1
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Liu Y, Dai W, Zheng J, Du Y, Wang Q, Hedin N, Qin B, Li R. Selective and Controllable Cracking of Polyethylene Waste by Beta Zeolites with Different Mesoporosity and Crystallinity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2404426. [PMID: 38976554 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Waste plastics bring about increasingly serious environmental challenges, which can be partly addressed by their interconversion into valuable compounds. It is hypothesized that the porosity and acidity of a zeolite-based catalyst will affect the selectivity and effectiveness, enabling a controllable and selective conversion of polyethylene (PE) into gas-diesel or lubricating base oil. A series of embryonic, partial- and well-crystalline zeolites beta with adjustable porosity and acidity are prepared from mesoporous SBA-15. The catalysts and catalytic systems are studied with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and adsorption kinetics and catalytic reactions. The adjustable porosity and acidity of zeolite-beta-based catalysts achieve a controllable selectivity toward gas-diesel or lubricating base oil for PE cracking. With a catalyst with mesopores and appropriate acid sites, a fast escape and reduced production of cracking of intermediates are observed, leading to a significant fraction (88.7%) of lubricating base oil. With more micropores, a high acid density, and strong acid strength, PE is multiply cracked into low carbon number hydrocarbons. The strong acid center of the zeolite is confirmed to facilitate significantly the activation of hydrogen (H2), and, an in situ ammonia poisoning strategy can significantly inhibit hydrogen transfer and effectively regulate the product distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Liu
- Research Centre of Energy Chemical & Catalytic Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Weijiong Dai
- Research Centre of Energy Chemical & Catalytic Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Jiajun Zheng
- Research Centre of Energy Chemical & Catalytic Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Yanze Du
- SINOPEC Dalian Research Institute of Petroleum & Petrochemicals Co., Ltd, Dalian, 116045, China
| | - Quanhua Wang
- Research Centre of Energy Chemical & Catalytic Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Niklas Hedin
- Research Centre of Energy Chemical & Catalytic Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Bo Qin
- SINOPEC Dalian Research Institute of Petroleum & Petrochemicals Co., Ltd, Dalian, 116045, China
| | - Ruifeng Li
- Research Centre of Energy Chemical & Catalytic Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
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2
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Salvia WS, Zhao TY, Chatterjee P, Huang W, Perras FA. Are the Brønsted acid sites in amorphous silica-alumina bridging? Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13962-13965. [PMID: 37930239 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04237e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Competing models exist to explain the differences in the activity of zeolites and amorphous silica-aluminas. Some postulate that silica-alumina contains dilute zeolitic bridging acid sites, while others favor a pseudo-bridging silanol model. We employed a selective isotope labeling strategy to assess the existence of Si-O(H)-Al bonds using NMR-based distance measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Salvia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
- Chemical and Biological Sciences Division, Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Tommy Yunpu Zhao
- Chemical and Biological Sciences Division, Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Puranjan Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Chemical and Biological Sciences Division, Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Wenyu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Chemical and Biological Sciences Division, Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Frédéric A Perras
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Chemical and Biological Sciences Division, Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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3
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Wei T, Zhao B, Zhou Z, Di H, Shumba T, Cui M, Zhou Z, Xu X, Qi M, Tang J, Ndungu PG, Qiao X, Zhang Z. Removal of organics and ammonia in landfill leachate via catalytic oxypyrolysis over MOF-derived Fe2O3@SiO2-Al2O3. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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4
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Yang W, Duk Kim K, O'Dell LA, Wang L, Xu H, Ruan M, Wang W, Ryoo R, Jiang Y, Huang J. Brønsted acid sites formation through penta-coordinated aluminum species on alumina-boria for phenylglyoxal conversion. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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5
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Imaizumi A, Nakada A, Matsumoto T, Yokoi T, Chang HC. Synthesis of Microporous Aluminosilicate by Direct Thermal Activation of Phenyl-Substituted Single-Source Aluminosilicate Molecular Precursors. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:13481-13496. [PMID: 35976816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The construction of aluminosilicates from versatile molecular precursors (MPs) represents a promising alternative strategy to conventional processes based on monomeric molecular or polymeric Al and Si sources. However, the use of MPs often suffers from drawbacks such as the decomposition of the core structures in the presence of solvents, acids, or bases. In this work, we demonstrate a simple thermal synthesis of porous aluminosilicates from single-source spiro-7-type MPs that consist of a tetrahedral Al atom and six Si atoms functionalized with 12 phenyl (Ph) groups, (C+)[Al{Ph2Si(OSiPh2O)2}2]- (C+[AlSi6]-; C+ = pyridinium cation (PyH+), Na+, K+, Rb+, or Cs+), without using a solvent or activator. Microporous aluminosilicates synthesized via the thermal treatment of C+[AlSi6]- under a 79% N2 + 21% O2 atmosphere exhibited extremely low carbon contents (0.10-1.28%), together with Si/Al ratios of 3.9-6.7 ± 0.2 and surface areas of 103.1-246.3 m2/g. The solid-state 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR spectra suggest that the obtained aluminosilicates with alkali cations retain a tetrahedral Al site derived from the spiro-7-type core structure. After a proton-exchange reaction, the aluminosilicates showed almost 1.5 times higher reactivity in the catalytic ring-opening of styrene oxide than the aluminosilicate before proton exchange due to the catalytically active OH site being predominantly bridged by tetrahedral Al and Si atoms. These results suggest that the present MP strategy is a promising method for the introduction of key structures into active inorganic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Imaizumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Akinobu Nakada
- Department of Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsumoto
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yokoi
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.,Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Ho-Chol Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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6
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Wang Z, Jiang Y, Baiker A, Hunger M, Huang J. Promoting Aromatic C-H Activation through Reactive Brønsted Acid-Base Pairs on Penta-Coordinated Al-Enriched Amorphous Silica-Alumina. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:486-491. [PMID: 35001618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The surface acidity and local coordination environment of zeolites and amorphous silica-aluminas (ASAs) can promote acid-catalyzed C-H activation in many important hydrocarbon conversion reactions. Acid sites generated by penta-coordinated Al species (AlV) can lead to enhanced acidity and changes in the surface coordination. We evaluated the potential of flame-derived ASAs with enriched AlV for C-H activation using hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange with benzene-d6. With increasing Al content of ASAs, the exchange rate increased, whereas the activation energy (Ea) slightly decreased due to the enhanced Brønsted acidity. The ASAs exhibited significantly higher exchange rates and lower Ea values than the sol-gel-derived ASAs and zeolite H-ZSM-5. The superior activity is attributed to the fact that more oxygen coordinated with AlV species on flame-made ASAs, which can act as acceptors for D+, enhancing the deuterium displacement. These findings could offer a valuable alternative strategy for tailoring high-performance solid acids to promote hydrocarbon conversion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Wang
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Yijiao Jiang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Functional Nanomaterials, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Alfons Baiker
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, HCI, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hunger
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Stuttgart, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jun Huang
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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7
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Ge J, Sun J, Zhang P, Xie Z, Wu Z, Liu B. Effect of two-component amorphous silica-alumina (ASA) with different Si/Al molar ratios on hydrocracking reactions for increasing naphtha over NiW/USY-ASA. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00458e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The combination of ASA-0.4 and ASA-2 produces new acidic OH groups by increasing the contact points between silicon and aluminum. These OH groups improve the density of acid sites and increases the area of the active adsorption area of the support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Chang Ping, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Jinchao Sun
- Chn Energy Lucency Enviro—Tech CO, Ltd, Hai Dian, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zean Xie
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Zhijie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Chang Ping, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Baijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Chang Ping, Beijing 102249, China
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8
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Perras FA, Kanbur U, Paterson AL, Chatterjee P, Slowing II, Sadow AD. Determining the Three-Dimensional Structures of Silica-Supported Metal Complexes from the Ground Up. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:1067-1078. [PMID: 34962783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The immobilization of molecularly precise metal complexes to substrates, such as silica, provides an attractive platform for the design of active sites in heterogeneous catalysts. Specific steric and electronic variations of the ligand environment enable the development of structure-activity relationships and the knowledge-driven design of catalysts. At present, however, the three-dimensional environment of the precatalyst, much less the active site, is generally not known for heterogeneous single-site catalysts. We explored the degree to which NMR-based surface-to-complex interatomic distances could be used to solve the three-dimensional structures of three silica-supported metal complexes. The structure solution revealed unexpected features related to the environment around the metal that would be difficult to discern otherwise. This approach appears to be highly robust and, due to its simplicity, is readily applied to most single-site catalysts with little extra effort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uddhav Kanbur
- US DOE, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | | | - Puranjan Chatterjee
- US DOE, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Igor I Slowing
- US DOE, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Aaron D Sadow
- US DOE, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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9
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Wang Z, Chen K, Jiang Y, Trébosc J, Yang W, Amoureux JP, Hung I, Gan Z, Baiker A, Lafon O, Huang J. Revealing Brønsted Acidic Bridging SiOHAl Groups on Amorphous Silica-Alumina by Ultrahigh Field Solid-State NMR. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:11563-11572. [PMID: 34806885 PMCID: PMC9162276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous silica-aluminas (ASAs) are important acidic catalysts and supports for many industrially essential and sustainable processes. The identification of surface acid sites with their local structures on ASAs is of critical importance for tuning their catalytic properties but still remains a great challenge and is under debate. Here, ultrahigh magnetic field (35.2 T) 27Al-{1H} D-HMQC (dipolar-mediated heteronuclear multiple-quantum correlation) two-dimensional NMR experiments demonstrate two types of Brønsted acid sites in ASA catalysts. In addition to the known pseudobridging silanol acid sites, the use of ultrahigh field NMR provides the first direct experimental evidence for the existence of bridging silanol (BS: SiOHAl) acid sites in ASAs, which has been hotly debated in the past few decades. This discovery provides new opportunities for scientists and engineers to develop and apply ASAs in various reaction processes due to the significance of BS in chemical and fuel productions based on its strong Brønsted acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Wang
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Kuizhi Chen
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Yijiao Jiang
- Department of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Julien Trébosc
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie de Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, FR 2638, Federation Chevreul, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jean-Paul Amoureux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie de Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
- Bruker Biospin, 34, rue de l'industrie, 67166 Wissembourg, France
- Riken NMR Science and Development Division, Yokohama, 230-0045 Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ivan Hung
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Zhehong Gan
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Alfons Baiker
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, HCI, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Lafon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie de Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
- Institut Universitaire de France
- Corresponding Author;
| | - Jun Huang
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Corresponding Author;
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10
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Kanbur U, Zang G, Paterson AL, Chatterjee P, Hackler RA, Delferro M, Slowing II, Perras FA, Sun P, Sadow AD. Catalytic carbon-carbon bond cleavage and carbon-element bond formation give new life for polyolefins as biodegradable surfactants. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Wang Z, Buechel R, Jiang Y, Wang L, Xu H, Castignolles P, Gaborieau M, Lafon O, Amoureux JP, Hunger M, Baiker A, Huang J. Engineering the Distinct Structure Interface of Subnano-alumina Domains on Silica for Acidic Amorphous Silica-Alumina toward Biorefining. JACS AU 2021; 1:262-271. [PMID: 34467291 PMCID: PMC8395625 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.0c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous silica-aluminas (ASAs) are important solid catalysts and supports for many industrially essential and sustainable processes, such as hydrocarbon transformation and biorefining. However, the wide distribution of acid strength on ASAs often results in undesired side reactions, lowering the product selectivity. Here we developed a strategy for the synthesis of a unique class of ASAs with unvarying strength of Brønsted acid sites (BAS) and Lewis acid sites (LAS) using double-flame-spray pyrolysis. Structural characterization using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed that the uniform acidity is due to a distinct nanostructure, characterized by a uniform interface of silica-alumina and homogeneously dispersed alumina domains. The BAS population density of as-prepared ASAs is up to 6 times higher than that obtained by classical methods. The BAS/LAS ratio, as well as the population densities of BAS and LAS of these ASAs, could be tuned in a broad range. In cyclohexanol dehydration, the uniform Brønsted acid strength provides a high selectivity to cyclohexene and a nearly linear correlation between acid site densities and cyclohexanol conversion. Moreover, the concerted action of these BAS and LAS leads to an excellent bifunctional Brønsted-Lewis acid catalyst for glucose dehydration, affording a superior 5-hydroxymethylfurfural yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Wang
- Laboratory
for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
& Sydney Nano Institute, The University
of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department
of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Robert Buechel
- Particle
Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zuürich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zuürich, Switzerland
| | - Yijiao Jiang
- Department
of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Lizhuo Wang
- Laboratory
for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
& Sydney Nano Institute, The University
of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Haimei Xu
- Department
of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Patrice Castignolles
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, Western Sydney University, Parramatta, New South Wales 2150, Australia
| | - Marianne Gaborieau
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, Western Sydney University, Parramatta, New South Wales 2150, Australia
| | - Olivier Lafon
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, UMR 8181, UCCS-Unité de Catalyse
et de Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France, 1, rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Jean-Paul Amoureux
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, UMR 8181, UCCS-Unité de Catalyse
et de Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
- Bruker
Biospin, 34, rue de l’industrie, 67166 Wissembourg, France
- Riken
NMR Science and Development Division, Yokohama, 230-0045 Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michael Hunger
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, University of Stuttgart, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alfons Baiker
- Institute
for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied
Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, HCI,
Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Jun Huang
- Laboratory
for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
& Sydney Nano Institute, The University
of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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12
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Xiao T, Yabushita M, Nishitoba T, Osuga R, Yoshida M, Matsubara M, Maki S, Kanie K, Yokoi T, Cao W, Muramatsu A. Organic Structure-Directing Agent-Free Synthesis of Mordenite-Type Zeolites Driven by Al-Rich Amorphous Aluminosilicates. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:5176-5182. [PMID: 33681559 PMCID: PMC7931214 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mordenite (MOR)-type zeolites with a Si/Al molar ratio of up to 13 with crystallite sizes of ca. 60 nm were successfully synthesized from Al-rich aluminosilicates with a Si/Al ratio of 2 and additional SiO2 under seed-assisted hydrothermal conditions for 6 h or longer without any organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs). In stark contrast, under the same hydrothermal conditions for 6 h, control experiments using starting reagent(s), such as Al-poor aluminosilicate, pure SiO2, tetraethyl orthosilicate, and Al(NO3)3, all of which are typically employed for zeolite synthesis, failed to yield MOR-type zeolites. The penta-coordinated Al species, which are present in Al-rich aluminosilicates and are more reactive than the tetra- and hexa-coordinated Al species typically found in alumina and Al-poor aluminosilicates, played a decisive role in the OSDA-free synthesis of MOR-type zeolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiao
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- Department
of Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials, School of Materials Science and
Engineering, University of Science and Technology
Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mizuho Yabushita
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toshiki Nishitoba
- Institute
of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute
of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Ryota Osuga
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Motohiro Yoshida
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsubara
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- National
Institute of Technology, Sendai College, 48 Nodayama, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi 981-1239, Japan
| | - Sachiko Maki
- International
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kanie
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- International
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yokoi
- Institute
of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute
of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Wenbin Cao
- Department
of Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials, School of Materials Science and
Engineering, University of Science and Technology
Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Atsushi Muramatsu
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- International
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- Core
Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and
Technology Agency, 4-1-8
Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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13
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Lee SK, Lee AC, Kweon JJ. Probing Medium-Range Order in Oxide Glasses at High Pressure. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1330-1338. [PMID: 33502857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Densification in glassy networks has traditionally been described in terms of short-range structures, such as how atoms are coordinated and how the coordination polyhedron is linked in the second coordination environment. While changes in medium-range structures beyond the second coordination shells may play an important role, experimental verification of the densification beyond short-range structures is among the remaining challenges in the physical sciences. Here, a correlation NMR experiment for prototypical borate glasses under compression up to 9 GPa offers insights into the pressure-induced evolution of proximity among cations on a medium-range scale. Whereas amorphous networks at ambient pressure may favor the formation of medium-range clusters consisting primarily of similar coordination species, such segregation between distinct coordination environments tends to decrease with increasing pressure, promoting a more homogeneous distribution of dissimilar structural units. Together with an increase in the average coordination number, densification of glass accompanies a preferential rearrangement toward a random distribution, which may increase the configurational entropy. The results highlight the direct link between the pressure-induced increase in medium-range disorder and the densification of glasses under extreme compression.
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14
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Wolek AT, Ardagh MA, Pham HN, Alayoglu S, Datye AK, Notestein JM. Creating Brønsted acidity at the SiO2-Nb2O5 interface. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Wang Z, Jiang Y, Baiker A, Huang J. Pentacoordinated Aluminum Species: New Frontier for Tailoring Acidity-Enhanced Silica-Alumina Catalysts. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2648-2658. [PMID: 33090765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Silica-alumina catalysts, including zeolites and amorphous silica-aluminas (ASAs), are among the most widely used solid acid catalysts and supports to produce petrochemicals, fine chemicals, and renewable energy. The coordination, distribution, and interactions of aluminum in ASAs have an enormous impact on their acidic properties and catalytic performance. Unsaturated tetracoordinated aluminum (AlIV) species are commonly accepted as the key sites in generating catalytically active Brønsted acid sites (BASs) in silica-alumina catalysts. Extensive efforts focus on increasing the concentration of AlIV as the main route to enhance their Brønsted acidity for efficient catalysis. However, increasing the AlIV concentration either weakens the acid strength in zeolites or lowers Brønsted acidity in ASAs at high Al/Si ratios, impeding acidity enhancement of these popular catalysts."Pentacoordinated aluminum (AlV) species" are potential unsaturated Al species like AlIV but rarely observed in silica-aluminas, and thus, are widely considered unavailable for BAS formation or surface reactions. In this Account, we will describe novel strategies for the controlled synthesis of AlV-enriched ASAs using flame-spray pyrolysis (FSP) techniques and highlight the contribution of AlV species in acidity enhancement, together with their structure-activity relationship in the conversion of biomass-derived compounds into valuable chemicals. Using various in situ and advanced 2D solid-state NMR (SSNMR) experiments, the studies of the acidic properties and local structure of AlV-enriched ASAs reveal that AlV species can highly populate on ASA surfaces, promote BASs formation, and facilitate adaptable tuning of BASs from moderate to zeolitic strength by synergy with neighboring Al sites. Moreover, the BASs with enhanced acidity can work jointly with surface Lewis acid sites or metal active species for bifunctional catalysis on AlV-enriched ASAs. Compared to zeolites, these AlV-enriched ASAs are highly active in acid-catalyzed biomass conversion, including alcohol dehydration and sugar conversion reactions, as well as in promoting the performance of supported metal catalysts in chemoselective hydrogenation of aromatic ketones. These new insights provide a state-of-the-art strategy for strongly enhancing the acidity of these popular silica-alumina catalysts, which offers an interesting potential for a wide range of acid and multifunctional catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Wang
- Department of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Yijiao Jiang
- Department of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Alfons Baiker
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, HCI, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Jun Huang
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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16
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Shenderovich IG. For Whom a Puddle Is the Sea? Adsorption of Organic Guests on Hydrated MCM-41 Silica. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11383-11392. [PMID: 32900200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermal and hydration effects on the mobility of compact and branched organic molecules and a bulky pharmaceutical substance loaded in submonolayer amounts onto mesoporous silica have been elucidated using 1H and 31P solid-state NMR. In all cases, the ambient hydration has a stronger effect than an increase in temperature to 370 K for water-free silica. The effect of hydration depends on the guest and ranges from complete solvation to a silica-water-guest sandwich structure to a silica-guest/silica-water pattern. The mobility of the guests under different conditions has been described. The specific structure of the MCM-41 surface allows one to study very slow surface diffusion, a diffusivity of about 10-15-10-16 m2/s. The data reported are relevant to any nonfunctionalized silica, while the method used is applicable to any phosphor-containing guest on any host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya G Shenderovich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitaetstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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17
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Stevanato G, Casano G, Kubicki DJ, Rao Y, Esteban Hofer L, Menzildjian G, Karoui H, Siri D, Cordova M, Yulikov M, Jeschke G, Lelli M, Lesage A, Ouari O, Emsley L. Open and Closed Radicals: Local Geometry around Unpaired Electrons Governs Magic-Angle Spinning Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Performance. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16587-16599. [PMID: 32806886 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of magic-angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization (MAS DNP) has allowed atomic-level characterization of materials for which conventional solid-state NMR is impractical due to the lack of sensitivity. The rapid progress of MAS DNP has been largely enabled through the understanding of rational design concepts for more efficient polarizing agents (PAs). Here, we identify a new design principle which has so far been overlooked. We find that the local geometry around the unpaired electron can change the DNP enhancement by an order of magnitude for two otherwise identical conformers. We present a set of 13 new stable mono- and dinitroxide PAs for MAS DNP NMR where this principle is demonstrated. The radicals are divided into two groups of isomers, named open (O-) and closed (C-), based on the ring conformations in the vicinity of the N-O bond. In all cases, the open conformers exhibit dramatically improved DNP performance as compared to the closed counterparts. In particular, a new urea-based biradical named HydrOPol and a mononitroxide O-MbPyTol yield enhancements of 330 ± 60 and 119 ± 25, respectively, at 9.4 T and 100 K, which are the highest enhancements reported so far in the aqueous solvents used here. We find that while the conformational changes do not significantly affect electron spin-spin distances, they do affect the distribution of the exchange couplings in these biradicals. Electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) experiments suggest that the improved performance of the open conformers is correlated with higher solvent accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Stevanato
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Dominik J Kubicki
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yu Rao
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Esteban Hofer
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georges Menzildjian
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS de Lyon/UCB-Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hakim Karoui
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Siri
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Manuel Cordova
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM/CIRMMP), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS de Lyon/UCB-Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Chizallet C. Toward the Atomic Scale Simulation of Intricate Acidic Aluminosilicate Catalysts. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Chizallet
- IFP Energies nouvelles Solaize, Rond-Point de l’Echangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
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19
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Chen Y, Smock SR, Flintgruber AH, Perras FA, Brutchey RL, Rossini AJ. Surface Termination of CsPbBr3 Perovskite Quantum Dots Determined by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6117-6127. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Chen
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Sara R. Smock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | | | | | - Richard L. Brutchey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Aaron J. Rossini
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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20
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Shen L, Wang Y, Du JH, Chen K, Lin Z, Wen Y, Hung I, Gan Z, Peng L. Probing Interactions of γ-Alumina with Water via Multinuclear Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. ChemCatChem 2020; 12:1569-1574. [PMID: 34168686 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of γ-alumina with water are important in controlling its structure and catalytic properties. We apply solid-state multinuclear NMR spectroscopy to investigate this interaction by monitoring 1H and 17O spectra in real-time. Surface-selective detection is made possible by adsorbing 17O-enriched water on γ-alumina nanorods. Structural evolution on the surface was selectively probed by 1H/17O double resonance NMR and 27Al NMR at ultrahigh 35.2 T magnetic field. Formation of hydroxyl species on the surface of nanorods is rapid upon the exposure of water, which involves low coordinated aluminum ions with doubly bridging and isolated hydroxyl species being generated first. Fast exchange occurs between oxygen atoms in the water molecules and bare surface sites, indicating high reactivity of these oxygen species. These results provide new insights into the structure and dynamics on the surface of γ-alumina and the methods applied here can be extended to study the interaction of other oxides with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Guangling College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia-Huan Du
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kuizhi Chen
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL), 1800 East, Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Zhiye Lin
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yujie Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ivan Hung
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL), 1800 East, Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Zhehong Gan
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL), 1800 East, Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Luming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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21
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Wang Z, Li T, Jiang Y, Lafon O, Liu Z, Trébosc J, Baiker A, Amoureux JP, Huang J. Acidity enhancement through synergy of penta- and tetra-coordinated aluminum species in amorphous silica networks. Nat Commun 2020; 11:225. [PMID: 31932684 PMCID: PMC6957685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous silica-aluminas (ASAs) are widely used in acid-catalyzed C-H activation reactions and biomass conversions in large scale, which can be promoted by increasing the strength of surface Brønsted acid sites (BAS). Here, we demonstrate the first observation on a synergistic effect caused by two neighboring Al centers interacting with the same silanol group in flame-made ASAs with high Al content. The two close Al centers decrease the electron density on the silanol oxygen and thereby enhance its acidity, which is comparable to that of dealuminated zeolites, while ASAs with small or moderate Al contents provide mainly moderate acidity, much lower than that of zeolites. The ASAs with enhanced acidity exhibit outstanding performances in C-H bond activation of benzene and glucose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, simultaneously with an excellent calcination stability and resistance to leaching, and they offer an interesting potential for a wide range of acid and multifunctional catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Wang
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Department of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Tong Li
- Institute for Materials & ZGH, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Yijiao Jiang
- Department of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Olivier Lafon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8181, UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Zongwen Liu
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Julien Trébosc
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRA, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, FR 2638 - IMEC - Institut Michel-Eugène Chevreul, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Alfons Baiker
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Zürich, Hönggerberg, HCI, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Paul Amoureux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8181, UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France.
- Bruker Biospin, 34, rue de l'industrie, 67166, Wissembourg, France.
- Riken NMR Science and Development Division, Yokohama, 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Jun Huang
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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22
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Wang Z, Jiang Y, Stampfl C, Baiker A, Hunger M, Huang J. NMR Spectroscopic Characterization of Flame‐Made Amorphous Silica‐Alumina for Cyclohexanol and Glyceraldehyde Conversion. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Wang
- Department of Engineering Macquarie University Sydney NSW-2109 Australia
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Sydney Nano Institute The University of Sydney Sidney NSW-2006 Australia
| | - Yijiao Jiang
- Department of Engineering Macquarie University Sydney NSW-2109 Australia
| | | | - Alfons Baiker
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience ETH Zürich Zürich CH-8093 Switzerland
| | - Michael Hunger
- Institute of Chemical Technology University of Stuttgart Stuttgart D-70550 Germany
| | - Jun Huang
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Sydney Nano Institute The University of Sydney Sidney NSW-2006 Australia
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