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Góbi S, Keresztes B, Schneiker A, Tarczay G. UV photolysis of thiourea and its N-methylated derivative in cryogenic matrices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9963-9974. [PMID: 38477114 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Exploration of the photolytic dynamics of sulfurous compounds is essential, eventually contributing not only to our comprehension of their fundamental organic chemistry but also shedding light on astrophysical implications. This study aims to investigate two astrochemically relevant sulfur-containing molecules, namely, thiourea (TU) and its N-methylated counterpart, N-methyl thiourea (NMTU), in cryogenic matrices. These molecules were deposited both in solid Ar and in a quantum host, specifically in solid para-H2 matrices, with the latter exhibiting unique properties. The deposited matrices were exposed to a series of UV laser irradiation at various wavelengths to investigate the decomposition paths of TU and NMTU. As a result of the UV photolysis, a plethora of degradation products could be observed in every case. Based on the presence of these product molecules, some considerations can be made regarding the decomposition mechanism of the parent molecules. The use of different matrices allowed for assessing their influence on the decay mechanism, while applying tunable laser light provided insights into the wavelength dependency of the processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Góbi
- Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, PO Box 32, Budapest H-1518, Hungary.
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Laboratory Astrochemistry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, PO Box 32, Budapest H-1518, Hungary
| | - Barbara Keresztes
- Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, PO Box 32, Budapest H-1518, Hungary.
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, PO Box 32, Budapest H-1518, Hungary
| | - Anita Schneiker
- Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, PO Box 32, Budapest H-1518, Hungary.
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, PO Box 32, Budapest H-1518, Hungary
| | - György Tarczay
- Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, PO Box 32, Budapest H-1518, Hungary.
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Laboratory Astrochemistry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, PO Box 32, Budapest H-1518, Hungary
- Centre for Astrophysics and Space Science, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, PO Box 32, Budapest H-1518, Hungary
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Góbi S, Keresztes B, Schneiker A, Ragupathy G, Tarczay G. Energetic processing of thioacetamide in cryogenic matrices. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:024310. [PMID: 38214387 DOI: 10.1063/5.0177587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate on the apparent depletion of sulfur in the interstellar medium (ISM) compared to its universal abundance; therefore, the investigation of sulfurous compounds at low temperatures is of utmost importance. This work aims to study thioacetamide, H3C-C(=S)-NH2, in low-temperature inert Ar and para-H2 matrices by IR spectroscopy. The samples have been exposed to various sources of irradiation, such as Lyman-α or laser UV photons as well as energetic electrons. Using different host materials enabled assessing the matrix's impact on precursor decomposition. The response of the molecule to different types of irradiation has also been evaluated. The existence of three main decomposition channels were deduced: formation of (i) CH3, CH4, and HNCS; (ii) H2S and H2C=C=NH; and (iii) NH3 and H2C=C=S. The H3C-CN and H3C-NC isomers of H2C=C=NH could also be identified. Secondary products such as HNC and HCN were also detected in the quantum solid para-H2 in contrast to the more rigid Ar matrix. The listed decomposition products have been observed in the ISM, with the exception of H2C=C=NH and H3C-NC. The results point to the potential sensitivity of the precursor molecule to energetic radiation in space environments. Finally, the findings of this work will serve as a foundation for future irradiation experiments using the astrochemically more relevant pure thioacetamide ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Góbi
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Laboratory Astrochemistry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Keresztes
- Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Schneiker
- Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gopi Ragupathy
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Laboratory Astrochemistry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Tarczay
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Laboratory Astrochemistry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Astrophysics and Space Science, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
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Pagacz-Kostrzewa M, Szaniawska W, Wierzejewska M. NIR and UV induced transformations of indazole-3-carboxylic acid isolated in low temperature matrices. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 290:122283. [PMID: 36586171 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The molecular structure and NIR and UV induced phototransformations of indazole-3-carboxylic acid were studied in low temperature argon and nitrogen matrices by FTIR spectroscopy and B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p) calculations. Eleven minima of IC were located on the S0 potential energy surface. The three most stable structures were detected experimentally in both matrices after deposition. Upon NIR irradiation a dominant process was rotamerization within the carboxylic group leading to changes in the population of the trans 1HIC1 and cis 1HIC2 forms. In turn, at UV irradiation at λ = 260 nm two new tautomers (2HIC2 and 2HIC3) were generated indicating that the hydrogen atom transfer in pyrazole ring took place. Based on the obtained kinetic curves, differences in the phototransformation rates in different matrices were indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pagacz-Kostrzewa
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - W Szaniawska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - M Wierzejewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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Bernhardt B, Schauermann M, Solel E, Eckhardt AK, Schreiner PR. Equilibrating parent aminomercaptocarbene and CO 2 with 2-amino-2-thioxoacetic acid via heavy-atom quantum tunneling. Chem Sci 2022; 14:130-135. [PMID: 36605744 PMCID: PMC9769125 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05388h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for methods to bind CO2 and use it synthetically as a C1-building block under mild conditions is an ongoing endeavor of great urgency. The formation of heterocyclic carbene-carbon dioxide adducts occurs rapidly when the carbene is generated in solution in the presence of CO2. Here we demonstrate the reversible formation of a complex of the hitherto unreported aminomercaptocarbene (H2N-C̈-SH) with CO2 isolated in solid argon by photolysis of 2-amino-2-thioxoacetic acid. Remarkably, the complex disappears in the dark as deduced by time-dependent matrix infrared measurements, and equilibrates back to the covalently bound starting material. This kinetically excluded process below ca. 8 K is made possible through heavy-atom quantum mechanical tunneling, as also evident from density functional theory and ab initio computations at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ level of theory. Our results provide insight into CO2 activation using a carbene and emphasize the role of quantum mechanical tunneling in organic processes, even involving heavy atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Bernhardt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig UniversityHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392 GiessenGermany
| | - Markus Schauermann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig UniversityHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392 GiessenGermany
| | - Ephrath Solel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig UniversityHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392 GiessenGermany
| | - André K. Eckhardt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig UniversityHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392 GiessenGermany
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig UniversityHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392 GiessenGermany
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Roque JPL, Nunes CM, Fausto R. Matrix Isolation in Heterocyclic Chemistry. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527832002.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Fausto R, Ildiz GO, Nunes CM. IR-induced and tunneling reactions in cryogenic matrices: the (incomplete) story of a successful endeavor. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2853-2872. [PMID: 35302145 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01026c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, IR-induced and tunneling-driven reactions observed in cryogenic matrices are described in a historical perspective, the entangling of the two types of processes being highlighted. The story of this still ongoing fascinating scientific endeavor is presented here following closely our own involvement in the field for more than 30 years, and thus focuses mostly on our work. It is, because of this reason, also an incomplete story. Nevertheless, it considers a large range of examples, from very selective IR-induced conformational isomerizations to IR-induced bond-breaking/bond-forming reactions and successful observations of rare heavy atom tunneling processes. As a whole, this article provides a rather general overview of the major progress achieved in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Fausto
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Gulce O Ildiz
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal. .,Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Istanbul Kultur University, 34158 Bakirkoy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cláudio M Nunes
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Pereira NAM, Nunes CM, Reva I, Fausto R. Evidence of IR-Induced Chemistry in a Neat Solid: Tautomerization of Thiotropolone by Thermal, Electronic, and Vibrational Excitations. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6394-6403. [PMID: 34275275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thiotropolone isolated in argon and xenon matrices (as monomers) or in a neat solid (as the crystalline or amorphous state) at low temperature was found to exist only in the thione-enol form. Visible light irradiation (λ ≥ 400 nm) leads to thione-enol → thiol-keto tautomerization in matrices and under neat solid conditions at 15 K. The assignment of the IR spectra of the two thiotropolone tautomers (thione-enol and thiol-keto) was carried out with the support of B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) computations. The thiol-keto form generated in situ in a neat solid was found to tautomerize back to the thione-enol upon annealing up to 100 K. Gaussian-4 (G4) computations estimate that such a tautomerization process has an energy barrier of ∼25 kJ mol-1, which is consistent with the observations. Moreover, it was found that narrowband IR irradiation of the thiol-keto form in a neat solid, at the frequency of its CH stretching overtones/combination modes, also induces tautomerization to the thione-enol form. Such a result constitutes an important demonstration of vibrationally induced chemistry under neat solid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson A M Pereira
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudio M Nunes
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Igor Reva
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.,CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Fausto
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Bernhardt B, Dressler F, Eckhardt AK, Becker J, Schreiner PR. Characterization of the Simplest Thiolimine: The Higher Energy Tautomer of Thioformamide. Chemistry 2021; 27:6732-6739. [PMID: 33496350 PMCID: PMC8252572 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As sulfur‐containing organic molecules thioamides and their isomers are conceivable intermediates in prebiotic chemistry, for example, in the formation of amino acids and thiazoles and resemble viable candidates for detection in interstellar media. Here, we report the characterization of parent thioformamide in the solid state via single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and its photochemical interconversion to its hitherto unreported higher energy tautomer thiolimine in inert argon and dinitrogen matrices. Upon photogeneration, four conformers of thiolimine form, whose ratio depends on the employed wavelength. One of these conformers interconverts due to quantum mechanical tunneling with a half‐life of 30–45 min in both matrix materials at 3 and 20 K. A spontaneous reverse reaction from thiolimine to thioformamide is not observed. To support our experimental findings, we explored the potential energy surface of the system at the AE‐CCSD(T)/aug‐cc‐pCVTZ level of theory and computed tunneling half‐lives with the CVT/SCT approach applying DFT methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Bernhardt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Friedemann Dressler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - André K Eckhardt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Becker
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35390, Giessen, Germany
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Góbi S, Reva I, Tarczay G, Fausto R. Amorphous and crystalline thioacetamide ice: Infrared spectra as a probe for temperature and structure. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nunes CM, Pereira NAM, Reva I, Amado PSM, Cristiano MLS, Fausto R. Bond-Breaking/Bond-Forming Reactions by Vibrational Excitation: Infrared-Induced Bidirectional Tautomerization of Matrix-Isolated Thiotropolone. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8034-8039. [PMID: 32869645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Infrared vibrational excitation is a promising approach for gaining exceptional control of chemical reactions, in ways that cannot be attained via thermal or electronic excitation. Here, we report an unprecedented example of a bond-breaking/bond-forming reaction by vibrational excitation under matrix isolation conditions. Thiotropolone monomers were isolated in cryogenic argon matrices and characterized by infrared spectroscopy and vibrational computations (harmonic and anharmonic). Narrowband near-infrared irradiations tuned at frequencies of first CH stretching overtone (5940 cm-1) or combination modes (5980 cm-1) of the OH tautomer, the sole form of the compound that exists in the as-deposited matrices, led to its conversion into the SH tautomer. The tautomerization in the reverse direction was achieved by vibrational excitation of the SH tautomer with irradiation at 5947 or 5994 cm-1, corresponding to the frequencies of its CH stretching combination and overtone modes. This pioneer demonstration of bidirectional hydroxyl ↔ thiol tautomerization controlled by vibrational excitation creates prospects for new advances in vibrationally induced chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio M Nunes
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nelson A M Pereira
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Igor Reva
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia S M Amado
- Centre of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria L S Cristiano
- Centre of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Rui Fausto
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Lopes Jesus A, Reva I, Nunes CM, Roque JP, Pinto SM, Fausto R. Kinetically unstable 2–isocyanophenol isolated in cryogenic matrices: Vibrational excitation, conformational changes and spontaneous tunneling. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.137069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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