1
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Lan J, Chergui M, Pasquarello A. Dynamics of the charge transfer to solvent process in aqueous iodide. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2544. [PMID: 38514610 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Charge-transfer-to-solvent states in aqueous halides are ideal systems for studying the electron-transfer dynamics to the solvent involving a complex interplay between electronic excitation and solvent polarization. Despite extensive experimental investigations, a full picture of the charge-transfer-to-solvent dynamics has remained elusive. Here, we visualise the intricate interplay between the dynamics of the electron and the solvent polarization occurring in this process. Through the combined use of ab initio molecular dynamics and machine learning methods, we investigate the structure, dynamics and free energy as the excited electron evolves through the charge-transfer-to-solvent process, which we characterize as a sequence of states denoted charge-transfer-to-solvent, contact-pair, solvent-separated, and hydrated electron states, depending on the distance between the iodine and the excited electron. Our assignment of the charge-transfer-to-solvent states is supported by the good agreement between calculated and measured vertical binding energies. Our results reveal the charge transfer process in terms of the underlying atomic processes and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinggang Lan
- Chaire de Simulation à l'Echelle Atomique (CSEA), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
- Simons Center for Computational Physical Chemistry at New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Majed Chergui
- Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park I - 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pasquarello
- Chaire de Simulation à l'Echelle Atomique (CSEA), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Borrelli W, Mei KJ, Park SJ, Schwartz BJ. Partial Molar Solvation Volume of the Hydrated Electron Simulated Via DFT. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2425-2431. [PMID: 38422045 PMCID: PMC10945486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Different simulation models of the hydrated electron produce different solvation structures, but it has been challenging to determine which simulated solvation structure, if any, is the most comparable to experiment. In a recent work, Neupane et al. [J. Phys. Chem. B 2023, 127, 5941-5947] showed using Kirkwood-Buff theory that the partial molar volume of the hydrated electron, which is known experimentally, can be readily computed from an integral over the simulated electron-water radial distribution function. This provides a sensitive way to directly compare the hydration structure of different simulation models of the hydrated electron with experiment. Here, we compute the partial molar volume of an ab-initio-simulated hydrated electron model based on density-functional theory (DFT) with a hybrid functional at different simulated system sizes. We find that the partial molar volume of the DFT-simulated hydrated electron is not converged with respect to the system size for simulations with up to 128 waters. We show that even at the largest simulation sizes, the partial molar volume of DFT-simulated hydrated electrons is underestimated by a factor of 2 with respect to experiment, and at the standard 64-water size commonly used in the literature, DFT-based simulations underestimate the experimental solvation volume by a factor of ∼3.5. An extrapolation to larger box sizes does predict the experimental partial molar volume correctly; however, larger system sizes than those explored here are currently intractable without the use of machine-learned potentials. These results bring into question what aspects of the predicted hydrated electron radial distribution function, as calculated by DFT-based simulations with the PBEh-D3 functional, deviate from the true solvation structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sanghyun J. Park
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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3
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Sopena Moros A, Li S, Li K, Doumy G, Southworth SH, Otolski C, Schaller RD, Kumagai Y, Rubensson JE, Simon M, Dakovski G, Kunnus K, Robinson JS, Hampton CY, Hoffman DJ, Koralek J, Loh ZH, Santra R, Inhester L, Young L. Tracking Cavity Formation in Electron Solvation: Insights from X-ray Spectroscopy and Theory. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3262-3269. [PMID: 38270463 PMCID: PMC10859959 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
We present time-resolved X-ray absorption spectra of ionized liquid water and demonstrate that OH radicals, H3O+ ions, and solvated electrons all leave distinct X-ray-spectroscopic signatures. Particularly, this allows us to characterize the electron solvation process through a tool that focuses on the electronic response of oxygen atoms in the immediate vicinity of a solvated electron. Our experimental results, supported by ab initio calculations, confirm the formation of a cavity in which the solvated electron is trapped. We show that the solvation dynamics are governed by the magnitude of the random structural fluctuations present in water. As a consequence, the solvation time is highly sensitive to temperature and to the specific way the electron is injected into water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Sopena Moros
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Shuai Li
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kai Li
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Physics and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Gilles Doumy
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Stephen H Southworth
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Christopher Otolski
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinous 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 N. Sheridan Rd., Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yoshiaki Kumagai
- Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Jan-Erik Rubensson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala SE-75120, Sweden
| | - Marc Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris F-75005, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jake Koralek
- LCLS, SLAC, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Zhi-Heng Loh
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, and School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Robin Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Notkestraße 9, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Ludger Inhester
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Linda Young
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Physics and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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4
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Jordan CJC, Coons MP, Herbert JM, Verlet JRR. Spectroscopy and dynamics of the hydrated electron at the water/air interface. Nat Commun 2024; 15:182. [PMID: 38167300 PMCID: PMC10762076 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The hydrated electron, e-(aq), has attracted much attention as a central species in radiation chemistry. However, much less is known about e-(aq) at the water/air surface, despite its fundamental role in electron transfer processes at interfaces. Using time-resolved electronic sum-frequency generation spectroscopy, the electronic spectrum of e-(aq) at the water/air interface and its dynamics are measured here, following photo-oxidation of the phenoxide anion. The spectral maximum agrees with that for bulk e-(aq) and shows that the orbital density resides predominantly within the aqueous phase, in agreement with supporting calculations. In contrast, the chemistry of the interfacial hydrated electron differs from that in bulk water, with e-(aq) diffusing into the bulk and leaving the phenoxyl radical at the surface. Our work resolves long-standing questions about e-(aq) at the water/air interface and highlights its potential role in chemistry at the ubiquitous aqueous interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc P Coons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Jan R R Verlet
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 4LJ, UK.
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5
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Marciesky M, Aga DS, Bradley IM, Aich N, Ng C. Mechanisms and Opportunities for Rational In Silico Design of Enzymes to Degrade Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:7299-7319. [PMID: 37981739 PMCID: PMC10716909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) present a unique challenge to remediation techniques because their strong carbon-fluorine bonds make them difficult to degrade. This review explores the use of in silico enzymatic design as a potential PFAS degradation technique. The scope of the enzymes included is based on currently known PFAS degradation techniques, including chemical redox systems that have been studied for perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) defluorination, such as those that incorporate hydrated electrons, sulfate, peroxide, and metal catalysts. Bioremediation techniques are also discussed, namely the laccase and horseradish peroxidase systems. The redox potential of known reactants and enzymatic radicals/metal-complexes are then considered and compared to potential enzymes for degrading PFAS. The molecular structure and reaction cycle of prospective enzymes are explored. Current knowledge and techniques of enzyme design, particularly radical-generating enzymes, and application are also discussed. Finally, potential routes for bioengineering enzymes to enable or enhance PFAS remediation are considered as well as the future outlook for computational exploration of enzymatic in situ bioremediation routes for these highly persistent and globally distributed contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Marciesky
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Ian M Bradley
- Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14228, United States
- Research and Education in Energy, Environmental and Water (RENEW) Institute, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Nirupam Aich
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska─Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0531, United States
| | - Carla Ng
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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6
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Huang H, Xue L, Bu Y. Multifunctional Roles of Clathrate Hydrate Nanoreactors for CO 2 Reduction. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302253. [PMID: 37580312 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we explore a possible platform for the CO2 reduction (CO2 R) in one of water's solid phases, namely clathrate hydrates (CHs), by ab initio molecular dynamics and well-tempered metadynamics simulations with periodic boundary conditions. We found that the stacked H2 O nanocages in CHs help to initialize CO2 R by increasing the electron-binding ability of CO2 . The substantial CO2 R processes are further influenced by the hydrogen bond networks in CHs. The first intermediate CO2 - in this process can be stabilized through cage structure reorganization into the H-bonded [CO2 - ⋅⋅⋅H-OHcage ] complex. Further cooperative structural dynamics enables the complex to convert into a vital transient [CO2 2- ⋅⋅⋅H-OHcage ] intermediate in a low-barrier disproportionation-like process. Such a highly reactive intermediate spontaneously triggers subsequent double proton transfer along its tethering H-bonds, finally converting it into HCOOH. These hydrogen-bonded nanoreactors feature multiple functions in facilitating CO2 R such as confining, tethering, H-bond catalyzing and proton pumping. Our findings have a general interest and extend the knowledge of CO2 R into porous aqueous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
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7
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Neupane P, Bartels DM, Thompson WH. Empirically Optimized One-Electron Pseudopotential for the Hydrated Electron: A Proof-of-Concept Study. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7361-7371. [PMID: 37556737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c03540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Mixed quantum-classical molecular dynamics simulations have been important tools for studying the hydrated electron. They generally use a one-electron pseudopotential to describe the interactions of an electron with the water molecules. This approximation shows both the strength and weakness of the approach. On the one hand, it enables extensive statistical sampling and large system sizes that are not possible with more accurate ab initio molecular dynamics methods. On the other hand, there has (justifiably) been much debate about the ability of pseudopotentials to accurately and quantitatively describe the hydrated electron properties. These pseudopotentials have largely been derived by fitting them to ab initio calculations of an electron interacting with a single water molecule. In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept demonstration of an alternative approach in which the pseudopotential parameters are determined by optimizing them to reproduce key experimental properties. Specifically, we develop a new pseudopotential, using the existing TBOpt model as a starting point, which correctly describes the hydrated electron vertical detachment energy and radius of gyration. In addition to these properties, this empirically optimized model displays a significantly modified solvation structure, which improves, for example, the prediction of the partial molar volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauf Neupane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - David M Bartels
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Ward H Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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8
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Lamas I, González J, Longarte A, Montero R. Influence of H-bonds on the photoionization of aromatic chromophores in water: The aniline molecule. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:2890456. [PMID: 37184001 DOI: 10.1063/5.0147503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We have conducted time-resolved experiments (pump-probe and pump-repump-probe) on a model aromatic chromophore, aniline, after excitation in water at 267 nm. In the initial spectra recorded, in addition to the absorption corresponding to the bright ππ* excitation, the fingerprint of a transient state with the electron located on the solvent molecule is identified. We postulate that the latter corresponds to the πσ* state along the N-H bond, whose complete relaxation with a ∼500 ps lifetime results in the formation of the fully solvated electron and cation. This ionization process occurs in parallel with the ππ* photophysical channel that yields the characteristic ∼1 ns fluorescence lifetime. The observed branched pathway is rationalized in terms of the different H-bonds that the water establishes with the amino group. The proposed mechanism could be common for aromatics in water containing N-H or O-H bonds and would allow the formation of separated charges after excitation at the threshold of their electronic absorptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Lamas
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Departamento de Química Física, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Apart. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jorge González
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Departamento de Química Física, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Apart. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Asier Longarte
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Departamento de Química Física, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Apart. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Raúl Montero
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, SGIKER Laser Facility, UPV/EHU, Sarriena, S/N, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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9
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Li K, Chen Z, Jin X, Tian H, Song Z, Zhang Q, Xu D, Hong R. Theoretical investigation of Aryl/Alkyl halide reduction with hydrated electrons from energy and AIMD aspects. J Mol Model 2023; 29:142. [PMID: 37061582 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In this study, the reactions of hydrated electron (e-(aq)) with alkyl and aryl halides were simulated with an ab initial molecular dynamics (AIMD) method to reveal the underlying mechanism. An original protocol was developed for preparing the proper initial wavefunction guess of AIMD, in which a single electron was curled in a tetrahedral cavity of four water molecules. Our results show that the stability of e-(aq) increases with the hydrogen bond grid integrity. The organic halides prefer to react with e-(aq) in neutral or alkaline environment, while they are more likely to react with hydrogen radical (the product of e-(aq) and proton) under acidic conditions. The reaction between fluorobenzene/fluoromethane and hydrogen radical is considered as the least favorable reaction due to the highest reaction barriers. The bond dissociation energy (BDE) suggested that the cleavage of the carbon-halogen bond of their anion radical might be a thermodynamically favorable reaction. AIMD results indicated that the LUMO or higher orbitals were the e-(aq) migration destination. The transplanted electron enhanced carbon-halogen bond vibration intensively, leading to bond cleavage. The solvation process of the departing halogen anions was observed in both fluorobenzene and fluoromethane AIMD simulation, indicating that it might have a significant effect on enthalpy. Side reactions and byproducts obtained during the AIMD simulation suggested the complexity of the e-(aq) reactions and further investigation was needed to fully understand the reaction mechanisms. This study provided theoretical insight into the pollutant environmental fate and constructed a methodological foundation for AIMD simulation of analogous free radical reactions. METHODS The theoretical calculation was conducted on the combination of Gaussian16 and ORCA5.0.3 software packages. The initial geometries, as well as the wavefunction initial guesses, were obtained at PBE0/ma-def2-TZVP/IEFPCM-water level in Gaussian16 unless otherwise stated. AIMD simulations were performed at the same level in ORCA. Wavefunction analysis was carried out with Multiwfn. The details methods were described in the section "Computational details" section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanghao Chen
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Jin
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoting Tian
- School of Environmental science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Zhenxia Song
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dayong Xu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Hong
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Yamamoto YI, Suzuki T. Distortion Correction of Low-Energy Photoelectron Spectra of Liquids Using Spectroscopic Data for Solvated Electrons. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2440-2452. [PMID: 36917090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) enables real-time observation of ultrafast electronic dynamics in solutions. When extreme ultraviolet (EUV) probe pulses are employed, they can ionize solutes from all electronic states involved in the dynamics. However, EUV pulses also produce a strong ionization signal from a solvent that is typically 6 orders of magnitude greater than the pump-probe photoelectron signal of solutes. Alternatively, UV probe pulses enable highly sensitive and selective observation of photoexcited solutes because typical solvents such as water are transparent to UV radiation. An obstacle in such UV-TRPES measurements is spectral distortion caused by electron scattering and a yet to be identified mechanism in liquids. We have previously proposed the spectral retrieval (SR) method as an a posteriori approach to removing the distortion and overcoming this difficulty in UV-TRPES; however, its accuracy has not yet been verified by comparison with EUV-TRPES results. In the present study, we perform EUV-TRPES for charge transfer reactions in water, methanol, and ethanol, and verify SR analysis of UV-TRPES. We also estimate a previously undetermined energy-dependent intensity factor and expand the basis sets for SR analysis. The refined SR method is employed for reanalyzing the UV-TRPES data for the formation and relaxation dynamics of solvated electrons in various systems. The electron binding energy distributions for solvated electrons in liquid water, methanol, and ethanol are confirmed to be Gaussian centered at 3.78, 3.39, and 3.25 eV, respectively, in agreement with Nishitani et al. [ Sci. Adv. 2019, 5(8), eaaw6896]. An effective energy gap between the conduction band and the vacuum level at the gas-liquid interface is estimated to be 0.2 eV for liquid water and 0.1 eV for methanol and ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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11
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Huang H, Xue L, Lu G, Cheng S, Bu Y. Hydrated electrons as nodes in porous clathrate hydrates. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114504. [PMID: 36948798 DOI: 10.1063/5.0135335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate the structures of hydrated electrons (e- aq) in one of water's solid phases, namely, clathrate hydrates (CHs). Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, DFT-based ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), and path-integral AIMD simulations with periodic boundary conditions, we find that the structure of the e- aq@node model is in good agreement with the experiment, suggesting that an e- aq could form a node in CHs. The node is a H2O defect in CHs that is supposed to be composed of four unsaturated hydrogen bonds. Since CHs are porous crystals that possess cavities that can accommodate small guest molecules, we expect that these guest molecules can be used to tailor the electronic structure of the e- aq@node, and it leads to experimentally observed optical absorption spectra of CHs. Our findings have a general interest and extend the knowledge of e- aq into porous aqueous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibo Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
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12
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Carter-Fenk K, Johnson BA, Herbert JM, Schenter GK, Mundy CJ. Birth of the Hydrated Electron via Charge-Transfer-to-Solvent Excitation of Aqueous Iodide. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:870-878. [PMID: 36657160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A primary means to generate hydrated electrons in laboratory experiments is excitation to the charge-transfer-to-solvent (CTTS) state of a solute such as I-(aq), but this initial step in the genesis of e-(aq) has never been simulated directly using ab initio molecular dynamics. We report the first such simulations, combining ground- and excited-state simulations of I-(aq) with a detailed analysis of fluctuations in the Coulomb potential experienced by the nascent solvated electron. What emerges is a two-step picture of the evolution of e-(aq) starting from the CTTS state: I-(aq) + hν → I-*(aq) → I•(aq) + e-(aq). Notably, the equilibrated ground state of e-(aq) evolves from I-*(aq) without any nonadiabatic transitions, simply as a result of solvent reorganization. The methodology used here should be applicable to other photochemical electron transfer processes in solution, an important class of problems directly relevant to photocatalysis and energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Carter-Fenk
- Physical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99352, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Britta A Johnson
- Physical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99352, United States
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Gregory K Schenter
- Physical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99352, United States
| | - Christopher J Mundy
- Physical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99352, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
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13
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Low PJ, Chu W, Nie Z, Bin Mohd Yusof MS, Prezhdo OV, Loh ZH. Observation of a transient intermediate in the ultrafast relaxation dynamics of the excess electron in strong-field-ionized liquid water. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7300. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA unified picture of the electronic relaxation dynamics of ionized liquid water has remained elusive despite decades of study. Here, we employ sub-two-cycle visible to short-wave infrared pump-probe spectroscopy and ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations to reveal that the excess electron injected into the conduction band (CB) of ionized liquid water undergoes sequential relaxation to the hydrated electron s ground state via an intermediate state, identified as the elusive p excited state. The measured CB and p-electron lifetimes are 0.26 ± 0.02 ps and 62 ± 10 fs, respectively. Ab initio quantum dynamics yield similar lifetimes and furthermore reveal vibrational modes that participate in the different stages of electronic relaxation, with initial relaxation within the dense CB manifold coupled to hindered translational motions whereas subsequent p-to-s relaxation facilitated by librational and even intramolecular bending modes of water. Finally, energetic considerations suggest that a hitherto unobserved trap state resides ~0.3-eV below the CB edge of liquid water. Our results provide a detailed atomistic picture of the electronic relaxation dynamics of ionized liquid water with unprecedented time resolution.
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14
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Li X, Jia X, Paz ASP, Cao Y, Glover WJ. Evidence for Water Antibonding Orbital Mixing in the Hydrated Electron from Its Oxygen 1s X-ray Absorption Spectrum. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19668-19672. [PMID: 36251402 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The X-ray absorption spectrum (XAS) of the hydrated electron (e(aq)-) has been simulated using time-dependent density functional theory with a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics description. A unique XAS peak at 533 eV is observed with an energy and intensity in quantitative agreement with recent time-resolved experiments, allowing its assignment as arising from water O1s transitions to the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) in which the excess electron resides. The transitions acquire oscillator strength due to the SOMO comprising an admixture of a cavity-localized orbital and water 4a1 and 2b2 antibonding orbitals. The mixing of antibonding orbitals has implications for the strength of couplings between e(aq)- and intramolecular modes of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpin Li
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai, 200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshang Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York10003, United States
| | - Xiangyu Jia
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai, 200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshang Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Amiel S P Paz
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai, 200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshang Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York10003, United States
| | - Yuquan Cao
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai, 200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshang Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York10003, United States
| | - William J Glover
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai, 200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshang Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York10003, United States
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15
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Neupane P, Katiyar A, Bartels DM, Thompson WH. Investigation of the Failure of Marcus Theory for Hydrated Electron Reactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8971-8977. [PMID: 36136966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of the hydrated electron with a wide variety of substrates have been found to exhibit unusually similar activation energies in a manner incompatible with Marcus electron transfer theory. Given the fundamental linear response assumption of Marcus theory, one possible explanation for this apparent failure is that the underlying free energy surfaces governing the reactions are not harmonic; i.e., hydrated electron structural fluctuations exhibit non-Gaussian behavior. In this work, we test this hypothesis by using simulations to calculate the hydrated electron vertical detachment energy distribution. We consider both cavity and noncavity models for the hydrated electron, between which the actual hydrated electron behavior is expected to lie. Our results identify a possible origin for non-Gaussian behavior of the hydrated electron but show that it is not of sufficient magnitude to explain the failure of Marcus theory to describe its reactions. Thus, other explanations must be sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauf Neupane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Ankita Katiyar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - David M Bartels
- Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Ward H Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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16
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Lan J, Rybkin VV, Pasquarello A. Temperature Dependent Properties of the Aqueous Electron. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209398. [PMID: 35849110 PMCID: PMC9541610 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The temperature‐dependent properties of the aqueous electron have been extensively studied using mixed quantum‐classical simulations in a wide range of thermodynamic conditions based on one‐electron pseudopotentials. While the cavity model appears to explain most of the physical properties of the aqueous electron, only a non‐cavity model has so far been successful in accounting for the temperature dependence of the absorption spectrum. Here, we present an accurate and efficient description of the aqueous electron under various thermodynamic conditions by combining hybrid functional‐based molecular dynamics, machine learning techniques, and multiple time‐step methods. Our advanced simulations accurately describe the temperature dependence of the absorption maximum in the presence of cavity formation. Specifically, our work reveals that the red shift of the absorption maximum results from an increasing gyration radius with temperature, rather than from global density variations as previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinggang Lan
- Chaire de Simulation àl'Echelle Atomique (CSEA)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)CH-1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Alfredo Pasquarello
- Chaire de Simulation àl'Echelle Atomique (CSEA)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)CH-1015LausanneSwitzerland
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17
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Lan J, Rybkin VV, Pasquarello A. Temperature Dependent Properties of the Aqueous Electron. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinggang Lan
- EPFL: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Chaire de Simulation à l’Echelle Atomique 1015 Lausanne SWITZERLAND
| | | | - Alfredo Pasquarello
- EPFL: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Chaire de Simulation à l’Echelle Atomique SWITZERLAND
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18
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Salminen K, Fang JH, Wester N, Etula J, Eskola J, Kulmala S, Sun JJ. Electrochemical generation of hot electrons in fully aqueous solutions at tetrahedral amorphous carbon thin film electrodes and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay of serum amyloid A. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202200227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Gijón A, Hernández ER. Quantum simulations of neutral water clusters and singly-charged water cluster anions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14440-14451. [PMID: 35662295 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01088g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a computational study of the structural and energetic properties of water clusters and singly-charged water cluster anions containing from 20 to 573 water molecules. We have used both a classical and a quantum description of the molecular degrees of freedom. Water intra and inter-molecular interactions have been modelled through the SPC/F model, while the water-excess electron interaction has been described via the well-known Turi-Borgis potential. We find that in general the quantum effects of the water degrees of freedom are small, but they do influence the cluster-size at which the excess electron stabilises inside the cluster, which occurs at smaller cluster sizes when quantum effects are taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gijón
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - E R Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Singh P, Zhang J, Ghalgaoui A, Reimann K, Fingerhut BP, Woerner M, Elsaesser T. Coherent polaron dynamics of electrons solvated in polar liquids. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac078. [PMID: 36741462 PMCID: PMC9896902 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An electron solvated in a polar liquid is an elementary quantum system with properties governed by electric interactions with a fluctuating molecular environment. In the prevailing single particle picture, the quantum ground and excited states are determined by a self-consistent potential, as defined by the particular local configuration of the solvation shell. This description neglects collective many-body excitations, which arise from the coupling of electronic degrees of freedom and nuclear motions of the environment. While recent experiments have demonstrated collective nonequilbrium electronic-nuclear motion, i.e. polaron excitations in liquid water, their relevance in the broader context of polar liquids has remained unexplored. Here, we study the nonequilibrium dielectric response of the, compared to water, less polar alcohols isopropanol, and ethylene glycol, that also display a different hydrogen bond pattern. We demonstrate that ultrafast relaxation of photogenerated electrons impulsively induces coherent charge oscillations, which persist for some 10 ps. They emit electric waves in a frequency range from 0.1 to 2 THz, depending on electron concentration. Oscillation frequencies and line shapes are reproduced by a unified polaron picture for alcohols and water, which is based on a Clausius-Mossotti local field approach for the THz dielectric function. The analysis suggests a longitudinal character of many-body polaron excitations and a weak coupling to transverse excitations, supported by the underdamped character of charge oscillations. Polaron dynamics are governed by the long-range Coulomb interaction between an excess electron and several thousands of polar solvent molecules, while local electron solvation geometries play a minor role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed Ghalgaoui
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Klaus Reimann
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Benjamin P Fingerhut
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Michael Woerner
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Berlin 12489, Germany
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21
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Woerner M, Fingerhut BP, Elsaesser T. Field-Induced Electron Generation in Water: Solvation Dynamics and Many-Body Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2621-2634. [PMID: 35380042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The solvated electron represents an elementary quantum system in a liquid environment. Electrons solvated in water have raised strong interest because of their prototypical properties, their role in radiation chemistry, and their relevance for charge separation and transport. Nonequilibrium dynamics of photogenerated electrons in water occur on ultrafast time scales and include charge transfer, localization, and energy dissipation processes. We present new insight into the role of fluctuating electric fields of the liquid for generating electrons in the presence of an external terahertz field and address polaronic many-body properties of solvated electrons. This Perspective combines a review of recent results from experiment and theory with a discussion of basic electric interactions of electrons in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Woerner
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin P Fingerhut
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Elsaesser
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Bergami M, Santana ALD, Charry Martinez J, Reyes A, Coutinho K, Varella MTDN. Multicomponent Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Study of Hydrated Positronium. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2699-2714. [PMID: 35377644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c10124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We propose a model for solvated positronium (Ps) atoms in water, based on the sequential quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (s-QM/MM) protocol. We developed a Lennard-Jones force field to account for Ps-water interactions in the MM step. The repulsive term was obtained from a previously reported model for the solvated electron, while the dispersion constant was derived from the Slater-Kirkwood formula. The force field was employed in classical Monte Carlo (MC) simulations to generate Ps-solvent configurations in the NpT ensemble, while the quantum properties were computed with the any-particle molecular orbital method in the subsequent QM step. Our approach is general, as it can be applied to other liquids and materials. One basically needs to describe the solvated electron in the environment of interest to obtain the Ps solvation model. The thermodynamical properties computed from the MC simulations point out similarities between the solvation of Ps and noble gas atoms, hydrophobic solutes that form clathrate structures. We performed convergence tests for the QM step, with particular attention to the choice of basis set and expansion centers for the positronic and electronic subsystems. Our largest model was composed of the Ps atom and 22 water molecules in the QM region, corresponding to the first solvation shell, surrounded by 128 molecules described as point charges. The mean electronic and positronic vertical detachment energies were (4.73 ± 0.04) eV and (5.33 ± 0.04) eV, respectively. The latter estimates were computed with Koopmans' theorem corrected by second-order self-energies, for a set of statistically uncorrelated MC configurations. While the Hartree-Fock wave functions do not properly account for the annihilation rates, they were useful for numerical tests, pointing out that annihilation is more sensitive to the choice of basis sets and expansion centers than the detachment energies. We further explored a model with reduced solute cavity size by changing the Ps-solvent force field. Although the pick-off annihilation lifetimes were affected by the cavity size, essentially the same conclusions were drawn from both models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Bergami
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371 CP 66318, CEP 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre L D Santana
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371 CP 66318, CEP 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Charry Martinez
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Andres Reyes
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Av. Cra. 30 #45-03, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Kaline Coutinho
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371 CP 66318, CEP 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcio T do N Varella
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371 CP 66318, CEP 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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23
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Shepard C, Kanai Y. Nonlinear electronic excitation in water under proton irradiation: a first principles study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5598-5603. [PMID: 35175259 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05313b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nonlinear dynamics of electronic excitation bridge physical and physicochemical stages of water radiolysis under proton irradiation, a multi-scale physicochemical process that is fundamental to a wide range of technological and medical applications of high-energy protons. We study the spatial and temporal changes to the excited holes generated in this ionization event using first-principles theory simulation. A significant majority of holes are formed in the immediate vicinity of the irradiating proton paths, and these holes decay rapidly, while secondary excitations are simultaneously induced in regions farther away. While the hole population remains constant, the observed spatially spreading hole distribution cannot be described as concentration-dependent diffusion current. Compared to the primary excitation induced by the irradiating protons, the secondary excitation farther away is somewhat less energetic. The first-principles theory simulation here provides a detailed description of how the primary excitation by proton radiation precedes the formation of cationic holes, which undergo ultrafast chemical processes in water radiolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Shepard
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Yosuke Kanai
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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24
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Lan J, Yamamoto YI, Suzuki T, Rybkin VV. Shallow and deep trap states of solvated electrons in methanol and their formation, electronic excitation, and relaxation dynamics. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3837-3844. [PMID: 35432888 PMCID: PMC8966712 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06666h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We present condensed-phase first-principles molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the presence of different electron trapping sites in liquid methanol and their roles in the formation, electronic transitions, and relaxation of solvated electrons (emet−) in methanol. Excess electrons injected into liquid methanol are most likely trapped by methyl groups, but rapidly diffuse to more stable trapping sites with dangling OH bonds. After localization at the sites with one free OH bond (1OH trapping sites), reorientation of other methanol molecules increases the OH coordination number and the trap depth, and ultimately four OH bonds become coordinated with the excess electrons under thermal conditions. The simulation identified four distinct trapping states with different OH coordination numbers. The simulation results also revealed that electronic transitions of emet− are primarily due to charge transfer between electron trapping sites (cavities) formed by OH and methyl groups, and that these transitions differ from hydrogenic electronic transitions involving aqueous solvated electrons (eaq−). Such charge transfer also explains the alkyl-chain-length dependence of the photoabsorption peak wavelength and the excited-state lifetime of solvated electrons in primary alcohols. Condensed-phase first-principles molecular dynamics simulations elucidate the presence of different electron trapping sites in liquid methanol and their roles in the formation, electronic transitions, and relaxation of solvated electrons.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinggang Lan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Yo-ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Vladimir V. Rybkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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25
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Shen Z, Glover WJ. Flexible boundary layer using exchange for embedding theories. I. Theory and implementation. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:224112. [PMID: 34911322 DOI: 10.1063/5.0067855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Embedding theory is a powerful computational chemistry approach to exploring the electronic structure and dynamics of complex systems, with Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM) being the prime example. A challenge arises when trying to apply embedding methodology to systems with diffusible particles, e.g., solvents, if some of them must be included in the QM region, for example, in the description of solvent-supported electronic states or reactions involving proton transfer or charge-transfer-to-solvent: without a special treatment, inter-diffusion of QM and MM particles will eventually lead to a loss of QM/MM separation. We have developed a new method called Flexible Boundary Layer using Exchange (FlexiBLE) that solves the problem by adding a biasing potential to the system that closely maintains QM/MM separation. The method rigorously preserves ensemble averages by leveraging their invariance to an exchange of identical particles. With a careful choice of the biasing potential and the use of a tree algorithm to include only important QM and MM exchanges, we find that the method has an MM-forcefield-like computational cost and thus adds negligible overhead to a QM/MM simulation. Furthermore, we show that molecular dynamics with the FlexiBLE bias conserves total energy, and remarkably, sub-diffusional dynamical quantities in the inner QM region are unaffected by the applied bias. FlexiBLE thus widens the range of chemistry that can be studied with embedding theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofan Shen
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Ave., Shanghai 200122, China
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26
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Shen Z, Peng S, Glover WJ. Flexible boundary layer using exchange for embedding theories. II. QM/MM dynamics of the hydrated electron. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:224113. [PMID: 34911320 DOI: 10.1063/5.0067861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The FlexiBLE embedding method introduced in Paper I [Z. Shen and W. J. Glover, J. Chem. Phys. 155, 224112 (2021)] is applied to explore the structure and dynamics of the aqueous solvated electron at an all-electron density functional theory Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics level. Compared to a one-electron mixed quantum/classical description, we find the dynamics of the many-electron model of the hydrated electron exhibits enhanced coupling to water OH stretch modes. Natural bond orbital analysis reveals this coupling is due to significant population of water OH σ* orbitals, reaching 20%. Based on this, we develop a minimal frontier orbital picture of the hydrated electron involving a cavity orbital and important coupling to 4-5 coordinating OH σ* orbitals. Implications for the interpretation of the spectroscopy of this interesting species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofan Shen
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Ave., Shanghai 200122, China
| | - Shaoting Peng
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Ave., Shanghai 200122, China
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27
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Epifanovsky E, Gilbert ATB, Feng X, Lee J, Mao Y, Mardirossian N, Pokhilko P, White AF, Coons MP, Dempwolff AL, Gan Z, Hait D, Horn PR, Jacobson LD, Kaliman I, Kussmann J, Lange AW, Lao KU, Levine DS, Liu J, McKenzie SC, Morrison AF, Nanda KD, Plasser F, Rehn DR, Vidal ML, You ZQ, Zhu Y, Alam B, Albrecht BJ, Aldossary A, Alguire E, Andersen JH, Athavale V, Barton D, Begam K, Behn A, Bellonzi N, Bernard YA, Berquist EJ, Burton HGA, Carreras A, Carter-Fenk K, Chakraborty R, Chien AD, Closser KD, Cofer-Shabica V, Dasgupta S, de Wergifosse M, Deng J, Diedenhofen M, Do H, Ehlert S, Fang PT, Fatehi S, Feng Q, Friedhoff T, Gayvert J, Ge Q, Gidofalvi G, Goldey M, Gomes J, González-Espinoza CE, Gulania S, Gunina AO, Hanson-Heine MWD, Harbach PHP, Hauser A, Herbst MF, Hernández Vera M, Hodecker M, Holden ZC, Houck S, Huang X, Hui K, Huynh BC, Ivanov M, Jász Á, Ji H, Jiang H, Kaduk B, Kähler S, Khistyaev K, Kim J, Kis G, Klunzinger P, Koczor-Benda Z, Koh JH, Kosenkov D, Koulias L, Kowalczyk T, Krauter CM, Kue K, Kunitsa A, Kus T, Ladjánszki I, Landau A, Lawler KV, Lefrancois D, Lehtola S, Li RR, Li YP, Liang J, Liebenthal M, Lin HH, Lin YS, Liu F, Liu KY, Loipersberger M, Luenser A, Manjanath A, Manohar P, Mansoor E, Manzer SF, Mao SP, Marenich AV, Markovich T, Mason S, Maurer SA, McLaughlin PF, Menger MFSJ, Mewes JM, Mewes SA, Morgante P, Mullinax JW, Oosterbaan KJ, Paran G, Paul AC, Paul SK, Pavošević F, Pei Z, Prager S, Proynov EI, Rák Á, Ramos-Cordoba E, Rana B, Rask AE, Rettig A, Richard RM, Rob F, Rossomme E, Scheele T, Scheurer M, Schneider M, Sergueev N, Sharada SM, Skomorowski W, Small DW, Stein CJ, Su YC, Sundstrom EJ, Tao Z, Thirman J, Tornai GJ, Tsuchimochi T, Tubman NM, Veccham SP, Vydrov O, Wenzel J, Witte J, Yamada A, Yao K, Yeganeh S, Yost SR, Zech A, Zhang IY, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zuev D, Aspuru-Guzik A, Bell AT, Besley NA, Bravaya KB, Brooks BR, Casanova D, Chai JD, Coriani S, Cramer CJ, Cserey G, DePrince AE, DiStasio RA, Dreuw A, Dunietz BD, Furlani TR, Goddard WA, Hammes-Schiffer S, Head-Gordon T, Hehre WJ, Hsu CP, Jagau TC, Jung Y, Klamt A, Kong J, Lambrecht DS, Liang W, Mayhall NJ, McCurdy CW, Neaton JB, Ochsenfeld C, Parkhill JA, Peverati R, Rassolov VA, Shao Y, Slipchenko LV, Stauch T, Steele RP, Subotnik JE, Thom AJW, Tkatchenko A, Truhlar DG, Van Voorhis T, Wesolowski TA, Whaley KB, Woodcock HL, Zimmerman PM, Faraji S, Gill PMW, Head-Gordon M, Herbert JM, Krylov AI. Software for the frontiers of quantum chemistry: An overview of developments in the Q-Chem 5 package. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:084801. [PMID: 34470363 PMCID: PMC9984241 DOI: 10.1063/5.0055522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This article summarizes technical advances contained in the fifth major release of the Q-Chem quantum chemistry program package, covering developments since 2015. A comprehensive library of exchange-correlation functionals, along with a suite of correlated many-body methods, continues to be a hallmark of the Q-Chem software. The many-body methods include novel variants of both coupled-cluster and configuration-interaction approaches along with methods based on the algebraic diagrammatic construction and variational reduced density-matrix methods. Methods highlighted in Q-Chem 5 include a suite of tools for modeling core-level spectroscopy, methods for describing metastable resonances, methods for computing vibronic spectra, the nuclear-electronic orbital method, and several different energy decomposition analysis techniques. High-performance capabilities including multithreaded parallelism and support for calculations on graphics processing units are described. Q-Chem boasts a community of well over 100 active academic developers, and the continuing evolution of the software is supported by an "open teamware" model and an increasingly modular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Epifanovsky
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | | | | | - Joonho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yuezhi Mao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Pavel Pokhilko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Alec F. White
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Marc P. Coons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Adrian L. Dempwolff
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhengting Gan
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Diptarka Hait
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Paul R. Horn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Leif D. Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | - Jörg Kussmann
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Adrian W. Lange
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Ka Un Lao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Daniel S. Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Simon C. McKenzie
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Kaushik D. Nanda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Dirk R. Rehn
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marta L. Vidal
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg. 207, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Bushra Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | | | - Ethan Alguire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Josefine H. Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg. 207, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vishikh Athavale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Dennis Barton
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Khadiza Begam
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
| | - Andrew Behn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Nicole Bellonzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yves A. Bernard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Hugh G. A. Burton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Abel Carreras
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Kevin Carter-Fenk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | - Alan D. Chien
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | - Vale Cofer-Shabica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Saswata Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Marc de Wergifosse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Jia Deng
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Hainam Do
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Ehlert
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Po-Tung Fang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Qingguo Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
| | - Triet Friedhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - James Gayvert
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Qinghui Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Gergely Gidofalvi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington 99258, USA
| | - Matthew Goldey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Joe Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Sahil Gulania
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Anastasia O. Gunina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Phillip H. P. Harbach
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hauser
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Mario Hernández Vera
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Manuel Hodecker
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zachary C. Holden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Shannon Houck
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Xunkun Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kerwin Hui
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bang C. Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maxim Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Ádám Jász
- Stream Novation Ltd., Práter utca 50/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hyunjun Ji
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanjie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin Kaduk
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Sven Kähler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Kirill Khistyaev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Jaehoon Kim
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gergely Kis
- Stream Novation Ltd., Práter utca 50/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Zsuzsanna Koczor-Benda
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Joong Hoon Koh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Dimitri Kosenkov
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Laura Koulias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | | | - Caroline M. Krauter
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Kue
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Alexander Kunitsa
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Thomas Kus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Arie Landau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Keith V. Lawler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel Lefrancois
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Run R. Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Yi-Pei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jiashu Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Marcus Liebenthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Hung-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - You-Sheng Lin
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Fenglai Liu
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | | | | | - Arne Luenser
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Aaditya Manjanath
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Prashant Manohar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Erum Mansoor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sam F. Manzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Shan-Ping Mao
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Thomas Markovich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Stephen Mason
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A. Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Peter F. McLaughlin
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | | | - Jan-Michael Mewes
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie A. Mewes
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierpaolo Morgante
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
| | - J. Wayne Mullinax
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander C. Paul
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Suranjan K. Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Fabijan Pavošević
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Zheng Pei
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Stefan Prager
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emil I. Proynov
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Ádám Rák
- Stream Novation Ltd., Práter utca 50/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eloy Ramos-Cordoba
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bhaskar Rana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Alan E. Rask
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Adam Rettig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ryan M. Richard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Fazle Rob
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Elliot Rossomme
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Tarek Scheele
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Scheurer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nickolai Sergueev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
| | - Shaama M. Sharada
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Wojciech Skomorowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - David W. Small
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J. Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yu-Chuan Su
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Eric J. Sundstrom
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jonathan Thirman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Gábor J. Tornai
- Stream Novation Ltd., Práter utca 50/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Takashi Tsuchimochi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Norm M. Tubman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Oleg Vydrov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jan Wenzel
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jon Witte
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Atsushi Yamada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Sina Yeganeh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Shane R. Yost
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Alexander Zech
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Igor Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Dmitry Zuev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Alexis T. Bell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ksenia B. Bravaya
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Bernard R. Brooks
- Laboratory of Computational Biophysics, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | | | - Sonia Coriani
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg. 207, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - A. Eugene DePrince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Robert A. DiStasio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barry D. Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
| | - Thomas R. Furlani
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | | | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yousung Jung
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas Klamt
- COSMOlogic GmbH & Co. KG, Imbacher Weg 46, D-51379 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Jing Kong
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Daniel S. Lambrecht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | | | | | - C. William McCurdy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Neaton
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - John A. Parkhill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Roberto Peverati
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
| | - Vitaly A. Rassolov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ryan P. Steele
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Joseph E. Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Alex J. W. Thom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Tkatchenko
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tomasz A. Wesolowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - K. Birgitta Whaley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - H. Lee Woodcock
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Shirin Faraji
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9774AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA,Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Paul SK, Herbert JM. Probing Interfacial Effects on Ionization Energies: The Surprising Banality of Anion-Water Hydrogen Bonding at the Air/Water Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10189-10202. [PMID: 34184532 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liquid microjet photoelectron spectroscopy is an increasingly common technique to measure vertical ionization energies (VIEs) of aqueous solutes, but the interpretation of these experiments is subject to questions regarding sensitivity to bulk versus interfacial solvation environments. We have computed aqueous-phase VIEs for a set of inorganic anions, using a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and electronic structure calculations, with results that are in excellent agreement with experiment regardless of whether the simulation data are restricted to ions at the air/water interface or to those in bulk aqueous solution. Although the computed VIEs are sensitive to ion-water hydrogen bonding, we find that the short-range solvation structure is sufficiently similar in both environments that it proves impossible to discriminate between the two on the basis of the VIE, a conclusion that has important implications for the interpretation of liquid-phase photoelectron spectroscopy. More generally, analysis of the simulation data suggests that the surface activity of soft anions is largely a second or third solvation shell effect, arising from disruption of water-water hydrogen bonds and not from significant changes in first-shell anion-water hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suranjan K Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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29
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Pshenichnyuk SA, Modelli A. Electron Attachment to Isolated Molecules as a Probe to Understand Mitochondrial Reductive Processes. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2277:101-124. [PMID: 34080147 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1270-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the complementary experimental techniques Electron Transmission Spectroscopy and Dissociative Electron Attachment Spectroscopy, two of the most suitable means for investigating interactions between electrons and gas-phase molecules, resonance formation of temporary molecular negative ions, and their possible decay through the dissociative electron attachment (DEA) mechanism. The latter can be seen as the gas-phase counterpart of the transfer of a solvated electron in solution, accompanied by dissociation of the molecular anion, referred to as dissociative electron transfer (DET). DET takes place in vivo under reductive conditions, for instance, in the intermembrane space of mitochondria under interaction of xenobiotic molecules possessing high electron affinity with electrons "leaked" from the mitochondrial respiratory chain. A likely mechanism of the toxic activity of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane based on its DEA properties is briefly outlined, and compared with the well-established harmful effects of the model toxicant carbon tetrachloride ascribed to reductive dechlorination in a cellular ambient. A possible mechanism of the antioxidant activity of polyphenolic compounds present near the main site of superoxide anion production in mitochondria is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A Pshenichnyuk
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Alberto Modelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Scienze Ambientali, Ravenna, Italy
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30
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Carter-Fenk K, Mundy CJ, Herbert JM. Natural Charge-Transfer Analysis: Eliminating Spurious Charge-Transfer States in Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory via Diabatization, with Application to Projection-Based Embedding. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:4195-4210. [PMID: 34189922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
For many types of vertical excitation energies, linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (LR-TDDFT) offers a useful degree of accuracy combined with unrivaled computational efficiency, although charge-transfer excitation energies are often systematically and dramatically underestimated, especially for large systems and those that contain explicit solvent. As a result, low-energy electronic spectra of solution-phase chromophores often contain tens to hundreds of spurious charge-transfer states, making LR-TDDFT needlessly expensive in bulk solution. Intensity borrowing by these spurious states can affect intensities of the valence excitations, altering electronic bandshapes. At higher excitation energies, it is difficult to distinguish spurious charge-transfer states from genuine charge-transfer-to-solvent (CTTS) excitations. In this work, we introduce an automated diabatization that enables fast and effective screening of the CTTS acceptor space in bulk solution. Our procedure introduces "natural charge-transfer orbitals" that provide a means to isolate orbitals that are most likely to participate in a CTTS excitation. Projection of these orbitals onto solvent-centered virtual orbitals provides a criterion for defining the most important solvent molecules in a given excitation and be used as an automated subspace selection algorithm for projection-based embedding of a high-level description of the CTTS state in a lower-level description of its environment. We apply this method to an ab initio molecular dynamics trajectory of I-(aq) and report the lowest-energy CTTS band in the absorption spectrum. Our results are in excellent agreement with the experiment, and only one-third of the water molecules in the I-(H2O)96 simulation cell need to be described with LR-TDDFT to obtain excitation energies that are converged to <0.1 eV. The tools introduced herein will improve the accuracy, efficiency, and usability of LR-TDDFT in solution-phase environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Carter-Fenk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christopher J Mundy
- Physical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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31
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32
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Another look at the structure of the (H2O)n•־ system: water anion vs. hydrated electron. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Reimann K, Woerner M, Elsaesser T. Two-dimensional terahertz spectroscopy of condensed-phase molecular systems. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:120901. [PMID: 33810677 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear terahertz (THz) spectroscopy relies on the interaction of matter with few-cycle THz pulses of electric field amplitudes up to megavolts/centimeter (MV/cm). In condensed-phase molecular systems, both resonant interactions with elementary excitations at low frequencies such as intra- and intermolecular vibrations and nonresonant field-driven processes are relevant. Two-dimensional THz (2D-THz) spectroscopy is a key method for following nonequilibrium processes and dynamics of excitations to decipher the underlying interactions and molecular couplings. This article addresses the state of the art in 2D-THz spectroscopy by discussing the main concepts and illustrating them with recent results. The latter include the response of vibrational excitations in molecular crystals up to the nonperturbative regime of light-matter interaction and field-driven ionization processes and electron transport in liquid water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Reimann
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Woerner
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Elsaesser
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Perry C, Jordan I, Zhang P, von Conta A, Nunes FB, Wörner HJ. Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Liquid Water with Tunable Extreme-Ultraviolet Radiation: Effects of Electron Scattering. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2990-2996. [PMID: 33733779 PMCID: PMC8006141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the first systematic photoelectron measurements of the three outer-valence bands of liquid water as a function of the ionizing photon energy in the near-threshold region. We use extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) radiation tunable between ∼17.1 and 35.6 eV, obtained through monochromatization of a high-harmonic source. We show that the absolute values of the apparent vertical ionization energies and their respective peak widths show a decreasing trend of their magnitudes with increasing photon energy close to the ionization threshold. We find that the observed effects do not only depend on the electron kinetic energy but are also different for the various outer-valence bands. These observations are consistent with, but not fully explained by, the effects of inelastic electron scattering.
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35
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Herbert JM. Dielectric continuum methods for quantum chemistry. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
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36
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Ghalgaoui A, Fingerhut BP, Reimann K, Elsaesser T, Woerner M. Terahertz Polaron Oscillations of Electrons Solvated in Liquid Water. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:097401. [PMID: 33750165 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.097401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The terahertz (THz) response of solvated electrons in liquid water is studied in nonlinear ultrafast pump-probe experiments. Free electrons with concentrations from c_{e}=4 to 140×10^{-6} moles/liter are generated by high-field THz or near-infrared multiphoton excitation. The time-resolved change of the dielectric function as mapped by broadband THz pulses exhibits pronounced oscillations persisting up to 30 ps. Their frequency increases with electron concentration from 0.2 to 1.5 THz. The oscillatory response is assigned to impulsively excited coherent polarons involving coupled electron and water shell motions with a frequency set by the local electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ghalgaoui
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin P Fingerhut
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Reimann
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Elsaesser
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Woerner
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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37
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Lan J, Kapil V, Gasparotto P, Ceriotti M, Iannuzzi M, Rybkin VV. Simulating the ghost: quantum dynamics of the solvated electron. Nat Commun 2021; 12:766. [PMID: 33536410 PMCID: PMC7859219 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of the bulk hydrated electron has been a challenge for both experiment and theory due to its short lifetime and high reactivity, and the need for a high-level of electronic structure theory to achieve predictive accuracy. The lack of a classical atomistic structural formula makes it exceedingly difficult to model the solvated electron using conventional empirical force fields, which describe the system in terms of interactions between point particles associated with atomic nuclei. Here we overcome this problem using a machine-learning model, that is sufficiently flexible to describe the effect of the excess electron on the structure of the surrounding water, without including the electron in the model explicitly. The resulting potential is not only able to reproduce the stable cavity structure but also recovers the correct localization dynamics that follow the injection of an electron in neat water. The machine learning model achieves the accuracy of the state-of-the-art correlated wave function method it is trained on. It is sufficiently inexpensive to afford a full quantum statistical and dynamical description and allows us to achieve accurate determination of the structure, diffusion mechanisms, and vibrational spectroscopy of the solvated electron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinggang Lan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Venkat Kapil
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modelling, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piero Gasparotto
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michele Ceriotti
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modelling, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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38
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Rybkin VV. Mechanism of Aqueous Carbon Dioxide Reduction by the Solvated Electron. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:10435-10441. [PMID: 33170009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous solvated electron (eaq-), a key species in radiation and plasma chemistry, can efficiently reduce CO2 in a potential green chemistry application. Here, the mechanism of this reaction is unravelled by condensed-phase molecular dynamics based on the correlated wave function and an accurate density functional theory (DFT) approximation. Here, we design and apply the holistic protocol for solvated electron's reactions encompassing all relevant reaction stages starting from diffusion. The carbon dioxide reduction proceeds via a cavity intermediate, which is separated from the product (CO2-) by an energy barrier due to the bending of CO2 and the corresponding solvent reorganization energy. The formation of the intermediate is caused by solvated electron's diffusion, whereas the intermediate transformation to CO2- is triggered by hydrogen bond breaking in the second solvation shell of the solvated electron. This picture of an activation-controlled eaq- reaction is very different from both rapid barrierless electron transfer and proton-coupled electron transfer, where key transformations are caused by proton migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Rybkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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39
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Park SJ, Schwartz BJ. Evaluating Simple Ab Initio Models of the Hydrated Electron: The Role of Dynamical Fluctuations. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:9592-9603. [PMID: 33078930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite its importance in electron transfer reactions and radiation chemistry, there has been disagreement over the fundamental nature of the hydrated electron, such as whether or not it resides in a cavity. Mixed quantum/classical simulations of the hydrated electron give different structures depending on the pseudopotential employed, and ab initio models of computational necessity use small numbers of water molecules and/or provide insufficient statistics to compare to experimental observables. A few years ago, Kumar et al. (J. Phys. Chem. A 2015, 119, 9148) proposed a minimalist ab initio model of the hydrated electron with only a small number of explicitly treated water molecules plus a polarizable continuum model (PCM). They found that the optimized geometry had four waters arranged tetrahedrally around a central cavity, and that the calculated vertical detachment energy and radius of gyration agreed well with experiment, results that were largely independent of the level of theory employed. The model, however, is based on a fixed structure at 0 K and does not explicitly incorporate entropic contributions or the thermal fluctuations that should be associated with the room-temperature hydrated electron. Thus, in this paper, we extend the model of Kumar et al. by running Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) of a small number of water molecules with an excess electron plus PCM at room temperature. We find that when thermal fluctuations are introduced, the level of theory chosen becomes critical enough when only four waters are used that one of the waters dissociates from the cluster with certain density functionals. Moreover, even with an optimally tuned range-separated hybrid functional, at room temperature the tetrahedral orientation of the 0 K first-shell waters is entirely lost and the central cavity collapses, a process driven by the fact that the explicit water molecules prefer to make H-bonds with each other more than with the excess electron. The resulting average structure is quite similar to that produced by a noncavity mixed quantum/classical model, so that the minimalist 4-water BOMD models suffer from problems similar to those of noncavity models, such as predicting the wrong sign of the hydrated electron's molar solvation volume. We also performed BOMD with 16 explicit water molecules plus an extra electron and PCM. We find that the inclusion of an entire second solvation shell of explicit water leads to little change in the outcome from when only four waters were used. In fact, the 16-water simulations behave much like those of water cluster anions, in which the electron localizes at the cluster surface, showing that PCM is not acceptable for use in minimalist models to describe the behavior of the bulk hydrated electron. For both the 4- and 16-water models, we investigate how the introduction of thermal motions alters the predicted absorption spectrum, vertical detachment energy, and resonance Raman spectrum of the simulated hydrated electron. We also present a set of structural criteria that can be used to numerically determine how cavity-like (or not) a particular hydrated electron model is. All of the results emphasize that the hydrated electron is a statistical object whose properties are inadequately captured using only a small number of explicit waters, and that a proper treatment of thermal fluctuations is critical to understanding the hydrated electron's chemical and physical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun J Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Benjamin J Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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40
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Lapointe F, Wolf M, Campen RK, Tong Y. Probing the Birth and Ultrafast Dynamics of Hydrated Electrons at the Gold/Liquid Water Interface via an Optoelectronic Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18619-18627. [PMID: 32954719 PMCID: PMC7596759 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The hydrated electron
has fundamental and practical significance
in radiation and radical chemistry, catalysis, and radiobiology. While
its bulk properties have been extensively studied, its behavior at
solid/liquid interfaces is still unclear due to the lack of effective
tools to characterize this short-lived species in between two condensed
matter layers. In this study, we develop a novel optoelectronic technique
for the characterization of the birth and structural evolution of
solvated electrons at the metal/liquid interface with a femtosecond
time resolution. Using this tool, we record for the first time the
transient spectra (in a photon energy range from 0.31 to 1.85 eV) in situ with a time resolution of 50 fs revealing several
novel aspects of their properties at the interface. Especially the
transient species show state-dependent optical transition behaviors
from being isotropic in the hot state to perpendicular to the surface
in the trapped and solvated states. The technique will enable a better
understanding of hot electron driven reactions at electrochemical
interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lapointe
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Wolf
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Kramer Campen
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Yujin Tong
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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41
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Ghalgaoui A, Koll LM, Schütte B, Fingerhut BP, Reimann K, Woerner M, Elsaesser T. Field-Induced Tunneling Ionization and Terahertz-Driven Electron Dynamics in Liquid Water. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7717-7722. [PMID: 32822177 PMCID: PMC7503859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Liquid water at ambient temperature displays ultrafast molecular motions and concomitant fluctuations of very strong electric fields originating from the dipolar H2O molecules. We show that such random intermolecular fields induce the tunnel ionization of water molecules, which becomes irreversible if an external terahertz (THz) pulse imposes an additional directed electric field on the liquid. Time-resolved nonlinear THz spectroscopy maps charge separation, transport, and localization of the released electrons on a few-picosecond time scale. The highly polarizable localized electrons modify the THz absorption spectrum and refractive index of water, a manifestation of a highly nonlinear response. Our results demonstrate how the interplay of local electric field fluctuations and external electric fields allows for steering charge dynamics and dielectric properties in aqueous systems.
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42
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Bertram C, Auburger P, Bockstedte M, Stähler J, Bovensiepen U, Morgenstern K. Impact of Electron Solvation on Ice Structures at the Molecular Scale. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1310-1316. [PMID: 31985230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electron attachment and solvation at ice structures are well-known phenomena. The energy liberated in such events is commonly understood to cause temporary changes at such ice structures, but it may also trigger permanent modifications to a yet unknown extent. We determine the impact of electron solvation on D2O structures adsorbed on Cu(111) with low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, two-photon photoemission, and ab initio theory. Solvated electrons, generated by ultraviolet photons, lead not only to transient but also to permanent structural changes through the rearrangement of individual molecules. The persistent changes occur near sites with a high density of dangling OD groups that facilitate electron solvation. We conclude that energy dissipation during solvation triggers permanent molecular rearrangement via vibrational excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cord Bertram
- Physical Chemistry I , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , D-44780 Bochum , Germany
- Faculty of Physics , University of Duisburg-Essen , Lotharstr. 1 , D-47048 Duisburg , Germany
| | - Philipp Auburger
- Solid State Theory , Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstr. 7B2 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Michel Bockstedte
- Solid State Theory , Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstr. 7B2 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials , University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a , A-5020 Salzburg , Austria
| | - Julia Stähler
- Department of Physical Chemistry , Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany
- Department of Physics , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Uwe Bovensiepen
- Faculty of Physics , University of Duisburg-Essen , Lotharstr. 1 , D-47048 Duisburg , Germany
- Department of Physics , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Physical Chemistry I , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , D-44780 Bochum , Germany
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43
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Glover WJ, Schwartz BJ. The Fluxional Nature of the Hydrated Electron: Energy and Entropy Contributions to Aqueous Electron Free Energies. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:1263-1270. [PMID: 31914315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There has been a great deal of recent controversy over the structure of the hydrated electron and whether it occupies a cavity or contains a significant number of interior waters (noncavity). The questions we address in this work are, from a free energy perspective, how different are these proposed structures? Do the different structures all lie along a single continuum, or are there significant differences (i.e., free energy barriers) between them? To address these questions, we have performed a series of one-electron calculations using umbrella sampling with quantum biased molecular dynamics along a coordinate that directly reflects the number of water molecules in the hydrated electron's interior. We verify that a standard cavity model of the hydrated electron behaves essentially as a hard sphere: the model is dominated by repulsion at short range such that water is expelled from a local volume around the electron, leading to a water solvation shell like that of a pseudohalide ion. The repulsion is much larger than thermal energies near room temperature, explaining why such models exhibit properties with little temperature dependence. On the other hand, our calculations reveal that a noncavity model is highly fluxional, meaning that thermal motions cause the number of interior waters to fluctuate from effectively zero (i.e., a cavity-type electron) to potentially above the bulk water density. The energetic contributions in the noncavity model are still repulsive in the sense that they favor cavity formation, so the fluctuations in structure are driven largely by entropy: the entropic cost for expelling water from a region of space is large enough that some water is still driven into the electron's interior. As the temperature is lowered and entropy becomes less important, the noncavity electron's structure is predicted to become more cavity-like, consistent with the observed temperature dependence of the hydrated electron's properties. Thus, we argue that although the specific noncavity model we study overestimates the preponderance of fluctuations involving interior water molecules, with appropriate refinements to correctly capture the true average number of interior waters and molar solvation volume, a fluxional model likely makes the most sense for understanding the various experimental properties of the hydrated electron.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Glover
- NYU Shanghai , 1555 Century Ave. , Pudong, Shanghai , China 200122.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai , 3663 Zhongshang Road , Shanghai , China 200062.,Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Benjamin J Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
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44
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Rana B, Herbert JM. Role of hemibonding in the structure and ultraviolet spectroscopy of the aqueous hydroxyl radical. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:27829-27844. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05216g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a two-center, three-electron hemibond in the solvation structure of the aqueous hydroxl radical has long been debated, as its appearance can be sensitive to self-interaction error in density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Rana
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
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45
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Paul SK, Coons MP, Herbert JM. Erratum: “Quantum chemistry in arbitrary dielectric environments: Theory and implementation of nonequilibrium Poisson boundary conditions and application to compute vertical ionization energies at the air/water interface” [J. Chem. Phys. 148, 222834 (2018)]. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:189901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5132808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suranjan K. Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Marc P. Coons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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