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Newton O, Takle MJ, Richardson J, Hellgardt K, Hii KKM. Deconvoluting Substrates, Support, and Temperature Effects on Leaching and Deactivation of Pd Catalysts: An In Situ Study in Flow. ACS Catal 2024; 14:9678-9686. [PMID: 38988654 PMCID: PMC11232010 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Leaching behavior of three different Pd heterogeneous catalysts (PdEnCat 30, FibreCat FC1001, and Pd/Al2O3) during the Heck reaction of iodobenzene and methyl acrylate, in the presence of triethylamine, was compared using a tandem flow reactor. While leaching was observed in all three cases, Pd/Al2O3 appeared to be the most robust, showing little/no leaching at ambient temperature. The leached Pd species also appear to display different catalytic activities. With a slight modification of the reactor, the leaching caused by individual components of the reaction mixture can be assessed separately. For the polymer-supported catalysts, triethylamine caused the largest amount of leaching, even at 30 °C. In contrast, the leaching from Pd/Al2O3 was observed only in the presence of iodobenzene at 90 °C. Variations in leaching behavior were ascribed to differences in Pd species and immobilization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver
J. Newton
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
82, Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
| | - Matthew J. Takle
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
82, Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
| | - Jeffery Richardson
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli
Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, U.K.
| | - Klaus Hellgardt
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - King Kuok Mimi Hii
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
82, Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
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2
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Kashin AS, Prima DO, Arkhipova DM, Ananikov VP. An Unusual Microdomain Factor Controls Interaction of Organic Halides with the Palladium Phase and Influences Catalytic Activity in the Mizoroki-Heck Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302999. [PMID: 37381097 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work, using a combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), the transformations of palladium-containing species in imidazolium ionic liquids in reaction mixtures of the Mizoroki-Heck reaction and in related organic media are studied to understand a challenging question of the relative reactivity of organic halides as key substrates in modern catalytic technologies. The microscopy technique detects the formation of a stable nanosized palladium phase under the action of an aryl (Ar) halide capable of forming microcompartments in an ionic liquid. For the first time, the correlation between the reactivity of the aryl halide and the microdomain structure is observed: Ar-I (well-developed microdomains) > Ar-Br (microphase present) > Ar-Cl (minor amount of microphase). Previously, it is assumed that molecular level factors, namely, carbon-halogen bond strength and the ease of bond breakage, are the sole factors determining the reactivity of aryl halides in catalytic transformations. The present work reports a new factor connected with the nature of the organic substrates used and their ability to form a microdomain structure and concentrate metallic species, highlighting the importance of considering both the molecular and microscale properties of the reaction mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S Kashin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Darya O Prima
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Daria M Arkhipova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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3
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Huang X, Barlocco I, Villa A, Kübel C, Wang D. Disclosing the leaching behaviour of Pd@CMK3 catalysts in formic acid decomposition by electron tomography. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1141-1151. [PMID: 36798496 PMCID: PMC9926883 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00664b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Supported nanocatalysts exhibit different performances in batch and fixed bed reactors for a wide range of liquid phase catalytic reactions due to differences in metal leaching. To investigate this leaching process and its influence on the catalytic performance, a quantitative 3D characterization of the particle size and the particle distribution is important to follow the structural evolution of the active metal catalysts supported on porous materials during the reaction. In this work, electron tomography has been applied to uncover leaching and redeposition of a Pd@CMK3 catalyst during formic acid decomposition in batch and fixed bed reactors. The 3D distribution of Pd NPs on the mesoporous carbon CMK3 has been determined by a quantitative tomographic analysis and the determined structural changes are correlated with the observed differences in activity and stability of formic acid decomposition using batch and fixed bed reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Huang
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University Darmstadt Darmstadt Germany
| | - Ilaria Barlocco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Alberto Villa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Christian Kübel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University Darmstadt Darmstadt Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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4
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Effect of Pd precursors on the catalytic properties of Pd/CeO2 catalysts for CH4 and CO oxidation. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Nath N, Chakroborty S, Panda P, Pal K. High Yield Silica-Based Emerging Nanoparticles Activities for Hybrid Catalyst Applications. Top Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-022-01623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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6
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Ferlin F, Anastasiou I, Salameh N, Miyakoshi T, Baudoin O, Vaccaro L. C(sp 3 )-H Arylation Promoted by a Heterogeneous Palladium-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex in Batch and Continuous Flow. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102736. [PMID: 35098689 PMCID: PMC9303704 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A heterogeneous reusable palladium(II)-bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) catalyst was prepared and shown to catalyze the intramolecular C(sp3 )-H activation/cyclization of N-alkyl-2-bromoanilines furnishing indolines. This new catalytic system was based on a bis-imidazolium ligand immobilized on a spaced cross-linked polystyrene support. The iodide ligands on the catalyst played a central role in the efficiency of the process occurring through a "release and catch" mechanism. The heterogeneous nature of the catalyst was further exploited in the design of a continuous-flow protocol that allowed a more efficient recovery and reuse of the catalyst, as well as a very fast and safe procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferlin
- Laboratory of Green SOCDipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
| | - Ioannis Anastasiou
- Laboratory of Green SOCDipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
| | - Nihad Salameh
- Laboratory of Green SOCDipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
| | - Takeru Miyakoshi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 19CH-4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Olivier Baudoin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 19CH-4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Green SOCDipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)6 Miklukho-Maklaya StMoscow117198Russia
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7
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Giannakakis G, Mitchell S, Pérez-Ramírez J. Single-atom heterogeneous catalysts for sustainable organic synthesis. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Shi W, Niu Y, Li S, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Botton GA, Wan Y, Zhang B. Revealing the Structure Evolution of Heterogeneous Pd Catalyst in Suzuki Reaction via the Identical Location Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8621-8637. [PMID: 33960778 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs)-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions has been the subject of intense debate since the recognition of catalytic active sites involving a wide array of dynamic changed Pd species. Here, through the combination of the hot filtration experiment together with the recently developed identical location transmission electron microscopy (IL-TEM) method, the delicate structure evolution of highly dispersed Pd NPs supported on oxygen-functionalized carbon nanotubes (Pd/oCNTs) as well as the kinetics properties of derived dissolved species in liquid phase were systemically investigated in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. The result indicates that the leached Pd components caused by the strong adsorption of reactants might have a significant contribution to the coupling products, and the degree for different substrates follows the order of iodobenzene > phenylboronic acid > bromobenzene. Meanwhile, the typical three sequential behaviors of supported Pd NPs, including dissolution, deposition, and growth, along with the increase of the conversion throughout the reaction were spatiotemporally observed by tracking the evolution of individually identifiable NPs. The performed work not only provides direct evidence for the interaction between Pd NPs surface with reactants on atomic scale but also gives a valuable reference for fundamentally understanding the mechanism of the heterogeneous Pd-catalyzed Suzuki coupling process as well as rational design of next-generation catalysts with high efficiency and reusability for synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yiming Niu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shunlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Gianluigi A Botton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Ying Wan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
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9
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Sun B, Ning L, Zeng HC. Confirmation of Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction Mechanism through Synthetic Architecture of Nanocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13823-13832. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Lulu Ning
- College of Bioresource Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Hua Chun Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore
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10
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Van Vaerenbergh B, Lauwaert J, Vermeir P, Thybaut JW, De Clercq J. Towards high-performance heterogeneous palladium nanoparticle catalysts for sustainable liquid-phase reactions. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00197j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A walk-through of nanoparticle–reactant/product, nanoparticle–support and support–reactant/product interaction effects on the catalytic performance of heterogeneous palladium catalysts in liquid-phase reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beau Van Vaerenbergh
- Ghent University
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
- Department of Materials
- Textiles and Chemical Engineering
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT)
| | - Jeroen Lauwaert
- Ghent University
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
- Department of Materials
- Textiles and Chemical Engineering
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT)
| | - Pieter Vermeir
- Ghent University
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Laboratory for Chemical Analyses (LCA)
- Ghent
| | - Joris W. Thybaut
- Ghent University
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
- Department of Materials
- Textiles and Chemical Engineering
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
| | - Jeriffa De Clercq
- Ghent University
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
- Department of Materials
- Textiles and Chemical Engineering
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT)
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