel Bond and Their Mutual Effects upon One Another. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2631-2641. [PMID: 33734698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the T and Z atoms of TR3ZR2 to engage in a noncovalent interaction with NH3 is assessed by DFT calculations, where the T atom refers to C, Si, and Ge; Z = As, Sb, and P; and substituents R = H and F. In most instances, the tetrel bond (TB) is both stronger and shorter than the pnicogen bond (ZB). These two bond strengths can be equalized, or preference shifted to the ZB, if F substituents are placed on the Z and H on the T atoms. Employing C as the T atom results in a very weak TB, with the ZB clearly favored energetically. The simultaneous formation of both TB and ZB weakens both, particularly the latter, but both bonds survive intact. Geometric and spectroscopic perturbations of the subunits reflect the two types of noncovalent bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University†Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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11
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Tiekink ERT. Zero-, one-, two- and three-dimensional supramolecular architectures sustained by Se …O chalcogen bonding: A crystallographic survey. Coord Chem Rev 2021; 427:213586. [PMID: 33100367 PMCID: PMC7568495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Cambridge Structural Database was evaluated for crystals containing Se…O chalcogen bonding interactions. These secondary bonding interactions are found to operate independently of complementary intermolecular interactions in about 13% of the structures they can potentially form. This number rises significantly when more specific interactions are considered, e.g. Se…O(carbonyl) interactions occur in 50% of cases where they can potentially form. In about 55% of cases, the supramolecular assemblies sustained by Se…O(oxygen) interactions are one-dimensional architectures, with the next most prominent being zero-dimensional assemblies, at 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R T Tiekink
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials, School of Science and Technology, 5 Jalan Universiti, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
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12
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Abstract
The tetrel bond (TB) recruits an element drawn from the C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb family as electron acceptor in an interaction with a partner Lewis base. The underlying principles that explain this attractive interaction are described in terms of occupied and vacant orbitals, total electron density, and electrostatic potential. These principles facilitate a delineation of the factors that feed into a strong TB. The geometric deformation that occurs within the tetrel-bearing Lewis acid monomer is a particularly important issue, with both primary and secondary effects. As a first-row atom of low polarizability, C is a reluctant participant in TBs, but its preponderance in organic and biochemistry make it extremely important that its potential in this regard be thoroughly understood. The IR and NMR manifestations of tetrel bonding are explored as spectroscopy offers a bridge to experimental examination of this phenomenon. In addition to the most common σ-hole type TBs, discussion is provided of π-hole interactions which are a result of a common alternate covalent bonding pattern of tetrel atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA.
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13
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Scheiner S. Competition between a Tetrel and Halogen Bond to a Common Lewis Acid. J Phys Chem A 2020; 125:308-316. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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14
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Abstract
The fundamental underpinnings of noncovalent bonds are presented, focusing on the σ-hole interactions that are closely related to the H-bond. Different means of assessing their strength and the factors that control it are discussed. The establishment of a noncovalent bond is monitored as the two subunits are brought together, allowing the electrostatic, charge redistribution, and other effects to slowly take hold. Methods are discussed that permit prediction as to which site an approaching nucleophile will be drawn, and the maximum number of bonds around a central atom in its normal or hypervalent states is assessed. The manner in which a pair of anions can be held together despite an overall Coulombic repulsion is explained. The possibility that first-row atoms can participate in such bonds is discussed, along with the introduction of a tetrel analog of the dihydrogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA
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15
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Grabarz A, Michalczyk M, Zierkiewicz W, Scheiner S. Noncovalent Bonds between Tetrel Atoms. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1934-1944. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grabarz
- Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Mariusz Michalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Wiktor Zierkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University Logan Utah 84322-0300 United States
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16
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Wysokiński R, Zierkiewicz W, Michalczyk M, Scheiner S. How Many Pnicogen Bonds can be Formed to a Central Atom Simultaneously? J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2046-2056. [PMID: 32052970 PMCID: PMC7590972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A central ZF3 molecule (Z = P, As, Sb, Bi) is allowed
to interact with a number of nucleophiles exemplified by NCH, NH3, and NC– anion. The Z···N
pnicogen bond (ZB) to a single base grows stronger for heavier Z atom:
P < A < Sb < Bi and follows the NCH < NH3 <
NC– order for the three bases. The maximum number
of ZBs depends on both the nature of the base and pnicogen atom. PF3 and AsF3 can pnicogen bond with only a single
CN–; SbF3 and BiF3 can interact
with two anions but only weakly. The weak NCH nucleophile can engage
in a maximum of two ZBs, while three ZBs occur for NH3.
The latter NH3 maximum can be extended to four ZBs but
only for BiF3. The fourth ZB is somewhat longer and weaker
than the others, and the entire (H3N)4···BiF3 complex relies partially on secondary interactions for its
stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Wysokiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wiktor Zierkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Michalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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17
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Structures and energetics of clusters surrounding diatomic anions stabilized by hydrogen, halogen, and other noncovalent bonds. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.110590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Scheiner S. The ditetrel bond: noncovalent bond between neutral tetrel atoms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:16606-16614. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03068f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a tetrel atom to serve in the capacity of electron donor in a σ-hole noncovalent bond is tested by quantum calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Utah State University Logan
- Logan
- USA
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19
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Mahmoudi G, Afkhami FA, Kennedy AR, Zubkov FI, Zangrando E, Kirillov AM, Molins E, Mitoraj MP, Safin DA. Lead(ii) coordination polymers driven by pyridine-hydrazine donors: from anion-guided self-assembly to structural features. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:11238-11248. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01704c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This work unveils an indispensable role of London dispersion forces and relativistic effects in tetrel and covalent bonds of the type Pb–X (X = O, N, S, I), which drives formation of extended architectures of lead(ii) coordination polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghodrat Mahmoudi
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Maragheh
- Maragheh
- Iran
| | | | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow G1 1XL
- UK
| | - Fedor I. Zubkov
- Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Ennio Zangrando
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Trieste
- Trieste
- Italy
| | - Alexander M. Kirillov
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Complexo I
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Lisboa
| | - Elies Molins
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | - Mariusz P. Mitoraj
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-387 Cracow
- Poland
| | - Damir A. Safin
- University of Tyumen
- 625003 Tyumen
- Russian Federation
- West-Siberian Interregional Scientific and Educational Center
- Russian Federation
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20
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Zierkiewicz W, Wysokiński R, Michalczyk M, Scheiner S. Chalcogen bonding of two ligands to hypervalent YF 4 (Y = S, Se, Te, Po). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:20829-20839. [PMID: 31517347 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04006d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of two NH3 ligands to engage in simultaneous chalcogen bonds to a hypervalent YF4 molecule, with Y = S, Se, Te, Po, is assessed via quantum calculations. The complex can take on one of two different geometries. The cis structure places the two ligands adjacent to one another in a pseudo-octahedral geometry, held there by a pair of σ-hole chalcogen bonds. The bases can also lie nearly opposite one another, in a distorted octahedron containing one π-hole and one strained σ-hole bond. The cis geometry is favored for Y = S, while Te, and Po tend toward the trans structure; they are nearly equally stable for Se. In either case, the binding energy rises rapidly with the size of the Y atom, exceeding 30 kcal mol-1 for PoF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Zierkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Rafał Wysokiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Michalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA.
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