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Li PF, Zhai HJ. Structures and chemical bonding of boron-based B 12O and B 11Au clusters. A counterexample in boronyl chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10952-10961. [PMID: 35466336 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01277d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Boron oxide clusters have structural diversity and unique chemical bonding, and recent literature has shown that boronyl complexes dominate boron-rich oxide clusters. A counterexample in boronyl chemistry is presented in this work. Using global structural searches, electronic structure calculations, and chemical bonding analyses, we shall report on the computational design of two boron-based quasi-planar or planar clusters: B12O and B11Au. Contrary to expectation, the B12O cluster has a circular quasi-planar shape with a peripheral B-O-B bridge, which resembles bare B12 cluster. It does not contain a boronyl ligand. The isomeric boronyl complex turns out to be 10.32 kcal mol-1 higher in energy at the single-point CCSD(T) level. In contrast, B11Au cluster behaves normally with an elongated B11 moiety and a terminal Au ligand. Chemical bonding analyses reveal three-fold π/σ aromaticity in circular B12O cluster, including global 6π aromaticity, as well as spatially isolated inner 2σ aromaticity and outer 10σ aromaticity. The three-fold 6π/2σ/10σ aromaticity underlies the stability of B12O cluster. This bonding picture is unknown for bare B12 cluster and its derivatives. The elongated B11Au cluster has conflicting π/σ aromaticity (with 6π versus 8σ electron-counting). The B12O cluster is actually isoelectronic with bare B12 cluster in terms of delocalized π/σ bonding, which inherits the structural and electronic robustness of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Li
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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2
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Gao SJ, Guo JC, Zhai HJ. Boron Oxide B5O6− Cluster as a Boronyl-Based Inorganic Analog of Phenolate Anion. Front Chem 2022; 10:868782. [PMID: 35464225 PMCID: PMC9024314 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.868782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron oxide clusters have structural richness and exotic chemical bonding. We report a quantum chemical study on the binary B5O6− cluster, which is relatively oxygen-rich. A global structural search reveals planar C2v (1A1) geometry as the global minimum structure, featuring a heteroatomic hexagonal B3O3 ring as its core. The three unsaturated B sites are terminated by two boronyl (BO) groups and an O− ligand. The B5O6− cluster can be faithfully formulated as B3O3(BO)2O−. This structure is in stark contrast to that of its predecessors, Cs B5O5− and Td B5O4−, both of which have a tetrahedral B center. Thus, there exists a major structural transformation in B5On− series upon oxidation, indicating intriguing competition between tetrahedral and heterocyclic structures. The chemical bonding analyses show weak 6π aromaticity in the B5O6− cluster, rendering it a boronyl analog of phenolate anion (C6H5O−) or boronyl boroxine. The calculated vertical detachment energy of B5O6− cluster is 5.26 eV at PBE0, which greatly surpasses the electron affinities of halogens (Cl: 3.61 eV), suggesting that the cluster belongs to superhalogen anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Juan Gao
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lvliang University, Lvliang, China
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Jin-Chang Guo, ; Hua-Jin Zhai,
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Jin-Chang Guo, ; Hua-Jin Zhai,
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Wang YJ, Feng LY, Yan M, Miao CQ, Feng SQ, Zhai HJ. The unique sandwich K 6Be 2B 6H 6 cluster with a real borozene B 6H 6 core. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8617-8623. [PMID: 35424824 PMCID: PMC8984955 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00692h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical evidence is reported for a boron-based K6Be2B6H6 sandwich cluster, showing a perfectly D 6h B6H6 ring, being capped by two tetrahedral K3Be ligands. Due to the comfortable charge transfer, the sandwich is viable in [K3Be]3+[B6H6]6-[BeK3]3+ ionic complex in nature. The [B6H6]6- core with 6π aromaticity vividly imitates the benzene (C6H6), occurring as a real borozene. In contrast, the tetrahedral [K3Be]3+ ligand is 2σ three-dimensional aromatic, acting as the simple superatom. Thus, this complex possesses a collectively three-fold 2σ/6π/2σ aromaticity. The interlaminar interaction is governed by the robust electrostatic attraction. The unique chemical bonding gives rise to interesting dynamic fluxionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University Xinzhou 034000 Shanxi China .,Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University Xinzhou 034000 Shanxi China .,Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Miao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University Xinzhou 034000 Shanxi China
| | - Chang-Qing Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University Xinzhou 034000 Shanxi China
| | - Su-Qin Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University Xinzhou 034000 Shanxi China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
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Lin WT, Shih YJ, Hsu TJ, Hu WP. Noble Gas in a Ring. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154677. [PMID: 34361829 PMCID: PMC8347956 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have designed a new type of molecule with a noble gas (Ng = Kr and Xe) atom in a six-membered ring. Their structures and stability have been studied by density functional theory and by correlated electronic structure calculations. The results showed that the six-membered ring is planar with very short Ng–O and Ng–N polar covalent bonds. The calculated energy barriers for all the unimolecular dissociation pathways are higher than 20 and 35 kcal/mol for Ng = Kr and Xe, respectively. The current study suggests that these molecules and their derivatives might be synthesized and observable at cryogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Te Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan; (W.-T.L.); (Y.-J.S.)
| | - Ya-Jyun Shih
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan; (W.-T.L.); (Y.-J.S.)
| | - Tzu-Jeng Hsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Ping Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan; (W.-T.L.); (Y.-J.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Li R, You XR, Guo JC, Zhai HJ. Concentric Inner 2π/6σ and Outer 10π/14σ Aromaticity Underlies the Dynamic Structural Fluxionality of Planar B 19- Wankel Motor Cluster. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5022-5030. [PMID: 34096293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Planar C2v B19- global-minimum (GM) cluster is known as a molecular Wankel motor, featuring unique chemical bonding and structural fluxionality. While the geometry, bonding, and molecular dynamics of the cluster are documented in the literature, it remains warranted to fully understand its bonding nature and unravel the mechanism behind the structural dynamics. We shall offer herein an updated bonding model on the bases of canonical molecular orbital (CMO) analysis and adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP), further aided by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis and orbital composition calculations. The computational data indicate that the B19- cluster has inner 2π/6σ and outer 10π/14σ concentric 4-fold π/σ aromaticity. Being spatially isolated from each other, the inner B6 disk supports 2π and 6σ subsystems, whereas the outer B18 double-ring ribbon has 10π and 14σ subsystems. All 4-fold π/σ subsystems are intrinsically delocalized and conform to the (4n + 2) Hückel rule for aromaticity. The change of Wiberg bond index (WBI) from GM to transition-state (TS) for radial B-B links is minimal and uniform, which offers a semiquantitative measure of structural dynamics and underlies the low energy barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xue-Rui You
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Su X, Bartholome TA, Tidwell JR, Pujol A, Yruegas S, Martinez JJ, Martin CD. 9-Borafluorenes: Synthesis, Properties, and Reactivity. Chem Rev 2021; 121:4147-4192. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Su
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Tyler A. Bartholome
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - John R. Tidwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Alba Pujol
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Sam Yruegas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Jesse J. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Caleb D. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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Li R, You XR, Zhai HJ. Are all planar and quasi-planar boron clusters aromatic? Counter examples of island or global π antiaromaticity from chemical bonding analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25084-25094. [PMID: 33118576 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04502k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Boron is an electron-deficient element. The flatland of planar or quasi-planar (2D) boron clusters is believed to possess aromaticity for all members, which remains a fundamental issue in debate in boron chemistry. Using a selected set of D2h B62-, C2h B282-, and C2v B29- clusters as counter examples, we shall present computational evidence for global or island π antiaromaticity in 2D boron clusters. The latter two are flattened for the purpose of clarity, which model their quasi-planar C2 or Cs monoanion clusters observed in prior gas-phase experiments. Chemical bonding in the clusters is elucidated collectively on the basis of canonical molecular orbital (CMO) analysis, adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP), electron localization functions (ELFs), and localized molecular orbital (LMO) analysis. These results are complementary to each other and yet highly coherent. As a quantitative indicator, nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICSs) are calculated at selected specific points in the clusters, which help differentiate between π aromaticity and antiaromaticity. Intriguingly, triangular sites in the same boron cluster can be aromatic, antiaromatic, or nonaromatic, despite the fact that they are physically indistinguishable. The phenomenon is understood in analogy to hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Even perfect sheet-like boron clusters are convertible to the PAH analogous systems. This work provides compelling examples for global and island π antiaromaticity in the 2D boron clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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Theoretical investigation on anti-sandwich beryllium-boron clusters Be2B (m = 1–3): Fluxionality and multi-aromaticity. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.112949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shakerzadeh E, Duong LV, Pham-Ho MP, Tahmasebi E, Nguyen MT. The teetotum cluster Li 2FeB 14 and its possible use for constructing boron nanowires. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15013-15021. [PMID: 32597424 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02046j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Systematic density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the TPSSh functional and the def2-TZVP basis set were carried out to identify the global energy minimum structure of the Li2FeB14 cluster. Keeping the double ring tubular shape of FeB14, capping of two Li atoms leads to a teetotum form at a low spin state, in which the Fe atom is endohedrally covered by two B7 strings, and both Li atoms are attached to Fe along the C7 axis at both sides. Calculated results show that strong electrostatic interactions between 2Li+ and Fe2- arising from Li electron transfer upon doping particularly provide a key driving force for stabilizing this charge-transfer structure. The bonding pattern of the teetotum can be understood from the hollow cylinder model (HCM). TD-DFT calculations demonstrate that this cluster can also be regarded as a useful material for transparent optoelectronic devices. Furthermore, the Li2FeB14 superatom can be used as a building block for making boron-based nanowires with metallic character. Replacement of Li atoms by Mg atoms was also found to lead to nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Shakerzadeh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Long Van Duong
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology (ICST), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University, Quy Nhon City, Vietnam
| | - My Phuong Pham-Ho
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology (ICST), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Elham Tahmasebi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Computational Chemistry Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. and Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Feng LY, Guo JC, Li PF, Zhai HJ. Boron-Based Chiral Helix Be 6 B 10 2- and Be 6 B 11 - Clusters: Structures, Chemical Bonding, and Formation Mechanism. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1094-1104. [PMID: 32104982 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Boron forms a rich variety of low-dimensional nanosystems, including the newly discovered helix Be6 B10 2- (1) and Be6 B11 - (2) clusters. We report herein on the elucidation of chemical bonding in clusters 1/2, using the modern quantum chemistry tools of canonical molecular orbital analyses and adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP). It is shown that clusters 1/2 contain a chiral helix Be2 B10 Be2 or Be2 B11 Be2 skeleton with a total of 11 and 12 segments, respectively, which effectively curve into "helical pseudo rings" and chemically consist of two "quasicircles" as defined by their anchoring Be centers. The helix skeleton is connected via Lewis-type B-B and Be-B-Be σ bonds, being further stabilized by island π/σ bonds and a loose π bond at the junction. The Be6 component in 1/2 assumes a distorted prism shape only physically, and it is fragmented into four parts: two terminal Be2 dimers and two isolated Be centers. A Be2 dimer at the far end manages to bend over and cap a quasicircle from one side of B plane. Consequently, each quasicircle of a helical pseudo ring is capped from opposite sides by two Be2 /Be units, facilitating intramolecular charge-transfers of 5 electrons from Be to B. Overall, the folding of B helix involves as many as 10 electrons. The enormous electrostatics offers the ultimate driving forces for B helix formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.,Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou, 034000, Shanxi, China
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Nanocluster Laboratory Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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Anstöter CS, Gibson CM, Fowler PW. Modelling aromatisation of (BN) nH 2n azabora-annulenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15919-15925. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02284e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although borazine, the ‘inorganic benzene’, is non-aromatic, ab initio calculation, guided by symmetry and electron-counting arguments, indicates that charging up the higher homologue borazocine to the dianionic state gives an aromatic monocycle.
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Wang YJ, Feng LY, Xu L, Hou XR, Li N, Miao CQ, Zhai HJ. Boron-based ternary Rb6Be2B6 cluster featuring unique sandwich geometry and a naked hexagonal boron ring. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:20043-20049. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03123b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Boron-based ternary Rb6Be2B6 cluster features a naked hexagonal boron ring and unique “Big Mac” sandwich shape, being stabilized collectively by four-fold 2σ/6π/6σ/2σ aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
- Nanocluster Laboratory
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
| | - Xiang-Ru Hou
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
| | - Chang-Qing Miao
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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