1
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Hager TJ, Moore BM, Borengasser QD, Kanaherarachchi AC, Renshaw KT, Radhakrishnan S, Hall GE, Broderick BM. Buffer gas cooled ice chemistry. II. Ice generation and mm-wave detection of molecules desorbed from an ice. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:094201. [PMID: 39225516 DOI: 10.1063/5.0225903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This second paper in a series of two describes the chirped-pulse ice apparatus that permits the detection of buffer gas cooled molecules desorbed from an energetically processed ice using broadband mm-wave rotational spectroscopy. Here, we detail the lower ice stage developed to generate ices at 4 K, which can then undergo energetic processing via UV/VUV photons or high-energy electrons and which ultimately enter the gas phase via temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). Over the course of TPD, the lower ice stage is interfaced with a buffer gas cooling cell that allows for sensitive detection via chirped-pulse rotational spectroscopy in the 60-90 GHz regime. In addition to a detailed description of the ice component of this apparatus, we show proof-of-principle experiments demonstrating the detection of H2CO products formed through irradiation of neat methanol ices or 1:1 CO + CH4 mixed ices.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Hager
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65203, USA
| | - B M Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65203, USA
| | - Q D Borengasser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65203, USA
| | - A C Kanaherarachchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65203, USA
| | - K T Renshaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65203, USA
| | - S Radhakrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65203, USA
| | - G E Hall
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - B M Broderick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65203, USA
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2
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Rosa CA, Bergantini A, Herczku P, Mifsud DV, Lakatos G, Kovács STS, Sulik B, Juhász Z, Ioppolo S, Quitián-Lara HM, Mason NJ, Lage C. Infrared Spectral Signatures of Nucleobases in Interstellar Ices I: Purines. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2208. [PMID: 38004348 PMCID: PMC10672069 DOI: 10.3390/life13112208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The purine nucleobases adenine and guanine are complex organic molecules that are essential for life. Despite their ubiquitous presence on Earth, purines have yet to be detected in observations of astronomical environments. This work therefore proposes to study the infrared spectra of purines linked to terrestrial biochemical processes under conditions analogous to those found in the interstellar medium. The infrared spectra of adenine and guanine, both in neat form and embedded within an ice made of H2O:NH3:CH4:CO:CH3OH (10:1:1:1:1), were analysed with the aim of determining which bands attributable to adenine and/or guanine can be observed in the infrared spectrum of an astrophysical ice analogue rich in other volatile species known to be abundant in dense molecular clouds. The spectrum of adenine and guanine mixed together was also analysed. This study has identified three purine nucleobase infrared absorption bands that do not overlap with bands attributable to the volatiles that are ubiquitous in the dense interstellar medium. Therefore, these three bands, which are located at 1255, 940, and 878 cm-1, are proposed as an infrared spectral signature for adenine, guanine, or a mixture of these molecules in astrophysical ices. All three bands have integrated molar absorptivity values (ψ) greater than 4 km mol-1, meaning that they should be readily observable in astronomical targets. Therefore, if these three bands were to be observed together in the same target, then it is possible to propose the presence of a purine molecule (i.e., adenine or guanine) there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Antunes Rosa
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Bergantini
- Celso Suckow da Fonseca Federal Centre for Technological Education, Rio de Janeiro 20271-110, Brazil
| | - Péter Herczku
- HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (Atomki), H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Duncan V. Mifsud
- HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (Atomki), H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gergő Lakatos
- HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (Atomki), H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Béla Sulik
- HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (Atomki), H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Juhász
- HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (Atomki), H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sergio Ioppolo
- Centre for Interstellar Catalysis (InterCat), Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Heidy M. Quitián-Lara
- Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, UK
| | - Nigel J. Mason
- HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (Atomki), H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
- Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, UK
| | - Claudia Lage
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, Brazil
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3
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Wang J, Marks JH, Turner AM, Mebel AM, Eckhardt AK, Kaiser RI. Gas-phase detection of oxirene. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg1134. [PMID: 36897943 PMCID: PMC10005165 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Oxirenes-highly strained 4π Hückel antiaromatic organics-have been recognized as key reactive intermediates in the Wolff rearrangement and in interstellar environments. Predicting short lifetimes and tendency toward ring opening, oxirenes are one of the most mysterious classes of organic transients, with the isolation of oxirene (c-C2H2O) having remained elusive. Here, we report on the preparation of oxirene in low-temperature methanol-acetaldehyde matrices upon energetic processing through isomerization of ketene (H2CCO) followed by resonant energy transfer of the internal energy of oxirene to the vibrational modes (hydroxyl stretching and bending, methyl deformation) of methanol. Oxirene was detected upon sublimation in the gas phase exploiting soft photoionization coupled with a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry. These findings advance our fundamental understanding of the chemical bonding and stability of cyclic, strained molecules and afford a versatile strategy for the synthesis of highly ring-strained transients in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Joshua H. Marks
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Andrew M. Turner
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - André K. Eckhardt
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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4
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Wang J, Marks JH, Turner AM, Nikolayev AA, Azyazov V, Mebel AM, Kaiser RI. Mechanistical study on the formation of hydroxyacetone (CH 3COCH 2OH), methyl acetate (CH 3COOCH 3), and 3-hydroxypropanal (HCOCH 2CH 2OH) along with their enol tautomers (prop-1-ene-1,2-diol (CH 3C(OH)CHOH), prop-2-ene-1,2-diol (CH 2C(OH)CH 2OH), 1-methoxyethen-1-ol (CH 3OC(OH)CH 2) and prop-1-ene-1,3-diol (HOCH 2CHCHOH)) in interstellar ice analogs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:936-953. [PMID: 36285574 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03543j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We unravel, for the very first time, the formation pathways of hydroxyacetone (CH3COCH2OH), methyl acetate (CH3COOCH3), and 3-hydroxypropanal (HCOCH2CH2OH), as well as their enol tautomers within mixed ices of methanol (CH3OH) and acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) analogous to interstellar ices in the ISM exposed to ionizing radiation at ultralow temperatures of 5 K. Exploiting photoionization reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PI-ReToF-MS) and isotopically labeled ices, the reaction products were selectively photoionized allowing for isomer discrimination during the temperature-programmed desorption phase. Based on the distinct mass-to-charge ratios and ionization energies of the identified species, we reveal the formation pathways of hydroxyacetone (CH3COCH2OH), methyl acetate (CH3COOCH3), and 3-hydroxypropanal (HCOCH2CH2OH) via radical-radical recombination reactions and of their enol tautomers (prop-1-ene-1,2-diol (CH3C(OH)CHOH), prop-2-ene-1,2-diol (CH2C(OH)CH2OH), 1-methoxyethen-1-ol (CH3OC(OH)CH2) and prop-1-ene-1,3-diol (HOCH2CHCHOH)) via keto-enol tautomerization. To the best of our knowledge, 1-methoxyethen-1-ol (CH3OC(OH)CH2) and prop-1-ene-1,3-diol (HOCH2CHCHOH) are experimentally identified for the first time. Our findings help to constrain the formation mechanism of hydroxyacetone and methyl acetate detected within star-forming regions and suggest that the hitherto astronomically unobserved isomer 3-hydroxypropanal and its enol tautomers represent promising candidates for future astronomical searches. These enol tautomers may contribute to the molecular synthesis of biologically relevant molecules in deep space due to their nucleophilic character and high reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Joshua H Marks
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Andrew M Turner
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Anatoliy A Nikolayev
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Samara 443011, Russia.,Samara National Research University, Samara 443086, Russia
| | | | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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5
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Simbizi R, Nduwimana D, Niyoncuti J, Cishahayo P, Gahungu G. On the formation of 2- and 3-cyanofurans and their protonated forms in interstellar medium conditions: quantum chemical evidence. RSC Adv 2022; 12:25332-25341. [PMID: 36199317 PMCID: PMC9446509 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04351c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature is still poor in theoretical and experimental, including both spectroscopic and thermodynamic data for protonated furan and protonated 2-cyanofuran and 3-cyanofuran (FH+, 2CFH+ and 3CFH+). These data are, however, crucial for astrophysicists and astrochemists in the detection of new species in interstellar medium (ISM), the discovery of these molecular species being not yet reported. It is in this perspective that a computational study based on quantum chemistry on FH+, 2CFH+ and 3CFH+ was undertaken. A series of properties including the proton affinity (PA) of furan and the two cyanofurans, the variations of enthalpy (Δr H), entropy (Δr S), and Gibbs free energy (Δr G) for the reactions yielding cyanofurans (neutral and protonated forms), were studied at different temperatures (5 K, 10 K, 150 K and 298 K) and pressures (P = 1 atm and P = 10-5 atm) based on modern computational models (G2MP2, G3, G4MP2 and G4). While confirming that the protonation favors the α-position for furan, the PA values show that the protonation favors the nitrogen atom in cases of 2CFH+ and 3CFH+. The Δr H, Δr S and Δr G values revealed spontaneous reactions producing these species under ISM conditions of temperature and pressure. In addition quadrupole hyperfine structures and vibrational spectra which are essential tools for the characterization and the identification of interstellar molecular species are predicted, while the region where brightest lines fall for different temperatures is discussed. The results reported in this work are expected to assist astrophysicists and astrochemists, in the search for new chemical species in interstellar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Simbizi
- Faculté des Sciences, Département de Physique, Université du Burundi BP 2700 Bujumbura Burundi
- Faculté des Sciences, Centre de Recherche en Mathématique & Physique (CRMP), Université du Burundi BP 2700 Bujumbura Burundi
| | - Désiré Nduwimana
- Faculté des Sciences, Département de Physique, Université du Burundi BP 2700 Bujumbura Burundi
- Faculté des Sciences, Centre de Recherche en Mathématique & Physique (CRMP), Université du Burundi BP 2700 Bujumbura Burundi
| | - Joël Niyoncuti
- Faculté des Sciences, Département de Physique, Université du Burundi BP 2700 Bujumbura Burundi
- Faculté des Sciences, Centre de Recherche en Mathématique & Physique (CRMP), Université du Burundi BP 2700 Bujumbura Burundi
| | - Prosper Cishahayo
- Faculté des Sciences, Département de Chimie, Université du Burundi BP 2700 Bujumbura Burundi
- Faculté des Sciences, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles et Environnementales (CRSNE), Université du Burundi BP 2700 Bujumbura Burundi
| | - Godefroid Gahungu
- Faculté des Sciences, Département de Chimie, Université du Burundi BP 2700 Bujumbura Burundi
- Faculté des Sciences, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles et Environnementales (CRSNE), Université du Burundi BP 2700 Bujumbura Burundi
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6
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Volosatova AD, Tyurin DA, Feldman VI. The Radiation Chemistry of NH 3···CO Complex in Cryogenic Media as Studied by Matrix Isolation. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3893-3902. [PMID: 35696324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The NH3···CO complex can be considered an important building block for cold synthetic astrochemistry leading to the formation of complex organic molecules, including key prebiotic species. In this work, we have studied the radiation-induced transformations of this complex in Ar, Kr, and Xe matrices using FTIR spectroscopy. On the basis of comparison with the quantum chemical calculations at the CCSD(T)/L2a_3 level of theory, it was found that the initial complex had the configuration with hydrogen bonding through the carbon atom of CO. Irradiation of the matrix isolated complex with X-rays at 6 K leads to the formation of a number of synthetic products, namely, HNCO (in all matrices), formamide NH2CHO, NH2CO, and HNCO-H2 (in argon and krypton). The matrix effect on the product distribution was explained by the involvement of different excited states of the complex in their formation. It was suggested that formamide results from the singlet excited states while other species mainly originate from triplet excited states. The latter states are efficiently populated through ion-electron recombination (in all matrices) and through intersystem crossing (particularly, in xenon). High yield of the recombination triplet states is a feature of the processes induced by high-energy radiation (in contrast to direct photolysis). NCO, CN, and NO were found as minor secondary products at high adsorbed doses. The astrochemical implications of the obtained results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniil A Tyurin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Feldman
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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7
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Ben Chouikha I, Kerkeni B, Ouerfelli G, Makroni L, Nyman G. Quantum chemical study of the reaction paths and kinetics of acetaldehyde formation on a methanol-water ice model. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18994-19005. [PMID: 35873325 PMCID: PMC9241153 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03555c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) is ubiquitous in interstellar space and is important for astrochemistry as it can contribute to the formation of amino acids through reaction with nitrogen containing chemical species. Quantum chemical and reaction kinetics studies are reported for acetaldehyde formation from the chemical reaction of C(3P) with a methanol molecule adsorbed at the eighth position of a cubic water cluster. We present extensive quantum chemical calculations for total spin S = 1 and S = 0. The UωB97XD/6-311++G(2d,p) model chemistry is employed to optimize the structures, compute minimum energy paths and zero-point vibrational energies of all reaction steps. For the optimized structures, the calculated energies are refined by CCSD(T) single point computations. We identify four transition states on the triplet potential energy surface (PES), and one on the singlet PES. The reaction mechanism involves the intermediate formation of CH3OCH adsorbed on the ice cluster. The rate limiting step for forming acetaldehyde is the C–O bond breaking in CH3OCH to form adsorbed CH3 and HCO. We find two positions on the reaction path where spin crossing may be possible such that acetaldehyde can form in its singlet spin state. Using variational transition-state theory with multidimensional tunnelling we provide thermal rate constants for the energetically rate limiting step for both spin states and discuss two routes to acetaldehyde formation. As expected, quantum effects are important at low temperatures. Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) is ubiquitous in interstellar space and is important for astrochemistry as it can contribute to the formation of amino acids. The reaction mechanism for its formation on a methanol ice grain may involve intersystem spin crossing.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Islem Ben Chouikha
- Département de Physique, LPMC, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis el Manar Tunis 2092 Tunisia
| | - Boutheïna Kerkeni
- Département de Physique, LPMC, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis el Manar Tunis 2092 Tunisia .,ISAMM, Université de la Manouba La Manouba 2010 Tunisia
| | - Ghofrane Ouerfelli
- Département de Physique, LPMC, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis el Manar Tunis 2092 Tunisia .,Taif University Taif Saudi Arabia
| | - Lily Makroni
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710119 China
| | - Gunnar Nyman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Sweden
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8
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Wang J, Kleimeier NF, Johnson RN, Gozem S, Abplanalp MJ, Turner AM, Marks JH, Kaiser RI. Photochemically triggered cheletropic formation of cyclopropenone (c-C 3H 2O) from carbon monoxide and electronically excited acetylene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:17449-17461. [PMID: 35713004 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01978g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For more than half a century, pericyclic reactions have played an important role in advancing our fundamental understanding of cycloadditions, sigmatropic shifts, group transfer reactions, and electrocyclization reactions. However, the fundamental mechanisms of photochemically activated cheletropic reactions have remained contentious. Here we report on the simplest cheletropic reaction: the [2+1] addition of ground state 18O-carbon monoxide (C18O, X1Σ+) to D2-acetylene (C2D2) photochemically excited to the first excited triplet (T1), second excited triplet (T2), and first excited singlet state (S1) at 5 K, leading to the formation of D2-18O-cyclopropenone (c-C3D218O). Supported by quantum-chemical calculations, our investigation provides persuasive testimony on stepwise cheletropic reaction pathways to cyclopropenone via excited state dynamics involving the T2 (non-adiabatic) and S1 state (adiabatic) of acetylene at 5 K, while the T1 state energetically favors an intermediate structure that directly dissociates after relaxing to the ground state. The agreement between experiments in low temperature ices and the excited state calculations signifies how photolysis experiments coupled with theoretical calculations can untangle polyatomic reactions with relevance to fundamental physical organic chemistry at the molecular level, thus affording a versatile strategy to unravel exotic non-equilibrium chemistries in cyclic, aromatic organics. Distinct from traditional radical-radical pathways leading to organic molecules on ice-coated interstellar nanoparticles (interstellar grains) in cold molecular clouds and star-forming regions, the photolytic formation of cyclopropenone as presented changes the perception of how we explain the formation of complex organics in the interstellar medium eventually leading to the molecular precursors of biorelevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. .,W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - N Fabian Kleimeier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. .,W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Rebecca N Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA.
| | - Samer Gozem
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA.
| | - Matthew J Abplanalp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. .,W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Andrew M Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. .,W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Joshua H Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. .,W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. .,W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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9
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Zasimov PV, Tyurin DA, Ryazantsev SV, Feldman VI. Formation and Evolution of H 2C 3O +• Radical Cations: A Computational and Matrix Isolation Study. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8115-8128. [PMID: 35487219 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The family of isomeric H2C3O+• radical cations is of great interest for physical organic chemistry and chemistry occurring in extraterrestrial media. In this work, we have experimentally examined a unique synthetic route to the generation of H2C3O+• from the C2H2···CO intermolecular complex and also considered the relative stability and monomolecular transformations of the H2C3O+• isomers through high-level ab initio calculations. The structures, energetics, harmonic frequencies, hyperfine coupling constants, and isomerization pathways for several of the most important H2C3O+• isomers were calculated at the UCCSD(T) level of theory. The complementary FTIR and EPR studies in argon matrices at 5 K have demonstrated that the ionized C2H2···CO complex transforms into the E-HCCHCO+• isomer, and this latter species is supposed to be the key intermediate in further chemical transformations, providing a remarkable piece of evidence for kinetic control in low-temperature chemistry. Photolysis of this species at λ = 410-465 nm results in its transformation to the thermodynamically most stable H2CCCO+• isomer. Possible implications of the results and potentiality of the proposed synthetic strategy to the preparation of highly reactive organic radical cations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V Zasimov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniil A Tyurin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Ryazantsev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.,Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Feldman
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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10
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Bocková J, Rebelo A, Ryszka M, Pandey R, Mészáros D, Limão-Vieira P, Papp P, Mason NJ, Townsend D, Nixon KL, Vizcaino V, Poully JC, Eden S. Thermal desorption effects on fragment ion production from multi-photon ionized uridine and selected analogues. RSC Adv 2021; 11:20612-20621. [PMID: 35479354 PMCID: PMC9033967 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01873f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments on neutral gas-phase nucleosides are often complicated by thermal lability. Previous mass spectrometry studies of nucleosides have identified enhanced relative production of nucleobase ions (e.g. uracil+ from uridine) as a function of desorption temperature to be the critical indicator of thermal decomposition. On this basis, the present multi-photon ionization (MPI) experiments demonstrate that laser-based thermal desorption is effective for producing uridine, 5-methyluridine, and 2′-deoxyuridine targets without thermal decomposition. Our experiments also revealed one notable thermal dependence: the relative production of the sugar ion C5H9O4+ from intact uridine increased substantially with the desorption laser power and this only occurred at MPI wavelengths below 250 nm (full range studied 222–265 nm). We argue that this effect can only be rationalized plausibly in terms of changing populations of different isomers, tautomers, or conformers in the target as a function of the thermal desorption conditions. Furthermore, the wavelength threshold behavior of this thermally-sensitive MPI channel indicates a critical dependence on neutral excited state dynamics between the absorption of the first and second photons. The experimental results are complemented by density functional theory (DFT) optimizations of the lowest-energy structure of uridine and two further conformers distinguished by different orientations of the hydroxymethyl group on the sugar part of the molecule. The energies of the transitions states between these three conformers are low compared with the energy required for decomposition. This work reveals the first experimental evidence supporting isomer-dependence in the radiation response of a nucleoside.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bocková
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University Walton Hall Milton Keynes MK7 6AA UK
| | - A Rebelo
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University Walton Hall Milton Keynes MK7 6AA UK .,Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, FCT - Universidade NOVA de Lisboa P-2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - M Ryszka
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University Walton Hall Milton Keynes MK7 6AA UK
| | - R Pandey
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University Walton Hall Milton Keynes MK7 6AA UK
| | - D Mészáros
- Department of Experimental Physics, Comenius University in Bratislava Mlynská dolina F2 84248 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - P Limão-Vieira
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, FCT - Universidade NOVA de Lisboa P-2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - P Papp
- Department of Experimental Physics, Comenius University in Bratislava Mlynská dolina F2 84248 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - N J Mason
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University Walton Hall Milton Keynes MK7 6AA UK .,School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NH UK
| | - D Townsend
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK.,Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - K L Nixon
- School of Life, Health, and Chemical Sciences, The Open University Walton Hall Milton Keynes MK7 6AA UK.,School of Sciences, University of Wolverhampton Wulfruna Street Wolverhampton WV1 1LY UK
| | - V Vizcaino
- CIMAP UMR 6252, CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Normandie, GANIL Bd Becquerel BP 5133 14070 Caen France
| | - J-C Poully
- CIMAP UMR 6252, CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Normandie, GANIL Bd Becquerel BP 5133 14070 Caen France
| | - S Eden
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University Walton Hall Milton Keynes MK7 6AA UK
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11
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Turner AM, Chandra S, Fortenberry RC, Kaiser RI. A Photoionization Reflectron Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometric Study on the Detection of Ethynamine (HCCNH 2 ) and 2H-Azirine (c-H 2 CCHN). Chemphyschem 2021; 22:985-994. [PMID: 33797172 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ices of acetylene (C2 H2 ) and ammonia (NH3 ) were irradiated with energetic electrons to simulate interstellar ices processed by galactic cosmic rays in order to investigate the formation of C2 H3 N isomers. Supported by quantum chemical calculations, experiments detected product molecules as they sublime from the ices using photoionization reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PI-ReTOF-MS). Isotopically-labeled ices confirmed the C2 H3 N assignments while photon energies of 8.81 eV, 9.80 eV, and 10.49 eV were utilized to discriminate isomers based on their known ionization energies. Results indicate the formation of ethynamine (HCCNH2 ) and 2H-azirine (c-H2 CCHN) in the irradiated C2 H2 :NH3 ices, and the energetics of their formation mechanisms are discussed. These findings suggest that these two isomers can form in interstellar ices and, upon sublimation during the hot core phase, could be detected using radio astronomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.,W. M. Keck Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Sankhabrata Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.,W. M. Keck Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Ryan C Fortenberry
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.,W. M. Keck Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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12
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A vacuum ultraviolet photoionization study on the isomerization, decomposition, and molecular mass growth processes in solid nitromethane (CH3NO2). Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Pysanenko A, Grygoryeva K, Kočišek J, Kumar T P R, Fedor J, Ončák M, Fárník M. Stability of pyruvic acid clusters upon slow electron attachment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:4317-4325. [PMID: 33587076 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06464e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvic acid represents a key molecule in prebiotic chemistry and it has recently been proposed to be synthesized on interstellar ices. In order to probe the stability of pyruvic acid in the interstellar medium with respect to decomposition by slow electrons, we investigate the electron attachment to its homomolecular and heteromolecular clusters. Using mass spectrometry, we follow the changes in the fragmentation pattern and its dependence on the electron energy for various cluster sizes of pure and microhydrated pyruvic acid. The assignment of fragmentation reaction pathways is supported by ab initio calculations. The fragmentation degree dramatically decreases upon clustering. This decrease is even stronger in the heteromolecular clusters of pyruvic acid with water, where the non-dissociative attachment is by far the strongest channel. In the homomolecular clusters, the dissociative channel leading to dehydrogenation is active over a larger electron energy range than in the isolated molecules. To probe the role of the self-scavenging effects, we explore the excited states of pyruvic acid. This has been done both experimentally, by using electron energy loss spectroscopy, and theoretically, by photochemical calculations. Data on both optically-allowed and forbidden states allow for the explanation of processes emerging upon clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Pysanenko
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateryna Grygoryeva
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Kočišek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ragesh Kumar T P
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Juraj Fedor
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic.
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14
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Fárník M, Fedor J, Kočišek J, Lengyel J, Pluhařová E, Poterya V, Pysanenko A. Pickup and reactions of molecules on clusters relevant for atmospheric and interstellar processes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3195-3213. [PMID: 33524089 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this perspective, we review experiments with molecules picked up on large clusters in molecular beams with the focus on the processes in atmospheric and interstellar chemistry. First, we concentrate on the pickup itself, and we discuss the pickup cross sections. We measure the uptake of different atmospheric molecules on mixed nitric acid-water clusters and determine the accommodation coefficients relevant for aerosol formation in the Earth's atmosphere. Then the coagulation of the adsorbed molecules on the clusters is investigated. In the second part of this perspective, we review examples of different processes triggered by UV-photons or electrons in the clusters with embedded molecules. We start with the photodissociation of hydrogen halides and Freon CF2Cl2 on ice nanoparticles in connection with the polar stratospheric ozone depletion. Next, we mention reactions following the excitation and ionization of the molecules adsorbed on clusters. The first ionization-triggered reaction observed between two different molecules picked up on the cluster was the proton transfer between methanol and formic acid deposited on large argon clusters. Finally, negative ion reactions after slow electron attachment are illustrated by two examples: mixed nitric acid-water clusters, and hydrogen peroxide deposited on large ArN and (H2O)N clusters. The selected examples are discussed from the perspective of the atmospheric and interstellar chemistry, and several future directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic.
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15
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Gurusinghe RM, Dias N, Broderick BM. Buffer gas cooling for sensitive rotational spectroscopy of ice chemistry: A proposal. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Turner AM, Kaiser RI. Exploiting Photoionization Reflectron Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry to Explore Molecular Mass Growth Processes to Complex Organic Molecules in Interstellar and Solar System Ice Analogs. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2791-2805. [PMID: 33258604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThis Account presents recent advances in our understanding on the formation pathways of complex organic molecules (COMs) within interstellar analog ices on ice-coated interstellar nanoparticles upon interaction with ionizing radiation exploiting reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ReTOF-MS) coupled with tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) single photon ionization (PI) and resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) of the subliming molecules during the temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) phase. Laboratory simulation experiments provided compelling evidence that key classes of complex organics (aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, enols, ketones, and carboxylic acids) can be synthesized upon exposure of astrophysically relevant model ices to ionizing radiation within and throughout the ices at temperatures as low as 5 K.Molecular mass growth processes can be initiated by suprathermal or electronically excited reactants along with barrierless radical-radical recombination if both radicals hold a proper recombination geometry. Methyl (CH3), amino (NH2), hydroxyl (OH), ethyl (C2H5), vinyl (C2H3), ethynyl (C2H), formyl (HCO), hydroxycarbonyl (HOCO), hydroxymethyl (CH2OH), methoxy (CH3O), and acetyl (CH3CO) represent readily available reactants for radical-radical recombination within the ices. Reactive singlet species were found to insert without barrier into carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon single bonds (carbene) leading to an extension of the carbon chain and may add to carbon-carbon double bonds (carbene, atomic oxygen) forming cyclic reaction products. These galactic cosmic ray-triggered nonequilibrium pathways overcome previous obstacles of hypothesized thermal grain-surface processes and operate throughout the ice at 5 K. Our investigations discriminate between multiple structural isomers such as alcohols/ethers, aldehydes/enols, and cyclic/acyclic carbonyls. These data provide quantitative, isomer selective input parameters for a cosmic ray-dictated formation of complex organics in interstellar ices and are fully able to replicate the astronomical observations of complex organics over typical lifetimes of molecular clouds of a few 106 to 107 years. Overall, PI-ReTOF-MS revealed that the processing of astrophysically relevant ices can lead to multifaceted mixtures of organics reaching molecular weights of up to 200 amu. Further advances in laboratory techniques beyond the FTIR-QMS limit are clearly desired not only to confidently assign detection in laboratory ice analog experiments of increasingly more complex molecules of interest but also from the viewpoint of future astronomical searches in the age of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Turner
- Department of Chemistry and W.M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry and W.M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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17
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Kleimeier NF, Turner AM, Fortenberry RC, Kaiser RI. On the Formation of the Popcorn Flavorant 2,3-Butanedione (CH 3 COCOCH 3 ) in Acetaldehyde-Containing Interstellar Ices. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1531-1540. [PMID: 32458552 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde (CH3 CHO) is ubiquitous throughout the interstellar medium and has been observed in cold molecular clouds, star forming regions, and in meteorites such as Murchison. As the simplest methyl-bearing aldehyde, acetaldehyde constitutes a critical precursor to prebiotic molecules such as the sugar deoxyribose and amino acids via the Strecker synthesis. In this study, we reveal the first laboratory detection of 2,3-butanedione (diacetyl, CH3 COCOCH3 ) - a butter and popcorn flavorant - synthesized within acetaldehyde-based interstellar analog ices exposed to ionizing radiation at 5 K. Detailed isotopic substitution experiments combined with tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization of the subliming molecules demonstrate that 2,3-butanedione is formed predominantly via the barrier-less radical-radical reaction of two acetyl radicals (CH3 ĊO). These processes are of fundamental importance for a detailed understanding of how complex organic molecules (COMs) are synthesized in deep space thus constraining the molecular structures and complexity of molecules forming in extraterrestrial ices containing acetaldehyde through a vigorous galactic cosmic ray driven non-equilibrium chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fabian Kleimeier
- Department of Chemistry and W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Andrew M Turner
- Department of Chemistry and W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Ryan C Fortenberry
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry and W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
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18
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An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation into the Formation of Ketene (H2CCO) and Ethynol (HCCOH) in Interstellar Analog Ices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab8dbc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Rani N, Vikas. Extra‐Terrestrial Gas‐Phase Stereoinversion in Amino Acid Leucine: Thermal and Photochemical Channels. Chemphyschem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Rani
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry & Centre of Advanced Studies in ChemistryPanjab University Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Vikas
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry & Centre of Advanced Studies in ChemistryPanjab University Chandigarh 160014 India
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20
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Zeinalipour-Yazdi CD, Lam K. Linear correlation of vertical ionization energies and partial charges on acetaldehyde and methyl formate radicals in various solvents. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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