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Patyk-Kaźmierczak E, Izquierdo-Ruiz F, Lobato A, Kaźmierczak M, Moszczyńska I, Olejniczak A, Recio JM. The curious case of proton migration under pressure in the malonic acid and 4,4'-bipyridine cocrystal. IUCRJ 2024; 11:168-181. [PMID: 38275161 PMCID: PMC10916288 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252524000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
In the search for new active pharmaceutical ingredients, the precise control of the chemistry of cocrystals becomes essential. One crucial step within this chemistry is proton migration between cocrystal coformers to form a salt, usually anticipated by the empirical ΔpKa rule. Due to the effective role it plays in modifying intermolecular distances and interactions, pressure adds a new dimension to the ΔpKa rule. Still, this variable has been scarcely applied to induce proton-transfer reactions within these systems. In our study, high-pressure X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy experiments, supported by DFT calculations, reveal modifications to the protonation states of the 4,4'-bipyridine (BIPY) and malonic acid (MA) cocrystal (BIPYMA) that allow the conversion of the cocrystal phase into ionic salt polymorphs. On compression, neutral BIPYMA and monoprotonated (BIPYH+MA-) species coexist up to 3.1 GPa, where a phase transition to a structure of P21/c symmetry occurs, induced by a double proton-transfer reaction forming BIPYH22+MA2-. The low-pressure C2/c phase is recovered at 2.4 GPa on decompression, leading to a 0.7 GPa hysteresis pressure range. This is one of a few studies on proton transfer in multicomponent crystals that shows how susceptible the interconversion between differently charged species is to even slight pressure changes, and how the proton transfer can be a triggering factor leading to changes in the crystal symmetry. These new data, coupled with information from previous reports on proton-transfer reactions between coformers, extend the applicability of the ΔpKa rule incorporating the pressure required to induce salt formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Patyk-Kaźmierczak
- Facuty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Fernando Izquierdo-Ruiz
- MALTA-Consolider Team and Departamento de Química Física, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda. de Séneca, 2 Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Alvaro Lobato
- MALTA-Consolider Team and Departamento de Química Física, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda. de Séneca, 2 Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Michał Kaźmierczak
- Facuty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Ida Moszczyńska
- Facuty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Anna Olejniczak
- Facuty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - J. Manuel Recio
- MALTA-Consolider Team and Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería n° 8, Oviedo 33006, Spain
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Huang Y, Ning L, Zhang X, Zhou Q, Gong Q, Zhang Q. Stimuli-fluorochromic smart organic materials. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1090-1166. [PMID: 38193263 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00976e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Smart materials based on stimuli-fluorochromic π-conjugated solids (SFCSs) have aroused significant interest due to their versatile and exciting properties, leading to advanced applications. In this review, we highlight the recent developments in SFCS-based smart materials, expanding beyond organometallic compounds and light-responsive organic luminescent materials, with a discussion on the design strategies, exciting properties and stimuli-fluorochromic mechanisms along with their potential applications in the exciting fields of encryption, sensors, data storage, display, green printing, etc. The review comprehensively covers single-component and multi-component SFCSs as well as their stimuli-fluorochromic behaviors under external stimuli. We also provide insights into current achievements, limitations, and major challenges as well as future opportunities, aiming to inspire further investigation in this field in the near future. We expect this review to inspire more innovative research on SFCSs and their advanced applications so as to promote further development of smart materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Lijian Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Qian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Qiuyu Gong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qichun Zhang
- Department Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry & Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.
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Nishiuchi T, Aibara S, Yamakado T, Kimura R, Saito S, Sato H, Kubo T. Sterically Frustrated Aromatic Enes with Various Colors Originating from Multiple Folded and Twisted Conformations in Crystal Polymorphs. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200286. [PMID: 35333427 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Overcrowded ethylenes composed of 10-methyleneanthrone and two bulky aromatic rings contain a twisted carbon-carbon double (C=C) bond as well as a folded anthrone unit. As such, they are unique frustrated aromatic enes (FAEs). Various colored crystals of these FAEs, obtained in different solvents, correspond to multiple metastable conformations of the FAEs with various twist and fold angles of the C=C bond, as well as various dihedral angles of attached aryl units with respect to the C=C bond. The relationships between color and these parameters associated with conformational features around the C=C bond were elucidated in experimental and computational studies. Owing to the fact that they are separated by small energy barriers, the variously colored conformations in the FAE crystal change in response to various external stimuli, such as mechanical grinding, hydrostatic pressure and thermal heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Seito Aibara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamakado
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryo Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shohei Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8666, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Kurzydłowski D. Potential energy barrier for proton transfer in compressed benzoic acid. RSC Adv 2022; 12:11436-11441. [PMID: 35425083 PMCID: PMC9004587 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01736a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzoic acid (BA) is a model system for studying proton transfer (PT) reactions. The properties of solid BA subject to high pressure (exceeding 1 kbar = 0.1 GPa) are of particular interest due to the possibility of compression-tuning of the PT barrier. Here we present simulations aimed at evaluating the value of this barrier in solid BA in the 1 atm – 15 GPa pressure range. We find that pressure-induced shortening of O⋯O contacts within the BA dimers leads to a decrease in the PT barrier, and subsequent symmetrization of the hydrogen bond. However, this effect is obtained only after taking into account zero-point energy (ZPE) differences between BA tautomers and the transition state. The obtained results shed light on previous experiments on compressed benzoic acid, and indicate that a common scaling behavior with respect to the O⋯O distance might be applicable for hydrogen-bond symmetrization in both organic and inorganic systems. Pressure-induced shortening of O⋯O contacts within the dimers of solid benzoic acid leads to a decrease in the PT barrier and subsequent symmetrization of the hydrogen bond (an effect obtained only after taking into account the ZPE correction).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Kurzydłowski
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw 01-038 Warsaw Poland
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Zhao H, Huang L, Wang Y, Feng K, Chang Y, Huang S, Ma C, Yan X. Mechanochromic Luminescence of 2,6-Bis(4-biphenyl)isonicotinic Acid via Interconversion of Classical/Frustrated Brönsted Pair. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12591-12596. [PMID: 34469157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A practicable strategy to a reversible mechanochromic material featuring interconversion of classical/frustrated Brönsted pairs has been established. We report the mechanochromic property of 2,6-bis(4-biphenyl)isonicotinic acid (1), which features a frustrated Brönsted pair in the crystalline form and a classical Brönsted pair after grinding. A large mechanochromic shift was found from 428 to 505 nm. In addition, compound 1 also exhibits acidochromic behavior, which further proves that the formation of an acid-base interaction is responsible for the mechanochromic phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Linwei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Yedong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhao Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqing Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxing Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
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Wang Y, Zhang YM, Zhang SXA. Stimuli-Induced Reversible Proton Transfer for Stimuli-Responsive Materials and Devices. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2216-2226. [PMID: 33881840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusStimuli-responsive materials have a great potential in various novel photoelectric devices, such as self-adaptive adjustment devices, intelligent detection, molecular computers with information storage capability, camouflage and anticounterfeiting display, various energy-saving displays, and others. However, progress in related areas has been relatively slow because of the lack of high-performance smart materials and the limitations of available reaction mechanisms currently. To address these problems fundamentally, new mechanisms need to be designed and developed, and learning from nature is an effective and intelligent method to achieve this long-awaited target, such as mimicking of proton transfer processes in nature at the molecular/supramolecular level. The stimuli-induced reversible proton transfer system is composed of materials that release or capture protons in response to stimuli and switch molecules that control color and/or fluorescence modulation by protons, and it is applied in stimuli-responsive materials and devices, including bistable electronic/electrochromic devices, electrofluorochromic devices, water-jet rewritable paper, visible-light-responsive rewritable paper, and mechanochromic materials.To help researchers gain deep insight into stimuli-induced reversible proton transfer, we attempted to summarize its reaction mechanism and design principle, and discuss strategies to design and prepare various related stimuli-responsive materials and devices. This Account discusses the different systems in which a color/fluorescence change is induced by the proton transfer process under various stimuli, including electric field, water, light, heat, and stress. Relative very promising applications as well as their performance especially for energy-saving and environmentally friendly devices are then summarized, such as energy-saving bistable electrochromic devices, water-jet rewritable paper, and visible-light-responsive rewritable paper. Meanwhile, we focus on the key influence factors and useful additives for improving the device's performance. At last, challenges and bottlenecks faced by stimuli-responsive materials and devices based on the mechanism of reversible proton transfer are proposed. Moreover, we put forward some suggestions on solving these limitations.These exciting results reveal that smart materials based on the mechanism of proton transfer are extremely attractive and possess great potential in the next generation of energy and resource saving and environmental protection display. We hope that this Account further prospers the field of intelligent stimuli-responsive discoloration materials and next-generation green displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Mo Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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Zhao D, Wang M, Xiao G, Zou B. Thinking about the Development of High-Pressure Experimental Chemistry. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7297-7306. [PMID: 32787316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-pressure chemistry is an interdisciplinary science which uses high-pressure experiments and theories to study the interactions, reactions, and transformations among atoms or molecules. It has been extensively studied thus far and achieved rapid development over the past decades. However, what is next for high-pressure chemistry? In this Perspective, we mainly focus on the development of high-pressure experimental chemistry from our own viewpoint. An overview of the series of topics is as follows: (I) high pressure used as an effective tool to help resolve scientific disputes regarding phenomena observed under ambient conditions; (II) high-pressure reactions of interest to synthetic chemists; (III) utilizing chemical methods to quench the high-pressure phase; (IV) using high pressure to achieve what chemists want to do but could not do; (V) potential applications of in situ properties under high pressure. This Perspective is expected to offer future research opportunities for researchers to develop high-pressure chemistry and to inspire new endeavors in this area to promote the field of compression chemistry science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Meiyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Guanjun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Muto K, Fujiwara E, Ishige R, Ando S. Analysis of Pressure-induced Variations in the Crystalline Structures of Polyimides Having Flexible Linkages by Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2020. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.33.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Muto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Eisuke Fujiwara
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Ryohei Ishige
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Shinji Ando
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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